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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infection of tunnelled haemodialysis catheters is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in this population&#59; catheter-related bacteraemia being the most serious event involving infection&#46; This is caused by microorganisms which colonise the insertion site&#44; the connectors and&#44; less frequently&#44; the infusion fluid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We therefore believe it is important to find methods that may help to prevent this type of complication&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thermal imaging has been used in various fields to indirectly measure body temperature&#46; In medicine&#44; it has been used to measure the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy in rheumatic diseases and in the management of chronic wounds&#44; burns and fractures&#44; under the premise that inflammation causes vasodilation and an increase in tissue metabolism&#44; conditions which may promote a local temperature change&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Initially&#44; however&#44; its main disadvantage was the difficulty of using it in a real clinical setting due to size and cost&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To combat this&#44; infrared cameras have recently emerged which are adaptable to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">smartphones</span>&#44; allowing real-time thermal measurement&#44; in two dimensions&#44; and at the patient&#39;s bedside&#46; It is an objective&#44; non-invasive and safe technique for the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our aim was to assess differences in temperature between the catheter insertion site and the skin on the contralateral side&#46; We used the third generation Flir-One&#174; Pro camera &#40;FLIR Systems&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Wilsonville&#44; OR&#41; with a dynamic range from -20 to 400&#176;C and a resolution of 0&#46;1&#176;C&#46; We designed a descriptive observational study with 33 chronic haemodialysis patients with tunnelled jugular CVC&#46; Three thermal photographs were taken of both the CVC insertion site and the contralateral side of the same patient at the beginning of the dialysis session&#44; without having performed any action on the site&#44; and the presence of classic signs of infection such as redness or exudate was taken into account&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 15&#8239;cm tripod was used for a standardised measurement&#44; and we considered the average of the 3 temperatures obtained in the thermal images&#46; With these values&#44; the ratio between the contralateral temperature and that of the CVC site was calculated for each patient&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results were as follows&#58; the mean temperature at the insertion site was 35&#46;19 &#176;C &#40;&#177;3&#46;19&#8239;&#176;C&#41; and that of the contralateral side 36&#46;21 &#176;C &#40;&#177; 2&#46;34 &#176;C&#41; &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;008&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean of the ratios between the contralateral temperature and that of the insertion site was classified taking into account the presence &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#41; or absence &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;28&#41; of signs of infection and the results were&#58; 0&#46;97&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;026 vs 1&#46;05&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;104 &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;035&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; These data imply that a potentially infected insertion site has a higher temperature than the skin on the contralateral side&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been no previous studies using thermal imaging to assess catheter insertion sites&#46; However&#44; various studies have shown the value of thermal imaging in the detection of local swelling&#44; especially in diabetic patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a> and&#44; more recently&#44; in the detection of suitable small perforating vessels for pre-surgical mapping in reconstructive surgery&#44; with a diagnostic potential similar to that obtained by tomography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This gives us an idea of the scope of an instrument that can detect minimal temperature changes on the body surface&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the Flir-One&#174; thermal camera detects local temperature changes at skin level in patients with tunnelled catheters for haemodialysis and&#44; in the absence of further studies&#44; it may become a helpful tool in the early detection of this type of infection&#46;</p></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 40. Issue. 6.November - December 2020
Pages 579-692
Vol. 40. Issue. 6.November - December 2020
Pages 579-692
Letter to the Editor
Open Access
Assessment of tunnelled haemodialysis catheter insertion site using a thermal camera attached to a smartphone: a pilot study
Valoración del orificio de inserción del catéter tunelizado para hemodiálisis mediante el uso de cámara térmica acoplada a smartphone: estudio piloto
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Francisco Valga
Corresponding author
fvalga@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Tania Monzón, Fernando Henriquez, Gloria Anton-Pérez
Centro de Diálisis Avericum Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, Spain
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Dear Editor,

Infection of tunnelled haemodialysis catheters is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in this population; catheter-related bacteraemia being the most serious event involving infection. This is caused by microorganisms which colonise the insertion site, the connectors and, less frequently, the infusion fluid.1 We therefore believe it is important to find methods that may help to prevent this type of complication.

Thermal imaging has been used in various fields to indirectly measure body temperature. In medicine, it has been used to measure the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy in rheumatic diseases and in the management of chronic wounds, burns and fractures, under the premise that inflammation causes vasodilation and an increase in tissue metabolism, conditions which may promote a local temperature change.2,3 Initially, however, its main disadvantage was the difficulty of using it in a real clinical setting due to size and cost.

To combat this, infrared cameras have recently emerged which are adaptable to smartphones, allowing real-time thermal measurement, in two dimensions, and at the patient's bedside. It is an objective, non-invasive and safe technique for the patient.

Our aim was to assess differences in temperature between the catheter insertion site and the skin on the contralateral side. We used the third generation Flir-One® Pro camera (FLIR Systems, Inc., Wilsonville, OR) with a dynamic range from -20 to 400°C and a resolution of 0.1°C. We designed a descriptive observational study with 33 chronic haemodialysis patients with tunnelled jugular CVC. Three thermal photographs were taken of both the CVC insertion site and the contralateral side of the same patient at the beginning of the dialysis session, without having performed any action on the site, and the presence of classic signs of infection such as redness or exudate was taken into account.

A 15 cm tripod was used for a standardised measurement, and we considered the average of the 3 temperatures obtained in the thermal images. With these values, the ratio between the contralateral temperature and that of the CVC site was calculated for each patient.

Our results were as follows: the mean temperature at the insertion site was 35.19 °C (±3.19 °C) and that of the contralateral side 36.21 °C (± 2.34 °C) (p = 0.008) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Example of a thermal photograph of the catheter insertion area belonging to one of the patients.

(0.23MB).

The mean of the ratios between the contralateral temperature and that of the insertion site was classified taking into account the presence (N = 5) or absence (N = 28) of signs of infection and the results were: 0.97 ± 0.026 vs 1.05 ± 0.104 (p = 0.035), respectively. These data imply that a potentially infected insertion site has a higher temperature than the skin on the contralateral side.

There have been no previous studies using thermal imaging to assess catheter insertion sites. However, various studies have shown the value of thermal imaging in the detection of local swelling, especially in diabetic patients3–6 and, more recently, in the detection of suitable small perforating vessels for pre-surgical mapping in reconstructive surgery, with a diagnostic potential similar to that obtained by tomography.7 This gives us an idea of the scope of an instrument that can detect minimal temperature changes on the body surface.

In conclusion, the Flir-One® thermal camera detects local temperature changes at skin level in patients with tunnelled catheters for haemodialysis and, in the absence of further studies, it may become a helpful tool in the early detection of this type of infection.

References
[1]
C.E. Lok, M.H. Mokrzycki.
Prevention and management of catheter-related infection in hemodialysis patients.
Kidney Int, 79 (2011), pp. 587-598
[2]
H.A. Bird, E.F. Ring, P.A. Bacon.
A thermographic and clinical comparison of three intra-articular steroid preparations in rheumatoid arthritis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 38 (1979), pp. 36-39
[3]
T. Kanazawa, G. Nakagami, T. Goto, H. Noguchi, M. Oe, T. Miyagaki, et al.
Use of smartphone attached mobile thermography assessing subclinical inflammation: a pilot study.
J Wound Care, 25 (2016), pp. 177-180
[4]
K. Nishide, T. Nagase, M. Oba, M. Oe, Y. Ohashi, S. Iizaka, et al.
Ultrasonographic and thermographic screening for latent inflammation in diabetic foot callus.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 85 (2009), pp. 304-309
[5]
R.F.M. van Doremalen, J.J. van Netten, J.G. van Baal, M.M.R. Vollenbroek-Hutten, F. van der Heijden.
Validation of low-cost smartphone-based thermal camera for diabetic foot assessment.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 149 (2019), pp. 132-139
[6]
N.L. Petrova, A. Whittam, A. MacDonald, S. Ainarkar, A.N. Donaldson, J. Bevans, et al.
Reliability of a novel thermal imaging system for temperature assessment of healthy feet.
J Foot Ankle Res, 11 (2018), pp. 22
[7]
N. Pereira, D. Valenzuela, G. Mangelsdorff, M. Kufeke, R. Roa.
Detection of perforators for free flap planning using smartphone thermal imaging: a concordance study with computed tomographic angiography in 120 perforators.
Plast Reconstr Surg, 141 (2018), pp. 787-792

Please cite this article as: Valga F, Monzón T, Henriquez F, Anton-Pérez G. Valoración del orificio de inserción del catéter tunelizado para hemodiálisis mediante el uso de cámara térmica acoplada a smartphone: estudio piloto. Nefrologia. 2020;40:673–674.

Copyright © 2019. Sociedad Española de Nefrología
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