Journal Information
Vol. 29. Issue. S1.March 2009
Pages 1-77
Vol. 29. Issue. S1.March 2009
Pages 1-77
Full text access
CHANGES IN BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Alteraciones del metabolismo óseo mineral en la enfermedad renal crónica del paciente trasplantado renal
Visits
5107
María Ovidia López Olivaa, Domingo del Castillo Cabab, Jaime Sánchez Plumedc
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Madrid, España,
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Córdoba, España,
c Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Valencia, España,
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Statistics

Definición: Recientemente, la Fundación KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) ha propuesto nuevas definiciones para referirse a las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), relegando el término tradicional de «osteodistrofia renal» (ODR). Recomiendan:
- El término de ODR para definir exclusivamente las alteraciones de la morfología y la arquitectura ósea propias de la ERC.
- Y el término de alteración óseo-mineral asociada a la ERC para describir las alteraciones bioquímicas, esqueléticas y calcificaciones extraesqueléticas que ocurren como consecuencia de las alteraciones del metabolismo mineral en la ERC.

Fisiopatología: Las diferentes alteraciones metabólicas son secundarias a la pérdida progresiva de masa renal y función renal, que conlleva una retención de fósforo y descenso de los niveles de calcitriol que son responsables de la resistencia esquelética a la acción de la PTH
Manifestaciones clínicas: Las manifestaciones clínicas principales de las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo mineral postrasplante son la osteoporosis y la osteopenia, que producen un incremento de las fracturas, osteonecrosis y dolor óseo. Métodos diagnósticos: Parámetros bioquímicos (calcio, fósforo, PTH y 25 hidroxivitamina D), radiología ósea, densitometría y biopsia ósea (evidencia B).
Alternativas terapéuticas: Para el tratamiento y la prevención de la osteopenia-osteoporosis en pacientes trasplantados se recomienda basarse en los datos de evidencia clínica disponibles de otras poblaciones de estudio, como la de los pacientes con ERC. Además del tratamiento específico, hay que tener en cuenta las medidas preventivas para reducir el riesgo de fracturas. El tratamiento específico incluye medidas para la prevención de pérdida de masa ósea (metabolitos activos de la vitamina D, activadores selectivos de los receptores de la vitamida D y bifosfonatos) y el tratamiento del hiperparatiroidismo persistente (calcimiméticos) (evidencia B).

Description: Recently, the Foundation has proposed new definitions KDIGO to refer to the alterations of bone - mineral metabolism in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD), relegating the traditional term of renal osteodystrophy ODR). Recommend:
- The term ODR exclusively to define alterations in bone morphology and architecture characteristic of the ERC.
- And the term of bone-mineral alteration associated with the CRD to describe biochemical changes, and skeletal calcifications that occur as a result of alterations in mineral metabolism in the CRD.
Pathophysiology: The different metabolic abnormalities are secondary to the progressive loss of renal mass and renal function that leads to retention of phosphorus and a decrease in the levels of calcitriol which are responsible for the skeletal resistance to the action of PTH.
Clinical features: The main clinical manifestations of abnormal bone mineral metabolism are posttransplantation osteoporosis and osteopenia producing an increase in fractures, osteonecrosis, and bone pain.
Diagnostic methods: Biochemical parameters (calcium, phosphorus, PTH, 25 hydroxyvitamin D), X-ray bone densitometry and bone biopsy. (Evidence B)
Therapeutic alternatives: It is recommended for the treatment and prevention of osteopenia - osteoporosis in transplant patients based on data from clinical evidence available from other study populations, such as in patients with chronic kidney disease. In addition to specific treatment, we must take into account the preventive measures to reduce the risk of fractures. Treatment includes specific measures for the prevention of bone loss (active metabolite of vitamin D analogues and bisphosphonates) and the treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism (calcimiméticos). (Evidence B).

Bibliography
[1]
Weisinger JR, Carlini RG, Rojas E. Bone disease after renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:1300-13. [Pubmed]
[2]
Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006;69(11):1945-53.
[3]
Martin, et al. The parathyroids in renal disease. In: Bilezikian JP, Marcus R, Levine MA (eds.) The parathyroids: basic and clinical concepts, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press; 2001. p. 625-34
[4]
Martinez I, et al. Deficit of calcitriol synthesis may not be the initial factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephron Dial Transplant 1996;11(3):22-8.
[5]
Torregrosa V, et al. Recomendaciones de la S.E.N. para el manejo de las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo mineral en los pacientes con ERC. Nefrología 2008;28(1).
[6]
Ganesh, et al. Association of elevated serum P04, Ca x P04 product and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2131-8. [Pubmed]
[7]
Sadiddenn H, Covic A, Goldsmith D. Mineral and bone disorder after renal transplantation: a review. Int Urol Nephrol 2008;40:171-84. [Pubmed]
[8]
Heaf JG. Bone disease after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2003;75(3):315-25. [Pubmed]
[9]
Julián BA, et al. Rapid loss of vertebral mineral density after renal transplantation. New Eng J Med 1991;325:544-50. [Pubmed]
[10]
Durieux S, et al. Bone mineral density and fracture prevalence in long-term kidney graft recipient. Transplantation 2002;74:496-500. [Pubmed]
[11]
O¿Shaughnessy EA, et al. Risk factors for fractures in kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2002;74:362-6. [Pubmed]
[12]
12.Marcen R, Capdevila Luis, Arias M, Fernández A, Cantarell C, Rodríguez A, et al. The management of chronic kidney disease after renal transplantation Data from a Spanish, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Nephrol Dial Transplant Plus 2008;1(2);408.
[13]
National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:1-201.
[14]
Sperschneider H, et al. Bone disease after renal transplantation. Nephron Dial Transplant 2003;18(5):874-7.
[15]
Palmer SC, Strippoli GF, McGregor DO. Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;4:638-49.
[16]
Reid IR, Brown JP, Burckhardt P, et al. Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 2002;346(9):653-61. [Pubmed]
[17]
Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced osteoporosis intervention study group. N Engl J Med 1998;339(5):292-9. [Pubmed]
[18]
Ali SM, Esteva FJ, Hortobagyi G, et al. Safety and efficacy of bisphosphonates beyond 24 months in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;19(14):3434-7. [Pubmed]
[19]
Serra AL, Schwarz AA, Wick FH, et al. Successful treatment of hypercalcemia with cinacalcet in renal transplant recipients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(7):1315-9. [Pubmed]
[20]
Kruse AE, Eisenberger U, Frey FJ, Mohaupt MG. The calcimimetic cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium in renal transplant patients with persistent hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(7):1311-4. [Pubmed]
[21]
Srinivas TR, Schold JD, Womer KL, et al. Improvement in hypercalcemia with cinacalcet after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:323-6. [Pubmed]
[22]
Szwarc I, Argiles A, Garrigue V, et al. Cinacalcet chloride is efficient and safe in renal transplant recipients with posttransplant hyperparathyroidism. Transplantation 2006;82(5):675-80. [Pubmed]
[23]
Tournis S, Economopoulos D, Lyritis GP. Strontium ranelate: a novel treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1092:403-7. [Pubmed]
[24]
24.Moen MD, Scott LJ. Recombinant full-length parathyroid hormone (1-84). Drugs 2006;66(18):2371-81 (discussion 2382-5. Review).
[25]
Lewiecki EM. RANK ligand inhibition with denosumab for the management of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006;6(10):1041-50. [Pubmed]
Idiomas
Nefrología (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?