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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Dear Editor&#44; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The most frequent complications of arteriovenous fistula &#40;AVF&#41; type subcutaneous vascular accesses are infections&#44; thrombosis and complications due to low flow&#44; such as steal syndrome and stenosis&#44; both intrinsic to anastomoses and venous return&#46; An infrequent complication&#44; but one that is difficult to treat&#44; is calciphylaxis&#46; It affects small peripheral arteries&#44; causing very painful skin necrosis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-9</span> The case that we present below is unusual because&#44; although it presents some similarities with calciphylaxis&#44; it differs in pathogenesis&#44; treatment and resolution&#44; since it is a surgical complication in a patient with a very calcified arterial bed&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The case is a 75 year old man&#44; with a history of stage 5 chronic renal failure of unknown origin&#44; who has been on haemodialysis for 7 years&#46; Other history data of interest&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ischaemic </span>stroke without sequelae&#44; high blood pressure&#44; former smoker&#44; chronic atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with acenocoumarol&#44; hypercholesterolemia&#44; erosive duodenitis&#44; appendectomy&#44; several episodes of hyperpotassaemia&#44; intermittent claudication&#44; and femoropopliteal revascularization&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Regarding vascular access&#44; haemodialysis was started through a right jugular tunnelised catheter&#44; subsequently a humero-cephalic arteriovenous fistula &#40;AVF&#41; was performed in the left arm&#44; but it did not function&#46; Subsequently a radio-cephalic AVF was performed without problems in the right arm&#44; and the catheter was removed&#46; It functioned without any problems from the beginning&#44; but progressively&#44; during 2008&#44; a very high recirculation index was detected &#40;44&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; with the consequent infra-dialysis&#46; After consultation with the vascular surgery department&#44; it was decided to carry out a reconstruction at a more proximal site&#44; since the artery was very calcified&#46; After surgery&#44; there was a significant improvement of recirculation values&#44; as well as analytical values corresponding to urea kinetics &#40;KtV&#41;&#46; On the 7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> of May 2009&#44; this vascular access suffered thrombosis&#59; therefore a left jugular tunnelised catheter was implanted&#46; Subsequently&#44; on 18<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> August 2009&#44; a new&#44; more proximal&#44; radio-cephalic AVF was performed in the right arm&#46; A surgical complication developed&#44; an expanding haematoma which affected the whole forearm&#46; Progressively&#44; the patient suffered pain and coldness of the right hand&#44; with decreased pulses&#44; compatible with steal syndrome&#46; As to the antebrachial haematoma&#44; its size did not decrease&#44; and an ever greater area of tissue necrosis developed in the region of the surgical wound&#44; reaching a size of 4 cm in length by 4 cm in width&#44; with underlying granulation tissue surrounding the scab&#44; as shown in Figure 1&#46; In view of this situation&#44; an arterial echo Doppler of the right upper limb was performed and a functioning AVF detected&#44; with arterial steal&#44; and a non-encapsulated haematoma&#46; Pain increased&#44; as also coldness and hand functional impotence&#44; so we ligated the AVF on the 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> of September 2009&#46; After intervention the symptoms of steal syndrome disappeared&#44; the necrotic scab became detached and the antebrachial haematoma began reabsorption&#46; For 2 months we proceeded to dress the underlying wound beneath the necrotic scab&#44; until complete healing was achieved&#46; Since then&#44; the patient has been asymptomatic&#44; and it was decided to maintain the left jugular tunnelised catheter as a permanent vascular access in view of the failed attempts to obtain other subcutaneous accesses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Differential diagnosis with calciphylaxis is necessary&#44; since the patient&#8217;s risk factors predisposed to this disorder&#44; and the skin lesion had certain similarities&#46; However&#44; since the cause-effect relation with surgery was evident&#44; and hand ischemia caused by the steal syndrome caused the patient intense pain and functional impotence&#44; we opted for AVF ligature&#46; It led to the complete recovery of hand ischemia and the skin necrosis&#44; after opportunely applying dressings&#44; with no sequelae&#46; If the case had not resolved&#44; it would have been necessary to perform a biopsy to rule out calciphylaxis&#46; There are no similar cases described in the scientific literature&#44; the most similar disorders are pressure ulcers&#44; caused by external pressure in bedridden patients or patients with reduced mobility&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10-15</span>&#160;Pressure in our case was caused from the subcutaneous compartment due to a space impingement on the surgical wound area caused by the expanding haematoma&#44; which&#44; together with defective vascularisation due to severe arterial calcification&#44; caused skin necrosis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10299&#95;108&#95;7820&#95;en&#95;10299&#95;f1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10299_108_7820_en_10299_f1.jpg" alt="Skin necrosis"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Skin necrosis</p>"
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Vol. 30. Issue. 4.July 2010
Pages 0-486
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Antebrachial Skin Necrosis after Reconstruction of an Arteriovenous Fistula in a Patient on Haemodialysis
Necrosis cutánea de localización antebraquial tras reconstrucción de una fístula arteriovenosa en paciente en hemodiálisis
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A.. Bordils Gila, J.A.. Fonseca Avendañoa, R.. McClean Graya, C.. Campos Arroyoa
a Unidad de Hemodiálisis, Centro Cediat-Aldaia Alcer Turia, Aldaya, Valencia,
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Dear Editor,

The most frequent complications of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) type subcutaneous vascular accesses are infections, thrombosis and complications due to low flow, such as steal syndrome and stenosis, both intrinsic to anastomoses and venous return. An infrequent complication, but one that is difficult to treat, is calciphylaxis. It affects small peripheral arteries, causing very painful skin necrosis.1-9 The case that we present below is unusual because, although it presents some similarities with calciphylaxis, it differs in pathogenesis, treatment and resolution, since it is a surgical complication in a patient with a very calcified arterial bed.

The case is a 75 year old man, with a history of stage 5 chronic renal failure of unknown origin, who has been on haemodialysis for 7 years. Other history data of interest: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic stroke without sequelae, high blood pressure, former smoker, chronic atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with acenocoumarol, hypercholesterolemia, erosive duodenitis, appendectomy, several episodes of hyperpotassaemia, intermittent claudication, and femoropopliteal revascularization.

Regarding vascular access, haemodialysis was started through a right jugular tunnelised catheter, subsequently a humero-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was performed in the left arm, but it did not function. Subsequently a radio-cephalic AVF was performed without problems in the right arm, and the catheter was removed. It functioned without any problems from the beginning, but progressively, during 2008, a very high recirculation index was detected (44.3%), with the consequent infra-dialysis. After consultation with the vascular surgery department, it was decided to carry out a reconstruction at a more proximal site, since the artery was very calcified. After surgery, there was a significant improvement of recirculation values, as well as analytical values corresponding to urea kinetics (KtV). On the 7th of May 2009, this vascular access suffered thrombosis; therefore a left jugular tunnelised catheter was implanted. Subsequently, on 18th August 2009, a new, more proximal, radio-cephalic AVF was performed in the right arm. A surgical complication developed, an expanding haematoma which affected the whole forearm. Progressively, the patient suffered pain and coldness of the right hand, with decreased pulses, compatible with steal syndrome. As to the antebrachial haematoma, its size did not decrease, and an ever greater area of tissue necrosis developed in the region of the surgical wound, reaching a size of 4 cm in length by 4 cm in width, with underlying granulation tissue surrounding the scab, as shown in Figure 1. In view of this situation, an arterial echo Doppler of the right upper limb was performed and a functioning AVF detected, with arterial steal, and a non-encapsulated haematoma. Pain increased, as also coldness and hand functional impotence, so we ligated the AVF on the 10th of September 2009. After intervention the symptoms of steal syndrome disappeared, the necrotic scab became detached and the antebrachial haematoma began reabsorption. For 2 months we proceeded to dress the underlying wound beneath the necrotic scab, until complete healing was achieved. Since then, the patient has been asymptomatic, and it was decided to maintain the left jugular tunnelised catheter as a permanent vascular access in view of the failed attempts to obtain other subcutaneous accesses.

Differential diagnosis with calciphylaxis is necessary, since the patient’s risk factors predisposed to this disorder, and the skin lesion had certain similarities. However, since the cause-effect relation with surgery was evident, and hand ischemia caused by the steal syndrome caused the patient intense pain and functional impotence, we opted for AVF ligature. It led to the complete recovery of hand ischemia and the skin necrosis, after opportunely applying dressings, with no sequelae. If the case had not resolved, it would have been necessary to perform a biopsy to rule out calciphylaxis. There are no similar cases described in the scientific literature, the most similar disorders are pressure ulcers, caused by external pressure in bedridden patients or patients with reduced mobility.10-15 Pressure in our case was caused from the subcutaneous compartment due to a space impingement on the surgical wound area caused by the expanding haematoma, which, together with defective vascularisation due to severe arterial calcification, caused skin necrosis.

Figure 1. Skin necrosis

Bibliography
[1]
Bachleda P, Utíkal P, Zadrazil J, Grosmanová T. Late complications for hemodialysis specific arteriovenous fistulas. Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med 1993;135:71-3. [Pubmed]
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[3]
3. Rodríguez JA, Ferrer E, Olmos A, Codina S, Borrellas J, Piera L. Análisis de supervivencia del acceso vascular permanente. Nefrologia 2001;21:260-73. [Pubmed]
[4]
4. Domínguez E, Peláez E, Gándara A, Pereira A. Supervivencia de las fístulas arteriovenosas para hemodiálisis. Factores pronósticos. Nefrologia 1999;19:143-6.
[5]
5. Esteve V, Almirall J, Luelmo J, Sáez A, Andreu X, García M. Arteriolopatía urémica calcificante (calcifilaxis): incidencia, formas de presentación y evolución. Nefrologia 2007;27:599-604. [Pubmed]
[6]
6. Marrón B, Coronel F, López-Bran E, Barrientos A. Calcifilaxia: una patogenia incierta y un tratamiento controvertido. Nefrologia 2001;21:596-600. [Pubmed]
[7]
7. Verdalles Guzmán U, De la Cueva P, Verde E, García de Vinuesa S, Goicoechea M, Mosse A, et al. Calcifilaxis: complicación grave del síndrome cardio-metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT). Nefrologia 2008;28:32-6. [Pubmed]
[8]
8. Lorenzo Sellarés V. Manual de Nefrología (2.ª ed.). Harcourt, 510-511.
[9]
Jofré R. Tratado de Hemodiálisis (2.ª ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Médica Jims, 514-515.
[10]
Hampton S, Collins F. Reducing pressure ulcer incidence in a long-term setting. Br J Nurs 2005;14:S6-12. [Pubmed]
[11]
Cullum N, McInnes E, Bell-Syer SE, Legood R. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD001735.
[12]
Leblebici B, Turhan N, Adam M, Akman MN. Clinical and epidemiologic evaluation of pressure ulcers in patients at a university hospital in Turkey. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2007;34:407-11. [Pubmed]
[13]
Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 2006;296: 974-84. [Pubmed]
[14]
Bergstrom N, Braden B, Kemp M, Champagne M, Ruby E. Multi-site study of incidence of pressure ulcers and the relationship between risk level, demographic characteristics, diagnoses, and prescription of preventive interventions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:22-30. [Pubmed]
[15]
Amlung SR, Miller WL, Bosley LM. The 1999 National Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Survey: a benchmarking approach. Adv Skin Wound Care 2001; 14: 297-301. [Pubmed]
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