Información de la revista
Vol. 34. Núm. 3.mayo 2014
Páginas 273-424
Vol. 34. Núm. 3.mayo 2014
Páginas 273-424
Acceso a texto completo
Papel de los anticuerpos monoclonales en el tratamiento de las enfermedades glomerulares autoinmunes
Role of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of immune-mediated glomerular diseases
Visitas
18008
Joaquín Manriquea, Paolo Cravedib
a Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,
b 2Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA,
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

Los inmunosupresores no específicos han representado durante décadas las únicas terapias para pacientes con enfermedades glomerulares autoinmunes. Estos tratamientos, sin embargo, se asociaban con unas tasas muy elevadas de no respondedores y mucha toxicidad que contrarrestaba su efecto antiproteinúrico. Recientemente están disponibles anticuerpos monoclonales cuyo objetivo selectivo son poblaciones celulares o mediadores directamente implicados en la patofisiología de las enfermedades glomerulares. El rituximab es un anticuerpo monoclonal quimérico dirigido contra el antígeno CD20 en la superficie de los linfocitos B que reduce de manera eficaz y segura la proteinuria en pacientes con síndrome nefrótico secundario a nefropatía membranosa, enfermedad de cambios mínimos o glomeruloesclerosis segmentaria y focal. Su capacidad para reducir la formación de anticuerpos ha sido empleada también en las vasculitis ANCA positivas, nefropatía lúpica y crioglobulinemia mixta. Diversos trabajos han documentado la eficacia del anticuerpo monoclonal anti-factor C5, eculizumab, para el tratamiento del síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico, la nefropatía C3 o la glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa. Con base en estos prometedores resultados, los anticuerpos monoclonales se han convertido en estrategias muy útiles en el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedades glomerulares. Incluso, basado en su mecanismo de acción, estos y otros monoclonales han contribuido a mejorar el conocimiento de la patofisiología de la enfermedad glomerular. Sin embargo, su todavía elevado coste representa un hándicap en la generalización de su uso en todos aquellos pacientes que potencialmente podrían beneficiarse.

Palabras clave:
Anticuerpo monoclonal
Palabras clave:
Rituximab
Palabras clave:
Enfermedad glomerular
Palabras clave:
Fresolimumab
Palabras clave:
Eculizumab
Palabras clave:
Belimumab
Palabras clave:
Adalimumab
Palabras clave:
Abatacept

Non-specific immunosuppressants have represented for decades the only therapies for patients with immune-mediated glomerular diseases. These treatments, however, are associated with high rates of no-response and are burdened by toxicities that frequently offset the benefits of proteinuria reduction. Monoclonal antibodies targeting selective cell populations or mediators implicated in the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases have recently become available. Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the CD20 antigen on B cells, safely reduced proteinuria in patients with nephrotic syndrome secondary to membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Its ability to reduce auto-antibody formation has been instrumental to treat also ANCA-associated vasculitis, lupus nephritis, and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Many reports have also documented the efficacy of the anti-C5 humanized monoclonal antibody Eculizumab to treat atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, C3 nephropathy, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Thanks to these encouraging findings, monoclonals are becoming very helpful tools to treat patients with glomerular diseases. Moreover, thanks to their specific mechanism of action, these and other monoclonal antibodies are important in improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases. Their still high costs, however, might represent a major hurdle for their widespread implementation for all patients in need.

Keywords:
Monoclonal antibody
Keywords:
Rituximab
Keywords:
Glomerular disease
Keywords:
Fresolimumab
Keywords:
Eculizumab
Keywords:
Belimumab
Keywords:
Adalimumab
Keywords:
Abatacept
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1]
Remuzzi G, Chiurchiu C, Abbate M, Brusegan V, Bontempelli M, Ruggenenti P. Rituximab for idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Lancet 2002;360:923-4. [Pubmed]
[2]
Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, Habermann TM, Focosi D, Seymour JF, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 2009;113:4834-40. [Pubmed]
[3]
Abbate M, Zoja C, Morigi M, Rottoli D, Angioletti S, Tomasoni S, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta1 is up-regulated by podocytes in response to excess intraglomerular passage of proteins: a central pathway in progressive glomerulosclerosis. Am J Pathol 2002;161:2179-93. [Pubmed]
[4]
Pepper R, Griffith M, Kirwan C, Levy J, Taube D, Pusey C, et al. Rituximab is an effective treatment for lupus nephritis and allows a reduction in maintenance steroids. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:3717-23. [Pubmed]
[5]
Lindholm C, Borjesson-Asp K, Zendjanchi K, Sundqvist AC, Tarkowski A, Bokarewa M. Longterm clinical and immunological effects of anti-CD20 treatment in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2008;35:826-33. [Pubmed]
[6]
Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Chianca A, Perna A, Ruggiero B, Gaspari F, et al. Rituximab in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:1416-25. [Pubmed]
[7]
Meyrier A. An update on the treatment options for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:615-28. [Pubmed]
[8]
Salama AD, Pusey CD. Drug insight: rituximab in renal disease and transplantation. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006;2:221-30. [Pubmed]
[9]
Perkins JM, Davis SN. The renine angiotensine aldosterone system: a pivotal role in insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008;15:147-52. [Pubmed]
[10]
Ronco P, Debiec H. Antigen identification in membranous nephropathy moves toward targeted monitoring and new therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:564-9. [Pubmed]
[11]
Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Remuzzi G. Latest treatment strategies for membranous nephropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8:3159-71. [Pubmed]
[12]
Cravedi P, Ruggenenti P, Sghirlanzoni MC, Remuzzi G. Titrating rituximab to circulating B cells to optimize lymphocytolytic therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:932-7. [Pubmed]
[13]
Cravedi P, Sghirlanzoni MC, Marasa M, Salerno A, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. Efficacy and safety of rituximab second-line therapy for membranous nephropathy: a prospective, matched-cohort study. Am J Nephrol 2011;33:461-8. [Pubmed]
[14]
Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Sghirlanzoni MC, Gagliardini E, Conti S, Gaspari F, et al. Effects of rituximab on morphofunctional abnormalities of membranous glomerulopathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1652-9.
[15]
Hodson E, Craig J. Therapies for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:1391-4. [Pubmed]
[16]
Elie Vr, Fakhoury M, Deschênes G, Jacqz-Aigrain E. Physiopathology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: lessons from glucocorticoids and epigenetic perspectives. Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27:1249-56. [Pubmed]
[17]
Tarshish P, Tobin JN, Bernstein J, Edelmann CM. Prognostic significance of the early course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome: report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8:769-76. [Pubmed]
[18]
Bargman JM. Management of minimal lesion glomerulonephritis: evidence-based recommendations. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;70:S3-16. [Pubmed]
[19]
Benz K, Dosch J, Rascher W, Stachel D. Change of the course of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome after rituximab therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19:794-7. [Pubmed]
[20]
Kamei K, Ito S, Nozu K, Fujinaga S, Nakayama M, Sako M, et al. Single dose of rituximab for refractory steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:1321-8. [Pubmed]
[21]
Kemper MJ, Gellermann J, Habbig S, Krmar RT, Dittrich K, Jungraithmayr T, et al. Long-term follow-up after rituximab for steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:1910-5. [Pubmed]
[22]
Ravani P, Ponticelli A, Siciliano C, Fornoni A, Magnasco A, Sica F, et al. Rituximab is a safe and effective long-term treatment for children with steroid and calcineurin inhibitor-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2013;84:1025-33. [Pubmed]
[23]
Ruggenenti P, Ruggiero B, Cravedi P, Vivarelli M, Massella L, Marasà M, et al. Rituximab in Steroid-Dependent or Frequently Relapsing Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014 Jan 30.[Epub ahead of print]
[24]
Kamei K, Okada M, Sato M, Fujimaru T, Ogura M, Nakayama M, et al. Rituximab treatment combined with methylprednisolone pulse therapy and immunosuppressants for childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2014 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
[25]
Magnasco A, Ravani P, Edefonti A, Murer L, Ghio L, Belingheri M, et al. Rituximab in children with resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:1117-24. [Pubmed]
[26]
Tanaka Y, Yamamoto K, Takeuchi T, Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Sumida T, et al. A multicenter phase I/II trial of rituximab for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Mod Rheumatol 2007;17:191-7. [Pubmed]
[27]
Melander C, Sallee M, Trolliet P, Candon S, Belenfant X, Daugas E, et al. Rituximab in severe lupus nephritis: early B-cell depletion affects long-term renal outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:579-87. [Pubmed]
[28]
Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, Looney RJ, Fervenza FC, Sanchez-Guerrero J, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: The lupus nephritis assessment with rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:1215-26. [Pubmed]
[29]
Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, Shanahan JC, Latinis KM, Oates JC, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: The randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:222-33. [Pubmed]
[30]
Weidenbusch M, Rammele C, Schrattle A, Anders H-J. Beyond the LUNAR trial. Efficacy of rituximab in refractory lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:106-11. [Pubmed]
[31]
Popa ER, Stegeman CA, Bos NA, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW. Differential B- and T-cell activation in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:885-94. [Pubmed]
[32]
Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, Luqmani R, Morgan MD, Peh CA, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363:211-20. [Pubmed]
[33]
Specks U, Merkel PA, Seo P, Spiera R, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, et al. Efficacy of remission-induction regimens for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2013;369:417-27. [Pubmed]
[34]
Terrier B, Krastinova E, Marie I, Launay D, Lacraz A, Belenotti P, et al. Management of noninfectious mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: data from 242 cases included in the CryoVas survey. Blood 2012;119:5996-6004. [Pubmed]
[35]
Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Sene D, Terrier B, Karras A, Perard L, et al. Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2010;116:326-34; quiz 504-5.
[36]
Visentini M, Ludovisi S, Petrarca A, Pulvirenti F, Zaramella M, Monti M, et al. A phase II, single-arm multicenter study of low-dose rituximab for refractory mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C virus infection. Autoimmun Rev 2011;10:714-9.[ [Pubmed]
[37]
Gabardi S, Martin ST, Roberts KL, Grafals M. Induction immunosuppressive therapies in renal transplantation. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011;68:211-8. [Pubmed]
[38]
Fervenza FC, Abraham RS, Erickson SB, Irazabal MV, Eirin A, Specks U, et al. Rituximab therapy in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a 2-year study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:2188-98. [Pubmed]
[39]
Hillmen P, Young NS, Schubert J, Brodsky RA, Socié G, Muus P, et al. The complement inhibitor eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1233-43. [Pubmed]
[40]
Radhakrishnan S, Lunn A, Kirschfink M, Ono S. Eculizumab and refractory membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1165-6. [Pubmed]
[41]
Vivarelli M, Pasini A, Emma F. Eculizumab for the treatment of dense-deposit disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1163-5. [Pubmed]
[42]
Daina E, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Eculizumab in a patient with dense-deposit disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1161-3. [Pubmed]
[43]
McCaughan JA, O'Rourke DM, Courtney AE. Recurrent dense deposit disease after renal transplantation: an emerging role for complementary therapies. Am J Transplant 2012;12:1046-51. [Pubmed]
[44]
Gruppo RA, Rother RP. Eculizumab for congenital atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009;360:544-6. [Pubmed]
[45]
Nurnberger J, Philipp T, Witzke O, Opazo Saez A, Vester U, Baba HA, et al. Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009;360:542-4. [Pubmed]
[46]
Legendre CM, Babu S, Furman RR, et al. Safety & Efficacy of Eculizumab in aHUS Patients Resistant to Plasma Therapy: Interim Analysis from a Phase II Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:[abstract].
[47]
Lapeyraque A-L, Malina M, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Boppel T, Kirschfink M, Oualha M, et al. Eculizumab in severe Shiga-toxin-associated HUS. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2561-3. [Pubmed]
[48]
Bomback AS, Smith RJ, Barile GR, Zhang Y, Heher EC, Herlitz L, et al. Eculizumab for dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:748-56. [Pubmed]
[49]
Rousset-Rouvière C, Cailliez M, Garaix F, Bruno D, Laurent D, Tsimaratos M. Rituximab fails where eculizumab restores renal function in C3nef-related DDD. Pediatr Nephrol 2014 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
[50]
Trachtman H, Fervenza FC, Gipson DS, Heering P, Jayne DR, Peters H, et al. A phase 1, single-dose study of fresolimumab, an anti-TGF-[beta] antibody, in treatment-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2011;79:1236-43. [Pubmed]
[51]
Joy MS, Gipson DS, Powell L, MacHardy J, Jennette JC, Vento S, et al. Phase 1 trial of adalimumab in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): II. Report of the FONT (Novel Therapies for Resistant FSGS) study group. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55:50-60. [Pubmed]
[52]
Yu C-C, Fornoni A, Weins A, Hakroush S, Maiguel D, Sageshima J, et al. Abatacept in B7-1-positive proteinuric kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2416-23. [Pubmed]
[53]
Navarra SV, Guzmán RM, Gallacher AE, Hall S, Levy RA, Jimenez RE, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;377:721-31. [Pubmed]
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Nefrología
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?