Información de la revista
Vol. 39. Núm. 4.Julio - Agosto 2019
Páginas 339-454
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Visitas
7031
Vol. 39. Núm. 4.Julio - Agosto 2019
Páginas 339-454
Original article
Open Access
Persistent antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with thrombotic events in ANCA-associated vasculitis: A retrospective monocentric study
Los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos persistentes se asocian a eventos trombóticos en la vasculitis asociada con ANCA: un estudio monocéntrico retrospectivo
Visitas
7031
Juyoung Yooa, Sung Soo Ahna, Seung Min Junga, Jason Jungsik Songa, Yong-Beom Parka,b, Sang-Won Leea,b,
Autor para correspondencia
sangwonlee@yuhs.ac

Corresponding author.
a Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
b Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Resumen
Texto completo
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Figuras (1)
Tablas (2)
Table 1. Comparison of variables between AAV patients with and without thrombotic events.
Table 2. Multivariable Cox hazard model of variables at diagnosis for thrombotic events with those with significance in univariable analysis in patients with AAV.
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Abstract
Aim

We investigated whether persistent antiphospholipid syndrome (APLAs) at diagnosis are associated with the risk of thrombotic events during follow-up in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 138 AAV patients. Thrombotic events were defined as arterial and venous thrombosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, angiography and Doppler ultrasonography. Clinical and laboratory variables at diagnosis and during follow-up between patients with and without thrombotic events were compared. The univariable and multivariable Cox hazard model analyse to appropriately obtain hazard ratio (HR) considering the follow-up duration were conducted.

Results

The mean age of 138 AAV patients was 55.1 years and 44 were male. Persistent APLAs were detected in 18 patients with AAV (13.0%). Thrombotic events were observed in 26 patients with AAV (18.8%) during follow-up. At the time of a retrospective study point, persistent APLAs at diagnosis were observed more frequently in patients with thrombotic events than those without. In the multivariable Cox hazard model analysis, age at diagnosis (HR 1.075) and persistent APLAs (HR 2.902), but not ANCAs. Thrombotic events were identified more frequently in patients with persistent APLAs at diagnosis than those without (38.9% vs. 15.8%, relative risk 3.383).

Conclusion

Persistent APLAs at diagnosis are significantly associated with the risk of thrombotic events during follow-up of AAV. We suggest that physicians should closely monitor the development of thrombotic events during follow-up.

Keywords:
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Vasculitis
Thrombosis
Antiphospholipid antibody
Resumen
Objetivo

Se investigó si el síndrome antifosfolipídico (SAF) persistente en el momento del diagnóstico se asocia a un riesgo de eventos trombóticos durante el seguimiento en pacientes con vasculitis asociada con ANCA (VAA).

Métodos

Se revisaron de forma retrospectiva las historias clínicas de 138 pacientes con VAA. Los eventos trombóticos se definieron como aquellos de trombosis arterial y venosa confirmada mediante resonancia magnética, tomografía computarizada, angiografía o ecografía Doppler. Se compararon las variables clínicas y analíticas en el momento del diagnóstico y durante el seguimiento entre los pacientes con y sin eventos trombóticos. Se realizó un análisis con un modelo de riesgos de Cox univariable y multivariable para obtener de forma adecuada el cociente de riesgos instantáneos (hazard ratio [HR]) teniendo en cuenta la duración del seguimiento.

Resultados

La edad media de los 138 pacientes con VAA fue de 55,1 años, y 44 pacientes eran varones. Se detectó SAF persistente en 18 pacientes con VAA (13,0%). Se observaron eventos trombóticos en 26 pacientes con VAA (18,8%) durante el seguimiento. En un punto de análisis retrospectivo del estudio se observó SAF persistente en el momento del diagnóstico de forma más frecuente en pacientes con eventos trombóticos que en aquellos sin este tipo de eventos. En el análisis con un modelo de riesgos de Cox multivariable, la edad en el momento del diagnóstico (HR: 1,075) y SAF persistente (HR: 2,902), pero no ANCA. Los eventos trombóticos se identificaron de forma más frecuente en los pacientes con SAF persistente en el momento del diagnóstico que en aquellos sin SAF (38,9% frente a 15,8%; riesgo relativo 3,383).

Conclusión

El SAF persistente en el momento del diagnóstico se asoció de forma significativa a un riesgo de eventos trombóticos durante el seguimiento de la VAA. Se sugiere que los médicos deberían monitorizar de forma exhaustiva el desarrollo de eventos trombóticos durante el seguimiento.

Palabras clave:
Anticuerpo anticitoplasma de neutrófilos
Vasculitis
Trombosis
Anticuerpo antifosfolípido
Texto completo
Introduction

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of systemic vasculitides, which are characterised by necrotising vasculitis with few or no deposition of immune complex and by encroaching small sized vessels from capillaries to arteriole and venules.1 ANCA consists of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA or perinuclear (P)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA or cytoplasmic (C)-ANCA.2 AAV can be categorised as three variants according to histological findings, ANCA positivity and clinical features: microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and eosinophilic GPA (EGPA).1,3–5 GPA often exhibits its surrogate clues including upper or lower airway symptoms from sinusitis to cavitary nodule in lungs and granuloma on histology and EGPA is mainly associated with asthma, eosinophilia, migratory lung lesions, neuropathy and eosinophilic degranulation or granuloma on histology.1,3–5 Meanwhile, MPA is related to renal vasculitis and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, but shows no granuloma or eosinophilic infiltration on histology.1,3

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterised by vascular thrombosis ranging from veins to arteries and recurrent spontaneous abortion predominantly between 10 and 34 intrauterine weeks under persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) with an interval of 12 weeks or greater.6 APLAs include anti-cardiolipin (aCL) IgM or IgG, anti-beta2glycoprotein 1 (anti-β2GP1) IgM and IgG and lupus anticoagulant (LAC). APS classification can be done when one clinical item or more and one laboratory items or more are fulfilled.6,7 Because persistent APLAs can accelerate atherosclerosis and immune-mediated endothelial inflammation, they may provoke serious cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and peripheral vascular thrombosis.8 Thus, regardless of APS diagnosis, persistent APLAs may increase the risk of arterial and venous thrombotic events in AAV patients. A previous study reported that persistent APLAs, particularly LAC, were positively proportional to vasculitis damages in AAV during follow-up.9 However, so far, there was no report on the association between persistent APLAs and thrombotic events in a considerable number of patients with AAV. Hence, in this study, we investigated whether persistent APLAs at diagnosis are associated with the risk of thrombotic events during follow-up in AAV patients.

Objectives

In this study, we investigated whether persistent APLAs at diagnosis are associated with the risk of thrombotic events during follow-up in AAV patients.

Materials and methodsPatients

We retrospectively reviewed the details of medical records of 138 AAV patients according to the inclusion criteria as follows: (i) patients who were first classified as AAV from October 2000 to September 2017 at Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital; (ii) patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of GPA and EGPA and then reclassified by the algorithm suggested by the European Medicines Agency in 2007, in which authors added the modified contents of the Chapel Hill Consensus Conferences (CHCC) Nomenclature of Vasculitis proposed in 20121,3–5; (iii) patients who had been followed up for 12 weeks or greater after the second results of APLAs10; (iv) patients who had well-documented medical records to assess Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) and prognostic five factor score (FFS) (2009) at diagnosis11–13; (v) patients who had the results of blood tests for perinuclear (P)-ANCA and cytoplasmic (C)-ANCA or myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA at diagnosis, regardless of positivity2; (vi) patients who had not been classified as definite APS prior to this study; (vii) patients who had no medical history to affect either items of BVAS, ANCA positivity or laboratory results, such as malignancies, haematological disorders, chronic liver diseases and autoimmune diseases other than AAV, which were identified in the 10th revised International Classification Diseases (ICD-10); (viii) patients who had never received drugs for those medical conditions (vi and vii) at diagnosis, which were searched by the Korean Drug Utilisation Review (DUR) system. This study was approved by the institutional Review Board of Severance Hospital (4-2017-0673), and the patient's written informed consent was waived by the approving IRB, as this was a retrospective study.

Clinical data, comorbidities and medications

We collected age, gender, smoking history and the follow-up duration. The follow-up duration was defined as the period from diagnosis to the first thrombotic events for patients with thrombotic events and that from diagnosis to the last visit for patients without. We obtained clinical manifestations at diagnosis based on organ-specific detailed items of BVAS,11,12 and calculated it. ANCAs and APLAs at diagnosis were collected. We searched medical conditions regarding comorbidities during follow-up by ICD-10. We also collected medications administered during follow-up by under the Korean DUR system.

Persistent APLAs

Persistent APLAs was defined, when any type of APLAs, such as aCL IgM or IgG, anti-β2GP1 IgM and IgG and LAC, is serially detected with an interval of 12 weeks or greater.

Thrombotic events

Thrombotic events were defined as arterial and venous thrombosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, angiography and Doppler ultrasonography. And they were categorised as cardiovascular or peripheral arterial thrombotic events, cerebrovascular thrombotic events and venous thrombotic events.

Statistical analyses

All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 23 for windows; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and categorical variables were done as number and the percentage. Significant differences between patients with and without thrombotic events were compared using the chi square and Fisher's exact tests for categorical data and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. The multivariable Cox hazard model using variables with statistical significance was conducted in univariable Cox hazard model to appropriately hazard ratio (HR). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of persistent APLAs for thrombosis was analysed using contingency tables and the chi square test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

ResultsBaseline characteristics of 138 AAV patients

The mean age of 138 AAV patients was 55.1 years and 44 were male. The mean follow-up duration was 50.8 months. Seventy-two patients (52.2%) had MPA, 35 patients (25.4) had GPA and 31 patients (22.5%) had EGPA. The initial mean BVAS and FFS (2009) were 12.6 and 1.2. Among comorbidities, hypertension was the most frequently observed. Thrombotic events were observed in 26 patients with AAV (18.8%) during the follow-up (Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparison of variables between AAV patients with and without thrombotic events.

Variables  Patients with thrombotic events(N=26)  Patients without thrombotic events(N=112)  P-value 
Demographic data
Age at diagnosis (year old)  61.5±15.7  53.6±15.2  0.020 
Male gender (N, (%))  10 (38.5)  34 (30.4)  0.424 
Smoking history (N, (%))  2 (7.7)  3 (2.7)  0.218 
Follow-up duration (months)  68.3±55.7  46.7±46.7  0.043 
Variables at diagnosis
Variants of AAV (N, (%))0.284 
MPA  10 (38.5)  62 (55.4)   
GPA  9 (34.6)  26 (23.2)   
EGPA  7 (26.9)  24 (21.4)   
ANCA (N, (%))
MPO-ANCA (or P-ANCA)  16 (61.5)  66 (58.9)  0.807 
PR3-ANCA (or C-ANCA)  7 (26.9)  17 (15.2)  0.155 
Both ANCAs  1 (3.8)  4 (3.6)  0.946 
ANCA negative  4 (15.4)  33 (29.5)  0.144 
Any ANCA positive (N, (%))  22 (84.6)  79 (70.5)  0.144 
APLAs (N, (%))
Anti-cardiolipin IgM  2 (7.7)  2 (1.8)  0.106 
Anti-cardiolipin IgG  0 (0)  2 (1.8)  0.492 
Anti-beta2glycoprotein1 IgM  3 (11.5)  6 (5.4)  0.250 
Anti-beta2glycoprotein1 IgG  1 (3.9)  4 (3.8)  0.946 
Lupus anticoagulant  3 (11.5)  6 (5.4)  0.250 
Persistent APLAs positive (N, (%))  7 (26.9)  11 (9.8)  0.020 
BVAS  13.8±8.2  12.3±7.6  0.383 
During the follow-up
Thrombotic eventsa
Cardiovascular or peripheral arterial thrombosis  10 (7.2)     
Cerebrovascular arterial thrombosis  14 (10.1)     
Venous thrombosis  4 (2.9)     
Medications (N, (%))
Glucocorticoid  24 (92.3)  92 (82.1)  0.202 
Cyclophosphamide  14 (53.8)  46 (41.1)  0.237 
Mycophenolate mofetil  2 (7.7)  6 (5.4)  0.646 
Azathioprine  4 (15.4)  32 (28.6)  0.168 
Calcineurin inhibitor  1 (3.8)  6 (5.4)  0.752 
Rituximab  4 (15.4)  9 (8.0)  0.248 
Methotrexate  3 (11.5)  9 (8.0)  0.568 
Comorbidities other than thrombotic events (N, (%))
Chronic kidney disease  9 (34.6)  24 (21.4)  0.156 
End stage renal disease  5 (19.2)  18 (16.1)  0.697 
Diabetes mellitus  8 (30.8)  25 (22.3)  0.363 
Hypertension  14 (53.8)  47 (42.0)  0.272 
Hyperlipidaemia  4 (15.4)  10 (8.9)  0.326 
Interstitial pneumonia  10 (38.5)  47 (42.0)  0.744 
Hepatitis B or C viruses carrier  1 (3.8)  4 (3.6)  0.946 

Values are expressed as mean and standard deviation or N (%).

a

Of 26 patients with thrombotic events, two patients exhibited two thrombotic events.

AAV: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis; MPA: microscopic polyangiitis; GPA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis; EGPA: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; MPO: myeloperoxidase; P: perinuclear; PR3: proteinase 3; C: cytoplasmic; APLAs: antiphospholipid antibodies; BVAS: Birmingham vasculitis activity score.

Comparison of variables at diagnosis between patients with and without thrombotic events

When we divided 138 AAV patients according to thrombotic events, twenty-six patients were belonging to thrombotic event group. Of 26 patients with thrombotic lesions, 10 patients (7.2%) exhibited cardiovascular or peripheral arterial thrombosis, 14 patients (10.1%) exhibited cerebrovascular thrombotic lesions and 4 patients (2.9%) had venous thrombosis. Two patients exhibited 2 thrombotic events. Among variables at diagnosis, patients with thrombotic events exhibited the higher mean age and the follow-up duration than those without (61.5 vs. 53.6 years old and 68.3 vs. 46.7 months). There were no significant differences in APLA-types including aCL IgM and IgG, anti-β2GP1 IgM and IgG and LAC. However, when we defined the presence of any type of APLAs as persistent APLAs, persistent APLAs were detected more frequently in patients with thrombotic events than those without (26.9% vs. 9.8%). However, any type of ANCA was detected evenly in the two groups. There were no significant differences in medications and comorbidities between patients with and without thrombotic events (Table 1).

Predictive value of persistent APLAs for thrombotic events

Considering the follow-up duration, we performed univariable Cox hazard model analysis with all variables at diagnosis. In the univariable Cox hazard model analysis using variables at diagnosis, age at diagnosis (HR 1.082, P<0.001), any ANCA positive at diagnosis (HR 3.185, P=0.016) and persistent APLAs positive at diagnosis (HR 2.843, P=0.021). BVAS at diagnosis (HR 1.044, P=0.081) tended to be associated with thrombotic event-development, but it was not significant. In the multivariable Cox hazard model analysis using three variables with significance in the univariable analysis, age at diagnosis (HR 1.075, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.032, 1.119) and persistent APLAs positive at diagnosis (HR 2.902, 95% CI 1.180, 7.136). Any ANCA positive at diagnosis was not associated with thrombotic events during follow-up in AAV patients. In addition, when we included BVAS in the multivariable Cox hazard model analysis, only age at diagnosis (HR 1.074, 95% CI 1.032, 1.119) and persistent APLAs positive at diagnosis (HR 2.809, 95% CI 1.141, 6.915) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Multivariable Cox hazard model of variables at diagnosis for thrombotic events with those with significance in univariable analysis in patients with AAV.

  Univariable analysisMultivariable analysis(without BVAS)Multivariable analysis(with BVAS)
  HR  95% CI  P value  HR  95% CI  P value  HR  95% CI  P value 
Demographic data
Age at diagnosis  1.082  1.039, 1.126  <0.001  1.075  1.032, 1.119  <0.001  1.074  1.032, 1.119  <0.001 
Male gender (N, (%))  0.959  0.407, 2.27  0.923             
Smoking history (N, (%))  0.046  0.000, 363.999  0.502             
Variables at diagnosis
Any ANCA positive (N, (%))  3.185  1.281, 11.363  0.016  2.400  0.782, 7.366  0.126  2.086  0.655, 6.639  0.213 
Persistent APLAs positive (N, (%))  2.843  1.174, 6.885  0.021  2.902  1.180, 7.136  0.020  2.809  1.141, 6.915  0.025 
BVAS  1.044  0.995, 1.095  0.081        1.032  0.979, 1.088  0.245 

AAV: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis; BVAS: Birmingham vasculitis activity score; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; APLAs: antiphospholipid antibodies.

Relative risk of persistent APLAs for thrombosis

When we divided AAV patients into two groups according to the presence of persistent APLAs, 18 of 138 patients (13.0%) had persistent APLAs at diagnosis. Thrombotic events were identified more frequently in patients with persistent APLAs at diagnosis than those without (38.9% vs. 15.8%, P=0.020). Furthermore, patients with persistent APLAs at diagnosis exhibited a significantly high RR of thrombotic events compared to those without (RR 3.383, 95% CI 1.164, 9.831) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Relative risk of persistent APLAs for thrombosis. Thrombotic events were identified more frequently in patients with persistent APLAs at diagnosis than those without. Furthermore, patients with persistent APLAs at diagnosis exhibited a significantly high RR of thrombotic events compared to those without. APLAs: antiphospholipid antibodies; RR: relative risk.

(0,07MB).
Discussion

In this study, we investigated whether persistent APLAs at diagnosis are associated with the risk of thrombotic events during follow-up. We demonstrated that, at the time of a retrospective study point, persistent APLAs at diagnosis were observed more frequently in patients with thrombotic events than those without. Furthermore, we drew the conclusion that persistent APLAs at diagnosis were associated with thrombotic events during follow-up, comparable to age at diagnosis. Male gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and chronic renal diseases, which are conventional risk factors for cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases in general population,14 were not related to thrombotic events in this study population.

Persistent APLAs can provoke thrombogenic state by driving endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules and up-regulate tissue factor production along with monocytes and enforcing platelets to produce glycoprotein 2b-3a and thromboxane A2 production.8 Persistent APLAs can also advance thrombogenic state to thrombosis state by activating complement-cascades system and augmenting the interaction with coagulation-regulatory proteins.8 On the other hands, the severity of AAV is considered associated with platelet activation markers and coagulation or fibrinolysis indices.15,16 Thus, theoretically, all kinds of APLAs can increase the risk of thrombotic complication in AAV patients at a high rate. In this study, we elucidated that persistent APLAs at diagnosis did affect thrombotic events during follow-up in AAV patients. Thus, we suggest that physicians should consider the need for preventive anti-aggregation or anticoagulation therapies in AAV patients with the concomitant presence of APLAs at diagnosis or during follow-up.

Venous thrombosis occurring in GPA patients is the most representative among vascular thrombotic events in AAV patients. A previous prospective and observational cohort study reported the incidence of venous thrombosis as 7.0 per 100 person-years in 180 GPA patients.17 In addition, a retrospective French cohort study provided a results of similar venous thrombosis incidences in MPA and EGPA patients to that in GPA patients.18 In our study, venous thrombosis was observed in one of 72 MPA patients (1.4%), 2 of 35 GPA patients (5.7%) and 1 of 31 EGPA patients (3.2%), but there was no statistical significance. Meanwhile, the increased risk of arterial thrombosis in MPA, GPA and EGPA has been reported, and furthermore arterial thrombotic events were often found in the earlier phase of AAV.19,20 In our study, ischaemic heart disease was observed in 5 of 72 in MPA patients (6.9%), 3 of 35 GPA patients (8.6%) and 2 of 31 EGPA patients (6.5%). Cerebrovascular accident was done 4 in MPA patients (5.6%), 5 in GPA patients (14.3%) and 5 in EGPA patients (16.1%) without statistical significance. On the other hands, the mean follow-up period from diagnosis to thrombotic events in our study-patients with thrombotic events was 68.3 months, which was much longer than that in those without. We concluded that AAV type and the short follow-up period did not affect the incidence of thrombotic events in our study.

Our study has an advantage that we first demonstrated that persistent APLAs at diagnosis were associated with thrombotic events during follow-up in AAV patients. Our study also has several issues: First, because this study was designed as a retrospective study, we could not serially measure APLAs during follow-up. Second, due to the small number of patients with APLAs, we could not identify the association of subtype of APLAs with thrombotic events in AAV patients. Third, given that the prevalence of APLAs in general population might differ according to the geographic or ethnic backgrounds, it must be better to provide the information on them in the general population in Korea, in order to clarify the clinical implication of APLAs in AAV patients. However, we could not compare the prevalence and the clinical implication of APLAs between AAV patients and healthy population due to lack of data on the general population in Korea. Future prospective studies with larger patients and serial measurement of APLAs titres will provide more dynamic and convincing information on the influence of persistent APLAs on thrombotic events in patients with AAV.

Conclusions

Persistent APLAs at diagnosis are significantly associated with the risk of thrombotic events during follow-up of AAV. We suggest that physicians should pay more attention to AAV patients having persistent APLAs at diagnosis, encourage them to visit the clinic more often and closely monitor the development of thrombotic events during follow-up.

Funding

This study was supported by a faculty research grant of Yonsei University College of Medicine (6-2016-0145).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

References
[1]
J.C. Jennette, R.J. Falk, P.A. Bacon, N. Basu, M.C. Cid, F. Ferrario, et al.
2012 revised international Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides.
Arthritis Rheum, 65 (2013), pp. 1-11
[2]
E. Csernok, F. Moosig.
Current and emerging techniques for ANCA detection in vasculitis.
Nat Rev Rheumatol, 10 (2014), pp. 494-501
[3]
R. Watts, S. Lane, T. Hanslik, T. Hauser, B. Hellmich, W. Koldingsnes, et al.
Development and validation of a consensus methodology for the classification of the ANCA-associated vasculitides and polyarteritis nodosa for epidemiological studies.
Ann Rheum Dis, 66 (2007), pp. 222-227
[4]
R.Y. Leavitt, A.S. Fauci, D.A. Bloch, B.A. Michel, G.G. Hunder, W.P. Arend, et al.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Arthritis Rheum, 33 (1990), pp. 1101-1107
[5]
A.T. Masi, G.G. Hunder, J.T. Lie, B.A. Michel, D.A. Bloch, W.P. Arend, et al.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg–Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis).
Arthritis Rheum, 33 (1990), pp. 1094-1100
[6]
J.S. Levine, D.W. Branch, J. Rauch.
The antiphospholipid syndrome.
N Engl J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 752-763
[7]
J.A. Gómez-Puerta, R. Cervera.
Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome.
J Autoimmun, 48–49 (2014), pp. 20-25
[8]
G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M. Crowther, W. Branch, M.A. Khamashta.
Antiphospholipid syndrome.
Lancet, 376 (2010), pp. 1498-1509
[9]
N. Jordan, D.P. D’cruz.
Association of lupus anticoagulant with long-term damage accrual in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 68 (2016), pp. 711-715
[10]
C. Mukhtyar, B. Hellmich, D. Jayne, O. Flossmann, R. Luqmani.
Remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 24 (2006), pp. S93-S98
[11]
C. Mukhtyar, R. Lee, D. Brown, D. Carruthers, B. Dasgupta, S. Dubey, et al.
Modification and validation of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (version 3).
Ann Rheum Dis, 68 (2009), pp. 1827-1832
[12]
J.H. Stone, G.S. Hoffman, P.A. Merkel, Y.I. Min, M.L. Uhlfelder, D.B. Hellmann, et al.
A disease-specific activity index for Wegener's granulomatosis: modification of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score. International Network for the Study of the Systemic Vasculitides (INSSYS).
[13]
L. Guillevin, C. Pagnoux, R. Seror, A. Mahr, L. Mouthon, P. Le Toumelin, The Five-Factor Score revisited: assessment of prognoses of systemic necrotizing vasculitides based on the French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG) cohort, et al.
Medicine (Baltimore), 90 (2011), pp. 19-27
[14]
A.R. Exley, P.A. Bacon, R.A. Luqmani, G.D. Kitas, C. Gordon, C.O. Savage, et al.
Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis Damage Index for the standardized clinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides.
Arthritis Rheum, 40 (1997), pp. 371-380
[15]
G. Tomasson, M. Lavalley, K. Tanriverdi, J.D. Finkielman, J.C. Davis Jr., G.S. Hoffman, et al.
Relationship between markers of platelet activation and inflammation with disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis.
J Rheumatol, 38 (2011), pp. 1048-1054
[16]
T.T. Ma, Y.M. Huang, C. Wang, M.H. Zhao, M. Chen.
Coagulation and fibrinolysis index profile in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis.
[17]
P.A. Merkel, G.H. Lo, J.T. Holbrook, A.K. Tibbs, N.B. Allen, J.C. Davis Jr., et al.
Brief communication: high incidence of venous thrombotic events among patients with Wegener granulomatosis: the Wegener's Clinical Occurrence of Thrombosis (WeCLOT) Study.
Ann Intern Med, 142 (2005), pp. 620-626
[18]
Y. Allenbach, R. Seror, C. Pagnoux, L. Teixeira, P. Guilpain, L. Guillevin, et al.
High frequency of venous thromboembolic events in Churg–Strauss syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis but not polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study on 1130 patients.
Ann Rheum Dis, 68 (2009), pp. 564-567
[19]
M.D. Morgan, J. Turnbull, U. Selamet, M. Kaur-Hayer, P. Nightingale, C.J. Ferro, et al.
Increased incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides: a matched-pair cohort study.
Arthritis Rheum, 60 (2009), pp. 3493-3500
[20]
R. Suppiah, A. Judge, R. Batra, O. Flossmann, L. Harper, P. Höglund, et al.
A model to predict cardiovascular events in patients with newly diagnosed Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 63 (2011), pp. 588-596
Copyright © 2019. Sociedad Española de Nefrología
Idiomas
Nefrología
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?