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neuritis&#44; or inflammatory or degenerative osteoarthritis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CMP in CKD is often associated with other symptoms attributable to uraemia&#44; such as insomnia and fatigue&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> or to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety or depression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> These patients need to take large doses of painkillers which&#44; with the altered drug metabolism associated with uraemia&#44; increases the risk of adverse reactions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the importance of CMP in CKD&#44; very few studies have analysed the clinical characteristics and determining factors&#46; A better understanding of the origin and characteristics of the pain could help us to design more specific and effective treatment strategies&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of CMP in patients with advanced CKD &#40;ACKD&#41; and to analyse associations with clinical and biochemical parameters&#44; the potential relationship with drugs and the effect on survival&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This cross-sectional&#44; observational study included incident patients referred to the ACKD clinic from January 2000 to November 2014&#46; They were all aged over 18 and had a glomerular filtration rate of less than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; No patients were excluded&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As part of the clinical interview&#44; which was conducted by a nephrologist in all cases&#44; information on the presence of uraemia-associated symptoms was obtained by taking a specifically focused patient history&#44; as occurs with all patients in our ACKD clinic according to protocol&#46; The symptoms included were&#58; anorexia&#59; nausea or vomiting&#59; oedema&#59; dyspnoea&#59; decreased physical exercise&#59; fatigue &#40;muscle weakness&#41;&#59; pruritus&#59; ecchymosis or epistaxis&#59; cramps&#59; cold intolerance&#59; night-time insomnia&#59; daytime drowsiness&#59; restless legs&#59; myoclonus&#59; and CMP&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CMP was defined as the presence of muscle or bone pain in any location &#40;upper or lower limbs or trunk&#41; for more than three months&#44; not attributable to trauma&#44; and requiring analgesic therapy at least three times a week&#46; The intensity of the CMP was not collected as data for the study&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cramp was defined as involuntary&#44; sustained and painful contraction of muscles or muscle groups in the lower or upper limbs&#44; which occurred spontaneously and essentially at rest&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To characterise patients with or without pain&#44; in addition to demographic data and body mass index&#44; the following were included as variables of potential interest&#58; the Davies comorbidity index&#59; haemoglobin&#59; total leucocyte and neutrophil counts&#59; MDRD estimated glomerular filtration rate &#40;eGFR&#41;&#59; and plasma concentrations of uric acid&#44; calcium&#44; phosphorus&#44; bicarbonate&#44; PTH&#44; alkaline phosphatase&#44; serum albumin and C-reactive protein&#46; All the clinical biochemistry parameters were determined using conventional laboratory methods&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous history of gouty arthritis and the use of drugs of interest for their potential relationship with CMP&#44; such as statins&#44; allopurinol and erythropoiesis stimulating agents &#40;ESA&#41;&#44; were also included&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a subgroup of 671 unselected patients&#44; serum creatine kinase &#40;CK&#41; was determined to study the association between rhabdomyolysis and CMP or cramps&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In another subgroup of 361 unselected patients&#44; serum levels of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol were determined for comparison between patients with and without CMP&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study design and statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this cross-sectional study&#44; we describe the prevalence of CMP&#44; association with other symptoms&#44; clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients who suffer from CMP&#44; and the most significant differences compared to the rest of the study group&#46; 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A first analysis was performed to determine the symptoms best associated with CMP&#46; The following independent variables were included in another separate model&#58; age&#59; gender&#59; comorbidity index&#59; diabetes mellitus&#59; body mass index&#59; leucocytes&#59; neutrophils&#59; uric acid&#59; calcium&#59; phosphorus&#59; bicarbonate&#59; PTH&#58; C-reactive protein&#59; and treatment with statins&#44; allopurinol or EPO&#46; Automated stepwise regression was used for the selection of variables with the best predictive models&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the differences in survival&#44; Kaplan&#8211;Meier curves &#40;univariate analysis&#41; and a Cox multivariate proportional hazard model were used to adjust for differences in survival with age and gender only &#40;a more exhaustive adjustment was not justified&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered as statistically significant&#44; and all the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> values shown are bilateral&#46; Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM-SPSS 21&#46;0 program &#40;IBM Corp&#46; Armonk&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain and associated symptoms</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demographic&#44; clinical and clinical biochemistry characteristics of the 1169 patients included in the study are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the patients studied&#44; 441 &#40;38&#37;&#41; had CMP&#46; CMP was more common among females than males &#40;49&#37; vs 28&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of the patients used paracetamol or metamizole for analgesia&#46; At the time of their first consultation&#44; over 20&#37; of the patients with CMP were also assiduously taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs&#46; Less than 15&#37; were mixing paracetamol with tramadol or codeine&#46; Less than 5&#37; of the patients with CMP were being treated with opioids &#40;fentanyl or other similar drugs&#41; or pain-perception modifiers &#40;gabapentin or pregabalin&#41;&#59; the significant adverse effects suffered by the patients treated with these drugs are worth mentioning&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of other symptoms is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> according to gender&#46; The majority of the symptoms were more prevalent among females than males&#46; Apart from CMP&#44; other symptoms that were notable due to their high prevalence were fatigue&#44; poor physical activity level&#44; cold intolerance and pruritus&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of other symptoms is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> according to age quartile&#46; There was a marked increase in CMP and other symptoms like fatigue and decreased physical exercise in the top 2 age quartiles &#40;aged<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>69&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By logistic regression&#44; the symptoms most often associated with CMP were &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; fatigue&#44; pruritus&#44; cramps&#44; ecchymosis&#44; insomnia&#44; oedema and dyspnoea&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Rhabdomyolysis and chronic musculoskeletal pain</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to investigate whether or not rhabdomyolysis could cause or contribute to CMP&#44; we included the CK plasma concentrations from analyses of 671 non-selected patients &#40;CK started to be measured in all patients from 2006 onwards&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant differences were found between patients with or without CMP in mean CK concentration according to gender &#40;males with or without CMP&#58; 124<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120 vs 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>169<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#59; females with or without CMP&#58; 91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>59 vs 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nor was there a higher rate of CK above normal limits &#40;&#62;194<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#41; in patients with CMP versus those without CMP &#40;9&#46;7 vs 14&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did find a higher mean plasma concentration of CK in men who had cramp compared to those not suffering from cramp &#40;161<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>163 vs 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>149<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#41;&#46; In women with cramp&#44; CK levels were also higher&#44; although compared to women without cramp&#44; the difference was only bordering on statistical significance &#40;101<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 vs&#46; 86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;058&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CK elevation above normal was more common in all patients &#40;male and female&#41; with cramp than those who did not suffer from cramp &#40;17&#46;4&#37; vs 9&#46;3&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 391 patients treated with statins and in whom CK was determined&#44; CK levels were significantly higher than in the 280 patients not taking statins &#40;133<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>135 vs 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; Also&#44; a CK concentration above the normal limit was more common among patients on statins than among those not on statins &#40;17 vs 6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and chronic musculoskeletal pain</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant differences were found in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels determined in 203 patients without CMP and 158 patients with CMP&#58; 14&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;4 vs 13&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;08&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nor were significant differences found between those with or without CMP in the percentage of patients with serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels below 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;82 vs 77&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;317&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Determining factors in chronic musculoskeletal pain</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the demographic&#44; clinical and clinical biochemistry characteristics of the patients with or without CMP&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CMP was most common in older women with comorbidity&#46; In addition to diabetes mellitus&#44; other conditions significantly associated with CMP were heart failure &#40;100&#37; of the patients with heart failure had CMP&#41; and COPD &#40;46&#37; had CMP&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; other comorbidities&#44; such as coronary heart disease&#44; CVA or peripheral ischaemia&#44; or a history of gouty arthritis were not associated with higher rates of CMP&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with CMP were more obese&#44; had higher C-reactive protein and total leucocyte levels than the other patients&#44; but no differences were found in clinical biochemistry parameters that characterise metabolic bone disease&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences were found in the prescribing of statins&#44; allopurinol or EPO&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By multivariate logistic regression&#44; the best predictive model for CMP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; had the following characteristics&#58; female&#59; elderly&#59; obese&#59; comorbidity&#59; and elevated inflammatory markers &#40;C-reactive protein and non-neutrophil leucocytes&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Chronic musculoskeletal pain and survival</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We followed up the progress of 1078 patients&#44; collecting data on death from any cause and date with censoring for end of follow-up &#40;February 2014&#41;&#44; loss to follow-up or kidney transplantation&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median follow-up time was 1075 days &#40;IQ ranges&#58; 456&#8211;1756 days&#41;&#46; During this period&#44; 489 patients died &#40;42&#37; of the study population&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> shows the survival curves for the patients who had CMP as an initial symptom and those who did not&#46; Although the difference proved to be significant in the univariate comparison&#44; when just age and gender were included in a Cox proportional hazard regression model&#44; the association between CMP and mortality was no longer significant &#40;Wald 0&#46;193&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;661&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows CMP to be a highly prevalent symptom in patients with CKD&#44; which is more common in older&#44; obese women with comorbidity&#44; especially diabetes&#44; heart failure and COPD&#44; and associated with inflammatory markers&#46; Patients with CMP were also more likely to have fatigue&#44; pruritus&#44; cramps&#44; insomnia&#44; oedema and dyspnoea&#46; In contrast&#44; CMP did not appear to be associated with alterations in bone and mineral metabolism&#44; or significant differences in plasma levels of vitamin D&#44; rhabdomyolysis&#44; use of drugs &#40;statins&#44; EPO&#41; or gouty arthritis&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is estimated that 10&#8211;20&#37; of the general adult population suffers from some form of chronic pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> It is reported to be more common among older women&#44; with the prevalence heavily influenced by physical factors &#40;obesity&#44; comorbidity&#41;&#44; emotional factors &#40;separation&#44; divorce&#44; widowhood&#41;&#44; psychological factors &#40;anxiety&#44; depression&#41; and social factors &#40;education&#44; employment and income&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Around 50&#8211;70&#37; of these pain syndromes are of musculoskeletal origin &#40;CMP&#41;&#44; signifying that somewhere in the range of 5&#8211;14&#37; of the general population is affected by CMP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a> In fact&#44; one study in Spain states that over 20&#37; of the general population suffers from CMP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the already high prevalence in the general population&#44; the figures observed in our population with CKD were much higher still&#44; making it extremely unlikely that this finding could be attributable to a variation within normal limits&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been reported that CMP is very prevalent in patients on dialysis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;4</span></a> but also in CKD in predialysis stages&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;16</span></a> and even in kidney transplant patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As with the general population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> in this study&#44; we also found a higher prevalence of CMP among women than among men&#46; The reason for CMP being more likely to occur in females is not fully understood&#46; Apart from the fact that women tend to be much more explicit than men when giving their medical history &#40;subjective assessment of the authors&#41;&#44; which might also explain the higher prevalence of other symptoms in the women compared to the men in our study population&#44; there is a hypothesis that females have greater sensitivity to pain through mechanisms that may be related to both peripheral and central perception systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we ruled out CMP being associated with rhabdomyolysis&#44; a disease that was diagnosed from serum CK levels&#46; However&#44; we did find abnormally high CK levels in patients treated with statins and in those who reported frequent cramps&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Administration of EPO has been found to cause flu-like illness with increased sensitivity to pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In this study&#44; we did not find a higher rate of treatment with ESA-EPO in patients with CMP&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a study conducted in Asian patients with CKD&#44; hyperuricaemia and gouty arthritis were found to be associated with an increased incidence of CMP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In our study&#44; we observed no significant associations between CMP and uric acid concentrations in blood&#44; treatment with xanthine-oxidase inhibitors&#44; or history of gouty arthritis&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An association has been reported between reduced levels of blood vitamin D &#40;25-hydroxycholecalciferol&#41; and CMP in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Low serum levels of vitamin D are very common in CKD and&#44; although the patients with CMP in our study had lower levels&#44; the difference with respect to those without CMP was not statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CMP increased in patients with comorbidity&#59; particularly marked was that associated with heart failure &#40;100&#37; of the cases&#41;&#46; This finding also helps explain the association found between CMP and both oedema and dyspnoea&#46; Diabetes mellitus and COPD are also associated with CMP&#46; This increased prevalence of pain has previously been reported in the literature in COPD patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One surprising finding in this study was the lack of association between bone-mineral biochemical alterations and CMP&#46; Other studies have found a relationship between CMP and adynamic bone disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and also with high-remodelling bone disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;22</span></a>&#59; the latter of the two also being characterised by the fact that the pain tends to be more intense&#46;</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; CMP was associated with poorer survival compared to those who did not have CMP&#46; The association between CMP and mortality rates in CKD has also been demonstrated in another study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> However&#44; when we adjusted the proportional hazard model simply with gender and age in our patients&#44; the statistical significance of CMP on the prediction of survival was cancelled out&#46;</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As occurs in the general population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> the CMP in our patients was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers&#44; and this finding could help us to understand the possible mechanisms underlying the development of pain in CKD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a></p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic inflammatory states are capable of sensitising peripheral nociceptors &#40;pain receptors&#41; due to the numerous inflammatory mediator substances &#40;interleukins&#44; TNF&#44; prostaglandins&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The sensitisation of nociceptors can sometimes be so intense that they can end up being activated spontaneously without the mediation of any injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These same inflammatory mediators&#44; and perhaps certain uraemic toxins&#44; may also play an important role in the sensitisation of pain perception in the central nervous system and the balance of endogenous pain inhibitors &#40;endorphins&#44; endocannabinoids&#44; GABA&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a></p><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has certain limitations&#46; It is a cross-sectional study&#44; in which we did not estimate the pain intensity&#44; and nor did we assess or describe the severity of musculoskeletal damage and its relationship with the prevalence of CMP&#46; Moreover&#44; we did not collect information on the patients&#8217; mental health status or on their social&#47;economic&#47;cultural circumstances&#44; and that could affect the interpretation of the results&#46;</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; CMP is highly prevalent in patients with advanced CKD and is associated with other symptoms common in chronic uraemia&#46; The main characteristics of the patient with CMP are&#58; older female&#59; obesity&#59; certain comorbidities&#59; and elevated inflammatory markers&#46;</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are needed to analyse what type of analgesics or what additional supportive measures could be more effective and less toxic in this population&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic musculoskeletal pain &#40;CMP&#41; is a very common symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41;&#44; and is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics associated with CMP in patients with advanced CKD not on dialysis&#44; and to analyse their relation with other uraemic symptoms and their prognosis significance&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional study to analyse the uraemic symptoms of an unselected cohort of patients with CKD stage 4&#8211;5 pre-dialysis&#46; In order to characterise patients with CMP&#44; demographic and anthropometric data were collected&#44; as well as data on comorbidities and kidney function&#46; In addition&#44; inflammatory parameters&#44; uric parameters&#44; bone mineral metabolism including 25-hydroxycholecalciferol &#40;25-OHCC&#41;&#44; creatine kinase and drugs of potential interest including allopurinol&#44; statins and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents were recorded&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study group consisted of 1169 patients &#40;mean age 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 years&#44; 54&#37; male&#41;&#46; A total of 38&#37; of patients complained of CMP&#44; and this symptom was more prevalent in women than in men &#40;49 vs&#46; 28&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0001&#41;&#46; Muscle weakness&#44; pruritus&#44; muscle cramps&#44; ecchymosis&#44; insomnia&#44; oedema and dyspnoea were the most common symptoms associated with CMP&#46; There were no significant associations between serum levels of creatine kinase&#44; 25-OHCC&#44; treatment with allopurinol&#44; statins or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and CMP&#46; The female gender&#44; elderly age&#44; obesity&#44; comorbidity &#40;mainly diabetes&#44; heart failure or COPD&#41;&#44; and elevated levels of inflammatory markers &#40;C-reactive protein and non-neutrophilic leukocytes&#41; were the best determinants of CMP&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">While patients with CMP showed a worse survival rate&#44; a multivariate analysis adjusted for demographic data ruled out the independent association of CMP with mortality&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CMP is highly prevalent in patients with advanced CKD and is associated with other common symptoms of chronic uraemia&#46; As with the general population&#44; elderly age&#44; the female gender&#44; obesity and some comorbid conditions are the best determinants of CMP&#46; Increased inflammatory markers commonly observed in patients with CMP may have a relevant role in its pathogenesis&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Aims"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El dolor m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tico cr&#243;nico &#40;DMEC&#41; es un s&#237;ntoma muy frecuente en pacientes con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41;&#44; y contribuye de forma importante al deterioro de la calidad de vida&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la prevalencia y caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas asociadas al DMEC en pacientes con ERC avanzada no en di&#225;lisis&#44; analizar su relaci&#243;n con otros s&#237;ntomas ur&#233;micos y su significado pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal en el que se analiz&#243; la sintomatolog&#237;a ur&#233;mica de pacientes no seleccionados remitidos por ERC estadio 4 y 5 predi&#225;lisis&#46; Para caracterizar aquellos que presentaban DMEC&#44; adem&#225;s de los datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; antropom&#233;tricos&#44; la comorbilidad y la funci&#243;n renal&#44; tambi&#233;n se recogieron par&#225;metros de inflamaci&#243;n&#44; &#225;cido &#250;rico&#44; metabolismo &#243;seo-mineral incluyendo 25-hidroxi-colecalciferol &#40;25-OHCC&#41;&#44; creatincinasa&#44; y f&#225;rmacos de potencial inter&#233;s como alopurinol&#44; estatinas y agentes estimulantes de eritropoyetina&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 1&#46;169 pacientes con edad media de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 a&#241;os&#59; el 54&#37; eran hombres&#46; Un 38&#37; de los pacientes refer&#237;a DMEC&#44; y este s&#237;ntoma fue m&#225;s frecuente en mujeres que en hombres &#40;49 vs&#46; 28&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; La debilidad muscular&#44; prurito&#44; calambres&#44; equimosis&#44; insomnio&#44; edemas y disnea fueron los s&#237;ntomas m&#225;s frecuentemente asociados al DMEC&#46; No se observaron asociaciones significativas entre niveles de creatincinasa&#44; 25-OHCC&#44; tratamiento con alopurinol&#44; estatinas o agentes estimulantes de eritropoyetina con DMEC&#46; Los mejores determinantes de DMEC fueron&#58; mujer&#44; mayor&#44; obesa&#44; con comorbilidad &#40;sobre todo diabetes&#44; insuficiencia cardiaca o EPOC&#41;&#44; y marcadores de inflamaci&#243;n elevados &#40;prote&#237;na<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C reactiva y leucocitos no neutr&#243;filos&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque los pacientes con DMEC ten&#237;an una peor supervivencia&#44; un an&#225;lisis multivariante con ajuste simple a datos demogr&#225;ficos descart&#243; que el DMEC fuera un determinante independiente de la mortalidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El DMEC es muy prevalente en pacientes con ERC avanzada&#44; y se asocia con otros s&#237;ntomas comunes de la uraemia cr&#243;nica&#46; Al igual que en la poblaci&#243;n general&#44; caracter&#237;sticas como sexo femenino&#44; edad avanzada&#44; obesidad y comorbilidad est&#225;n m&#225;s frecuentemente asociados al DMEC&#46; La elevaci&#243;n de los marcadores de inflamaci&#243;n asociada al DMEC podr&#237;a ser un hallazgo relevante para explicar su patogenia&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Caravaca F&#44; Gonzales B&#44; Bayo MA&#44; Luna E&#46; Dolor m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tico en pacientes con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#46; Nefrologia&#46; 2016&#59;36&#58;433&#8211;440&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:6 [
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        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1746
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            "Tamanyo" => 168985
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bar chart showing the prevalence of uraemic symptoms in all patients studied and according to gender&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bar chart showing the prevalence of uraemic symptoms in patients grouped by age quartiles&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves &#40;Kaplan&#8211;Meier&#41; in patients who reported chronic musculoskeletal pain &#40;red line&#44; below&#41; and patients with no pain &#40;blue line&#44; above&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No pain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; of patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1169&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">728 &#40;62&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">441 &#40;38&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gender &#40;&#37; male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Comorbidity index&#58; none&#59; mild&#47;moderate&#59; severe &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#47;52&#47;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&#47;49&#47;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#47;56&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;3 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;4 &#40;5&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#46;8 &#40;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Haemoglobin &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;5 &#40;3&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;6 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;3 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;132&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total leucocytes &#40;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8048 &#40;2&#46;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7925 &#40;2&#46;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8250 &#40;2&#46;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Neutrophils &#40;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5411 &#40;2&#46;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5381 &#40;2&#46;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5459 &#40;2&#46;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;556&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR&#44; ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;5 &#40;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;630&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Uric acid &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;6 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;4 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;035&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Total calcium &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;13 &#40;0&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;11 &#40;0&#46;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;18 &#40;0&#46;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;139&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Phosphorus &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;73 &#40;1&#46;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;77 &#40;1&#46;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;67 &#40;0&#46;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bicarbonate &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#46;6 &#40;4&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PTH &#40;pg&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">260 &#40;219&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">265 &#40;222&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">252 &#40;214&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;307&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PTH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;820&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">PTH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;369&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alkaline phosphatase &#40;IU&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">108 &#40;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;090&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Serum albumin &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;87 &#40;0&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;88 &#40;0&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;86 &#40;0&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C-reactive protein<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;mg&#47;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;85 &#91;13&#8211;11&#46;04&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;52 &#91;1&#46;27&#8211;9&#46;35&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;45 &#91;1&#46;72&#8211;13&#46;31&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C-reactive protein &#62;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">History of gouty arthritis&#44; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;898&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Statins &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;357&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Allopurinol &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;281&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ESA-EPO &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;688&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient characteristics for the whole group and the subgroups with or without chronic musculoskeletal pain&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The following did not fit into the best model&#58; anorexia&#59; nausea&#47;vomiting&#59; poor physical activity level&#59; cold intolerance&#59; myoclonus&#59; restless legs&#59; daytime drowsiness&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fatigue &#40;muscle weakness&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;22&#8211;3&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pruritus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;34&#8211;2&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cramps&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;24&#8211;2&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oedema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;19&#8211;2&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ecchymosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;18&#8211;2&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Night-time insomnia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;04&#8211;1&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dyspnoea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;049&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The following did not fit into the best prediction model&#58; uric acid&#59; bicarbonate&#59; albumin&#59; PTH&#59; alkaline phosphatase&#59; diabetes&#59; statins&#59; ESA-EPO&#59; allopurinol&#59; and glomerular filtration rate&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male gender</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;458&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;350&#8211;0&#46;600&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;&#215;10 years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;20&#8211;1&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidity index</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>none&#44;<br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mild&#47;moderate&#44;<br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>severe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;038&#8211;1&#46;584&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;028&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate logistic regression&#46; Clinical and analytical characteristics best associated with the chronic musculoskeletal pain&#46;</p>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 36. Issue. 4.July - August 2016
Pages 333-464
Visits
30020
Vol. 36. Issue. 4.July - August 2016
Pages 333-464
Original article
Open Access
Musculoskeletal pain in patients with chronic kidney disease
Dolor músculo-esquelético en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica
Visits
30020
Francisco Caravaca
Corresponding author
fcaravacam@senefro.org

Corresponding author.
, Boris Gonzales, Miguel Ángel Bayo, Enrique Luna
Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Patient characteristics for the whole group and the subgroups with or without chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Table 2. Multivariate logistic regression. Uraemic symptoms most associated with the chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression. Clinical and analytical characteristics best associated with the chronic musculoskeletal pain.
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Abstract
Introduction

Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a very common symptom in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life.

Aims

To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics associated with CMP in patients with advanced CKD not on dialysis, and to analyse their relation with other uraemic symptoms and their prognosis significance.

Materials and methods

Cross-sectional study to analyse the uraemic symptoms of an unselected cohort of patients with CKD stage 4–5 pre-dialysis. In order to characterise patients with CMP, demographic and anthropometric data were collected, as well as data on comorbidities and kidney function. In addition, inflammatory parameters, uric parameters, bone mineral metabolism including 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHCC), creatine kinase and drugs of potential interest including allopurinol, statins and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents were recorded.

Results

The study group consisted of 1169 patients (mean age 65±15 years, 54% male). A total of 38% of patients complained of CMP, and this symptom was more prevalent in women than in men (49 vs. 28%; P<.0001). Muscle weakness, pruritus, muscle cramps, ecchymosis, insomnia, oedema and dyspnoea were the most common symptoms associated with CMP. There were no significant associations between serum levels of creatine kinase, 25-OHCC, treatment with allopurinol, statins or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and CMP. The female gender, elderly age, obesity, comorbidity (mainly diabetes, heart failure or COPD), and elevated levels of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and non-neutrophilic leukocytes) were the best determinants of CMP.

While patients with CMP showed a worse survival rate, a multivariate analysis adjusted for demographic data ruled out the independent association of CMP with mortality.

Conclusions

CMP is highly prevalent in patients with advanced CKD and is associated with other common symptoms of chronic uraemia. As with the general population, elderly age, the female gender, obesity and some comorbid conditions are the best determinants of CMP. Increased inflammatory markers commonly observed in patients with CMP may have a relevant role in its pathogenesis.

Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease
Musculoskeletal pain
Inflammation
Uraemic symptoms
Resumen
Introducción

El dolor músculo-esquelético crónico (DMEC) es un síntoma muy frecuente en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), y contribuye de forma importante al deterioro de la calidad de vida.

Objetivos

Determinar la prevalencia y características clínicas asociadas al DMEC en pacientes con ERC avanzada no en diálisis, analizar su relación con otros síntomas urémicos y su significado pronóstico.

Material y métodos

Estudio transversal en el que se analizó la sintomatología urémica de pacientes no seleccionados remitidos por ERC estadio 4 y 5 prediálisis. Para caracterizar aquellos que presentaban DMEC, además de los datos demográficos, antropométricos, la comorbilidad y la función renal, también se recogieron parámetros de inflamación, ácido úrico, metabolismo óseo-mineral incluyendo 25-hidroxi-colecalciferol (25-OHCC), creatincinasa, y fármacos de potencial interés como alopurinol, estatinas y agentes estimulantes de eritropoyetina.

Resultados

Se incluyó a 1.169 pacientes con edad media de 65±15 años; el 54% eran hombres. Un 38% de los pacientes refería DMEC, y este síntoma fue más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres (49 vs. 28%; p<0,0001). La debilidad muscular, prurito, calambres, equimosis, insomnio, edemas y disnea fueron los síntomas más frecuentemente asociados al DMEC. No se observaron asociaciones significativas entre niveles de creatincinasa, 25-OHCC, tratamiento con alopurinol, estatinas o agentes estimulantes de eritropoyetina con DMEC. Los mejores determinantes de DMEC fueron: mujer, mayor, obesa, con comorbilidad (sobre todo diabetes, insuficiencia cardiaca o EPOC), y marcadores de inflamación elevados (proteínaC reactiva y leucocitos no neutrófilos).

Aunque los pacientes con DMEC tenían una peor supervivencia, un análisis multivariante con ajuste simple a datos demográficos descartó que el DMEC fuera un determinante independiente de la mortalidad.

Conclusiones

El DMEC es muy prevalente en pacientes con ERC avanzada, y se asocia con otros síntomas comunes de la uraemia crónica. Al igual que en la población general, características como sexo femenino, edad avanzada, obesidad y comorbilidad están más frecuentemente asociados al DMEC. La elevación de los marcadores de inflamación asociada al DMEC podría ser un hallazgo relevante para explicar su patogenia.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad renal crónica
Dolor músculo-esquelético
Inflamación
Síntomas urémicos
Full Text
Introduction

The symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are non-specific and very variable. Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a very common symptom in CKD1,2 and has a significant effect on the perception of health and quality of life of patients who suffer from it.3,4

Previous studies have shown that, despite the high prevalence of CMP, it is very often undervalued and is usually attributed to different processes, related or not to chronic uraemia, such as bone and mineral disorders, neuritis, or inflammatory or degenerative osteoarthritis.4–7

The CMP in CKD is often associated with other symptoms attributable to uraemia, such as insomnia and fatigue,1–3 or to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety or depression.8 These patients need to take large doses of painkillers which, with the altered drug metabolism associated with uraemia, increases the risk of adverse reactions.9,10

Despite the importance of CMP in CKD, very few studies have analysed the clinical characteristics and determining factors. A better understanding of the origin and characteristics of the pain could help us to design more specific and effective treatment strategies.

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of CMP in patients with advanced CKD (ACKD) and to analyse associations with clinical and biochemical parameters, the potential relationship with drugs and the effect on survival.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional, observational study included incident patients referred to the ACKD clinic from January 2000 to November 2014. They were all aged over 18 and had a glomerular filtration rate of less than 30ml/min/1.73m2. No patients were excluded.

As part of the clinical interview, which was conducted by a nephrologist in all cases, information on the presence of uraemia-associated symptoms was obtained by taking a specifically focused patient history, as occurs with all patients in our ACKD clinic according to protocol. The symptoms included were: anorexia; nausea or vomiting; oedema; dyspnoea; decreased physical exercise; fatigue (muscle weakness); pruritus; ecchymosis or epistaxis; cramps; cold intolerance; night-time insomnia; daytime drowsiness; restless legs; myoclonus; and CMP.

CMP was defined as the presence of muscle or bone pain in any location (upper or lower limbs or trunk) for more than three months, not attributable to trauma, and requiring analgesic therapy at least three times a week. The intensity of the CMP was not collected as data for the study.

Cramp was defined as involuntary, sustained and painful contraction of muscles or muscle groups in the lower or upper limbs, which occurred spontaneously and essentially at rest.

To characterise patients with or without pain, in addition to demographic data and body mass index, the following were included as variables of potential interest: the Davies comorbidity index; haemoglobin; total leucocyte and neutrophil counts; MDRD estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); and plasma concentrations of uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, bicarbonate, PTH, alkaline phosphatase, serum albumin and C-reactive protein. All the clinical biochemistry parameters were determined using conventional laboratory methods.

Previous history of gouty arthritis and the use of drugs of interest for their potential relationship with CMP, such as statins, allopurinol and erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), were also included.

In a subgroup of 671 unselected patients, serum creatine kinase (CK) was determined to study the association between rhabdomyolysis and CMP or cramps.

In another subgroup of 361 unselected patients, serum levels of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol were determined for comparison between patients with and without CMP.

Study design and statistical analysis

In this cross-sectional study, we describe the prevalence of CMP, association with other symptoms, clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients who suffer from CMP, and the most significant differences compared to the rest of the study group. In addition, to establish whether CMP is predictive of patient outcome, a univariate comparison was made of survival of patients with and without CMP, adjusted for age and gender.

Descriptive statistics are presented as mean and standard deviation or as median and interquartile ranges (IQ) for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables.

For comparison of continuous variables, parametric tests (Student's t-test) or non-parametric tests (Mann–Whitney) were used, depending on the type of distribution, while the chi-square test was used for categorical variables.

To establish the independent association of the study variables with CMP in the study group, multivariate logistic regression was used. A first analysis was performed to determine the symptoms best associated with CMP. The following independent variables were included in another separate model: age; gender; comorbidity index; diabetes mellitus; body mass index; leucocytes; neutrophils; uric acid; calcium; phosphorus; bicarbonate; PTH: C-reactive protein; and treatment with statins, allopurinol or EPO. Automated stepwise regression was used for the selection of variables with the best predictive models.

To analyse the differences in survival, Kaplan–Meier curves (univariate analysis) and a Cox multivariate proportional hazard model were used to adjust for differences in survival with age and gender only (a more exhaustive adjustment was not justified).

A p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant, and all the p values shown are bilateral. Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM-SPSS 21.0 program (IBM Corp. Armonk, USA).

ResultsPrevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain and associated symptoms

The demographic, clinical and clinical biochemistry characteristics of the 1169 patients included in the study are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Patient characteristics for the whole group and the subgroups with or without chronic musculoskeletal pain.

  Total  No pain  Pain  p 
No. of patients  1169  728 (62%)  441 (38%)   
Age (years)  65 (15)  62 (16)  70 (12)  <0.000 
Gender (% male)  54  63  41  <0.000 
Comorbidity index: none; mild/moderate; severe (%)  32/52/16  37/49/14  24/56/20  <0.000 
Diabetes mellitus (%)  37  34  41  0.012 
BMI (kg/m229.3 (5.8)  28.4 (5.4)  30.8 (6.1)  <0.000 
Haemoglobin (g/dl)  11.5 (3.9)  11.6 (4.7)  11.3 (1.6)  0.132 
Total leucocytes (mm38048 (2.63)  7925 (2.64)  8250 (2.62)  0.041 
Neutrophils (mm35411 (2.20)  5381 (2.30)  5459 (2.03)  0.556 
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2  14.4 (4.9)  14.4 (4.9)  14.5 (5.0)  0.630 
Uric acid (mg/dl)  7.6 (1.9)  7.7 (1.9)  7.4 (1.9)  0.035 
Total calcium (mg/dl)  9.13 (0.79)  9.11 (0.83)  9.18 (0.74)  0.139 
Phosphorus (mg/dl)  4.73 (1.11)  4.77 (1.18)  4.67 (0.99)  0.130 
Bicarbonate (mmol/l)  21.6 (4.0)  21.4 (4.2)  21.7 (3.6)  0.252 
PTH (pg/ml)  260 (219)  265 (222)  252 (214)  0.307 
PTH<100pg/ml (%)  22  21  22  0.820 
PTH>500pg/ml (%)  11  12  10  0.369 
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/ml)  105 (59)  102 (56)  108 (63)  0.090 
Serum albumin (g/dl)  3.87 (0.54)  3.88 (0.57)  3.86 (0.49)  0.456 
C-reactive proteina (mg/l)  3.85 [13–11.04]  3.52 [1.27–9.35]  4.45 [1.72–13.31]  0.001 
C-reactive protein >5mg/l (%)  43  39  48  0.003 
History of gouty arthritis, (%)  10  10  10  0.898 
Statins (%)  53  52  54  0.357 
Allopurinol (%)  23  22  25  0.281 
ESA-EPO (%)  62  62  61  0.688 
a

Median and IQ range.

Of the patients studied, 441 (38%) had CMP. CMP was more common among females than males (49% vs 28%; p<0.0001).

The majority of the patients used paracetamol or metamizole for analgesia. At the time of their first consultation, over 20% of the patients with CMP were also assiduously taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Less than 15% were mixing paracetamol with tramadol or codeine. Less than 5% of the patients with CMP were being treated with opioids (fentanyl or other similar drugs) or pain-perception modifiers (gabapentin or pregabalin); the significant adverse effects suffered by the patients treated with these drugs are worth mentioning.

The prevalence of other symptoms is shown in Fig. 1 according to gender. The majority of the symptoms were more prevalent among females than males. Apart from CMP, other symptoms that were notable due to their high prevalence were fatigue, poor physical activity level, cold intolerance and pruritus.

Fig. 1.

Bar chart showing the prevalence of uraemic symptoms in all patients studied and according to gender.

(0.16MB).

The prevalence of other symptoms is shown in Fig. 2 according to age quartile. There was a marked increase in CMP and other symptoms like fatigue and decreased physical exercise in the top 2 age quartiles (aged>69).

Fig. 2.

Bar chart showing the prevalence of uraemic symptoms in patients grouped by age quartiles.

(0.2MB).

By logistic regression, the symptoms most often associated with CMP were (Table 2) fatigue, pruritus, cramps, ecchymosis, insomnia, oedema and dyspnoea.

Table 2.

Multivariate logistic regression. Uraemic symptoms most associated with the chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Variable  Odds ratio  95% CI OR  p 
Fatigue (muscle weakness)  2.91  2.22–3.81  <0.000 
Pruritus  1.75  1.34–2.28  <0.000 
Cramps  1.62  1.24–2.11  <0.000 
Oedema  1.59  1.19–2.11  0.001 
Ecchymosis  1.55  1.18–2.03  0.002 
Night-time insomnia  1.38  1.04–1.84  0.027 
Dyspnoea  1.41  1.01–1.97  0.049 

The following did not fit into the best model: anorexia; nausea/vomiting; poor physical activity level; cold intolerance; myoclonus; restless legs; daytime drowsiness.

Rhabdomyolysis and chronic musculoskeletal pain

In order to investigate whether or not rhabdomyolysis could cause or contribute to CMP, we included the CK plasma concentrations from analyses of 671 non-selected patients (CK started to be measured in all patients from 2006 onwards).

No significant differences were found between patients with or without CMP in mean CK concentration according to gender (males with or without CMP: 124±120 vs 140±169U/ml; females with or without CMP: 91±59 vs 94±79U/ml).

Nor was there a higher rate of CK above normal limits (>194U/ml) in patients with CMP versus those without CMP (9.7 vs 14.4%).

We did find a higher mean plasma concentration of CK in men who had cramp compared to those not suffering from cramp (161±163 vs 120±149U/ml; p=0.012). In women with cramp, CK levels were also higher, although compared to women without cramp, the difference was only bordering on statistical significance (101±72 vs. 86±67U/ml; p=0.058).

CK elevation above normal was more common in all patients (male and female) with cramp than those who did not suffer from cramp (17.4% vs 9.3%; p=0.002).

In 391 patients treated with statins and in whom CK was determined, CK levels were significantly higher than in the 280 patients not taking statins (133±135 vs 94±111U/ml; p<0.0001). Also, a CK concentration above the normal limit was more common among patients on statins than among those not on statins (17 vs 6%; p<0.0001).

Serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and chronic musculoskeletal pain

No significant differences were found in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels determined in 203 patients without CMP and 158 patients with CMP: 14.9±8.4 vs 13.4±8.5ng/ml; p=0.08.

Nor were significant differences found between those with or without CMP in the percentage of patients with serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels below 20ng/ml (82 vs 77%; p=0.317).

Determining factors in chronic musculoskeletal pain

Table 1 shows the demographic, clinical and clinical biochemistry characteristics of the patients with or without CMP.

CMP was most common in older women with comorbidity. In addition to diabetes mellitus, other conditions significantly associated with CMP were heart failure (100% of the patients with heart failure had CMP) and COPD (46% had CMP). In contrast, other comorbidities, such as coronary heart disease, CVA or peripheral ischaemia, or a history of gouty arthritis were not associated with higher rates of CMP.

Patients with CMP were more obese, had higher C-reactive protein and total leucocyte levels than the other patients, but no differences were found in clinical biochemistry parameters that characterise metabolic bone disease.

No differences were found in the prescribing of statins, allopurinol or EPO.

By multivariate logistic regression, the best predictive model for CMP (Table 3) had the following characteristics: female; elderly; obese; comorbidity; and elevated inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and non-neutrophil leucocytes).

Table 3.

Multivariate logistic regression. Clinical and analytical characteristics best associated with the chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Variable  Odds ratio  95% CI OR  p 
Male gender  0.458  0.350–0.600  <0.000 
Age (×10 years)  1.31  1.20–1.42  <0.000 
Comorbidity index
0=none,
1=mild/moderate,
2=severe 
1.282  1.038–1.584  0.021 
BMI (×10kg/m2)  1.55  1.31–1.79  0.000 
Leucocytes (×1000/mm3)  1.303  1.136–1.494  <0.000 
Neutrophils (×1000/mm3)  0.733  0.620–0.865  <0.000 
C-reactive protein (×10mg/l)  1.09  1.01–1.16  0.028 

The following did not fit into the best prediction model: uric acid; bicarbonate; albumin; PTH; alkaline phosphatase; diabetes; statins; ESA-EPO; allopurinol; and glomerular filtration rate.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain and survival

We followed up the progress of 1078 patients, collecting data on death from any cause and date with censoring for end of follow-up (February 2014), loss to follow-up or kidney transplantation.

The median follow-up time was 1075 days (IQ ranges: 456–1756 days). During this period, 489 patients died (42% of the study population).

Fig. 3 shows the survival curves for the patients who had CMP as an initial symptom and those who did not. Although the difference proved to be significant in the univariate comparison, when just age and gender were included in a Cox proportional hazard regression model, the association between CMP and mortality was no longer significant (Wald 0.193; p=0.661).

Fig. 3.

Survival curves (Kaplan–Meier) in patients who reported chronic musculoskeletal pain (red line, below) and patients with no pain (blue line, above).

(0.09MB).
Discussion

This study shows CMP to be a highly prevalent symptom in patients with CKD, which is more common in older, obese women with comorbidity, especially diabetes, heart failure and COPD, and associated with inflammatory markers. Patients with CMP were also more likely to have fatigue, pruritus, cramps, insomnia, oedema and dyspnoea. In contrast, CMP did not appear to be associated with alterations in bone and mineral metabolism, or significant differences in plasma levels of vitamin D, rhabdomyolysis, use of drugs (statins, EPO) or gouty arthritis.

It is estimated that 10–20% of the general adult population suffers from some form of chronic pain.11–13 It is reported to be more common among older women, with the prevalence heavily influenced by physical factors (obesity, comorbidity), emotional factors (separation, divorce, widowhood), psychological factors (anxiety, depression) and social factors (education, employment and income).14 Around 50–70% of these pain syndromes are of musculoskeletal origin (CMP), signifying that somewhere in the range of 5–14% of the general population is affected by CMP.11–14 In fact, one study in Spain states that over 20% of the general population suffers from CMP.15

Despite the already high prevalence in the general population, the figures observed in our population with CKD were much higher still, making it extremely unlikely that this finding could be attributable to a variation within normal limits.

It has been reported that CMP is very prevalent in patients on dialysis,1,3,4 but also in CKD in predialysis stages,2,5,16 and even in kidney transplant patients.10

As with the general population,17,18 in this study, we also found a higher prevalence of CMP among women than among men. The reason for CMP being more likely to occur in females is not fully understood. Apart from the fact that women tend to be much more explicit than men when giving their medical history (subjective assessment of the authors), which might also explain the higher prevalence of other symptoms in the women compared to the men in our study population, there is a hypothesis that females have greater sensitivity to pain through mechanisms that may be related to both peripheral and central perception systems.18

In this study, we ruled out CMP being associated with rhabdomyolysis, a disease that was diagnosed from serum CK levels. However, we did find abnormally high CK levels in patients treated with statins and in those who reported frequent cramps.

Administration of EPO has been found to cause flu-like illness with increased sensitivity to pain.19 In this study, we did not find a higher rate of treatment with ESA-EPO in patients with CMP.

In a study conducted in Asian patients with CKD, hyperuricaemia and gouty arthritis were found to be associated with an increased incidence of CMP.5 In our study, we observed no significant associations between CMP and uric acid concentrations in blood, treatment with xanthine-oxidase inhibitors, or history of gouty arthritis.

An association has been reported between reduced levels of blood vitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) and CMP in the general population.20 Low serum levels of vitamin D are very common in CKD and, although the patients with CMP in our study had lower levels, the difference with respect to those without CMP was not statistically significant.

The prevalence of CMP increased in patients with comorbidity; particularly marked was that associated with heart failure (100% of the cases). This finding also helps explain the association found between CMP and both oedema and dyspnoea. Diabetes mellitus and COPD are also associated with CMP. This increased prevalence of pain has previously been reported in the literature in COPD patients21

One surprising finding in this study was the lack of association between bone-mineral biochemical alterations and CMP. Other studies have found a relationship between CMP and adynamic bone disease,22 and also with high-remodelling bone disease6,7,22; the latter of the two also being characterised by the fact that the pain tends to be more intense.

In this study, CMP was associated with poorer survival compared to those who did not have CMP. The association between CMP and mortality rates in CKD has also been demonstrated in another study.23 However, when we adjusted the proportional hazard model simply with gender and age in our patients, the statistical significance of CMP on the prediction of survival was cancelled out.

As occurs in the general population,24 the CMP in our patients was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers, and this finding could help us to understand the possible mechanisms underlying the development of pain in CKD.25–27

Chronic inflammatory states are capable of sensitising peripheral nociceptors (pain receptors) due to the numerous inflammatory mediator substances (interleukins, TNF, prostaglandins, etc.).27 The sensitisation of nociceptors can sometimes be so intense that they can end up being activated spontaneously without the mediation of any injury.27

These same inflammatory mediators, and perhaps certain uraemic toxins, may also play an important role in the sensitisation of pain perception in the central nervous system and the balance of endogenous pain inhibitors (endorphins, endocannabinoids, GABA, etc.).25–27

This study has certain limitations. It is a cross-sectional study, in which we did not estimate the pain intensity, and nor did we assess or describe the severity of musculoskeletal damage and its relationship with the prevalence of CMP. Moreover, we did not collect information on the patients’ mental health status or on their social/economic/cultural circumstances, and that could affect the interpretation of the results.

In conclusion, CMP is highly prevalent in patients with advanced CKD and is associated with other symptoms common in chronic uraemia. The main characteristics of the patient with CMP are: older female; obesity; certain comorbidities; and elevated inflammatory markers.

Further studies are needed to analyse what type of analgesics or what additional supportive measures could be more effective and less toxic in this population.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Please cite this article as: Caravaca F, Gonzales B, Bayo MA, Luna E. Dolor músculo-esquelético en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Nefrologia. 2016;36:433–440.

Copyright © 2016. Sociedad Española de Nefrología
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