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la hipertrofia glomerular y el incremento de s&#237;ntesis de sustancias vasoactivas&#44; fibrog&#233;nicas y la dislipemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio EPIRCE es un estudio observacional de una cohorte seleccionada por muestreo aleatorizado poliet&#225;pico en 42 puntos de muestreo &#40;municipios&#41; y estratificado por h&#225;bitat&#44; edad y sexo&#59; y se demostr&#243; su representatividad poblacional para el estado espa&#241;ol &#40;n&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;746&#41; La prevalencia de obesidad &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; es del 26&#44;1&#37; y la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#40;OR&#41; de desarrollo de la ERC fue de 3&#44;5 &#40;intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0-6&#44;0&#41; mientras que la prevalencia de otro factor de riesgo cardiovascular como la hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;HTA&#41; fue del 42&#37; y la OR para el desarrollo de la ERC fue de 6&#44;2 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;0-9&#44;6&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se observa como de forma significativa&#44; la poblaci&#243;n obesa es m&#225;s hipertensa&#44; dislip&#233;mica con mayor &#237;ndice de resistencia a la insulina y el mayor IMC se asocia con los factores de riesgo convencional &#40;HTA&#44; dislipemia&#44; HOMA&#41; y con &#171;peor&#187; funci&#243;n renal y mayor tasa de proteinuria &#40;Alb&#47;creatinina&#41;&#44; pero estas alteraciones tambi&#233;n se observan en la poblaci&#243;n &#171;global&#187; sean o no hipertensas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los mecanismos patog&#233;nicos de la nefropat&#237;a parecen ligados a la hiperfiltraci&#243;n glomerular y a cambios hemodin&#225;micos&#44; a la propia dislipemia y a una mayor activaci&#243;n del sistema renina angiotensina&#44; a la hiperinsulinemia y a una mayor s&#237;ntesis de leptina&#44; estr&#243;genos y TGF-&#223;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; El abordaje terap&#233;utico esencialmente es la p&#233;rdida de peso&#44; y la progresi&#243;n de la nefropat&#237;a se reduce a trav&#233;s de la disminuci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n arterial&#44; la mejor&#237;a del perfil lip&#237;dico de la resistencia a la insulina&#44; del descenso de leptina y SRAA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Conviene resaltar que esta asociaci&#243;n de HTA&#44; obesidad&#44; dislipemia o proteinuria&#44; no es un s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#44; s&#237;ndrome muy cuestionado no solo por el propio Reaven<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> sino tambi&#233;n por la American Diabetes Association &#40;ADA&#41; 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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#44;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#44;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TAS&#59; mmHg</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">149&#44;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">151&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">150&#44;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;4889&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">114&#44;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">120&#44;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">123&#44;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">122&#44;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">133&#44;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">140&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TAD&#59; mmHg</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#44;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#44;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#44;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#44;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ct&#59; mg&#47;dl</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">211&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">209&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">210&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">192&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">205&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">205&#44;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">196&#44;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">207&#44;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">208&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tg&#59; mg&#47;dl</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">126&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">136&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#44;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&#44;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">124&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#44;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">112&#44;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">131&#44;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CHDL&#59; mg&#47;dl</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#44;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#44;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#44;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#44;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#44;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CLDL&#59; mg&#47;dl</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#44;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;8895&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">114&#44;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">128&#44;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">117&#44;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129&#44;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EFG&#59; ml&#47;min</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#44;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#44;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0203&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NHTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88&#44;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0049&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#44;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#44;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HOMA</span><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HTA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#44;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#44;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;0077&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información de la revista
Vol. 38. Núm. 1.enero - febrero 2018
Páginas 1-108
Vol. 38. Núm. 1.enero - febrero 2018
Páginas 1-108
Carta al Director
Open Access
Obesidad y funcion renal .datos del estudio epidemiologico: Prevalencia de la enfermedad renal cronica en España. Estudio EPIRCE
Obesity and renal function. Data from the epidemiological study: Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain. EPIRCE Study
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8622
Alfonso Otero Gonzáleza,
Autor para correspondencia
alfonso.otero.gonzalez@sergas.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, A.L.M. de Franciscob, P. Gayosoc, F. Garcia Lópezd
a Servicio de Nefrología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, España
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, España
c Centro de Salud Oroso-XXI de Santiago, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
d Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Madrid, España
Este artículo ha recibido

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Información del artículo
Texto completo
Bibliografía
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Estadísticas
Tablas (1)
Tabla 1. IMC y factores de riesgo cardiovascular
Texto completo
Sr. Director:

Con ocasión del Día Mundial del Riñón 2017 bajo el lema «Obesidad y enfermedad renal», quisiéramos aprovechar esta ocasión para mostrar los datos epidemiológicos del estudio sobre la epidemiología de la enfermedad renal crónica en España (EPIRCE)1.

La obesidad, como bien es conocido, es un problema de salud pública, y desde hace algunos años, diferentes estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado una clara relación entre la obesidad y el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica (ERC)2 y la nefropatía asociada es consecuencia la hiperfiltración, la hipertrofia glomerular y el incremento de síntesis de sustancias vasoactivas, fibrogénicas y la dislipemia3.

El estudio EPIRCE es un estudio observacional de una cohorte seleccionada por muestreo aleatorizado polietápico en 42 puntos de muestreo (municipios) y estratificado por hábitat, edad y sexo; y se demostró su representatividad poblacional para el estado español (n: 2.746) La prevalencia de obesidad (IMC>30kg/m2) es del 26,1% y la odds ratio (OR) de desarrollo de la ERC fue de 3,5 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%:2,0-6,0) mientras que la prevalencia de otro factor de riesgo cardiovascular como la hipertensión arterial (HTA) fue del 42% y la OR para el desarrollo de la ERC fue de 6,2 (IC 95%:4,0-9,6).

En la tabla 1 se observa como de forma significativa, la población obesa es más hipertensa, dislipémica con mayor índice de resistencia a la insulina y el mayor IMC se asocia con los factores de riesgo convencional (HTA, dislipemia, HOMA) y con «peor» función renal y mayor tasa de proteinuria (Alb/creatinina), pero estas alteraciones también se observan en la población «global» sean o no hipertensas.

Tabla 1.

IMC y factores de riesgo cardiovascular

  IMC<25
kg/m2 
IMC 25-30
kg/m2 
IMC>30
kg/m2 
Valor de p (IMC) 
Edad
HTA  56,45  60,65  59,61  0,0016 
NHTA  39,01  44,39  46,19  0,0000 
Global  42,84  51,59  54,53  0,0000 
TAS; mmHg
HTA  149,63  151,3  150,25  0,4889 
NHTA  114,58  120,29  123,23  0,0000 
Global  122,27  133,97  140,01  0,0000 
TAD; mmHg
HTA  85,93  86,6  87,86  0,0606 
NHTA  71,24  74,08  76,83  0,0000 
Global  74,45  79,6  83,68  0,0000 
Ct; mg/dl
HTA  211,02  209,64  210,64  0,0000 
NHTA  192,16  205,64  205,91  0,0000 
Global  196,41  207,39  208,85  0,0000 
Tg; mg/dl
HTA  96,11  126,44  136,07  0,0000 
NHTA  79,41  102,45  124,57  0,0000 
Global  82,99  112,97  131,72  0,0000 
CHDL; mg/dl
HTA  77,86  69,65  68,22  0,0000 
NHTA  78,69  70,64  66,52  0,0000 
Global  78,56  70,22  67,58  0,0000 
CLDL; mg/dl
HTA  130,08  130,94  129,85  0,8895 
NHTA  114,42  129,01  128,91  0,0000 
Global  117,94  129,84  129,49  0,0000 
EFG; ml/min
HTA  83,25  79,22  79,27  0,0203 
NHTA  88,88  87,11  85,24  0,0049 
Global  87,64  83,65  81,54  0,0000 
HOMA
HTA  1,52  2,04  2,52  0,0000 
NHTA  1,54  1,88  2,53  0,0000 
Global  1,54  1,95  2,52  0,0000 
Alb/Cr; mg/g
HTA  10,22  9,99  16,23  0,0007 
NHTA  7,29  6,69  10,16  0,0077 
Global  7,89  8,17  13,93  0,0000 

Alb/Cr: albúmina/creatinina; CHDL: colesterol HDL; CLDL: colesterol LDL; Ct: colesterol total; EFG: filtrado glomerular estimado; Global: población general del estudio; HOMA: modelo homeostático; HTA: hipertensión arterial; NHTA: normotensos; TAD: tensión arterial diastólica; TAS: tensión arterial sistólica; Tg: triglicéridos

Test «t» de ANOVA.

Los mecanismos patogénicos de la nefropatía parecen ligados a la hiperfiltración glomerular y a cambios hemodinámicos, a la propia dislipemia y a una mayor activación del sistema renina angiotensina, a la hiperinsulinemia y a una mayor síntesis de leptina, estrógenos y TGF-ß14. El abordaje terapéutico esencialmente es la pérdida de peso, y la progresión de la nefropatía se reduce a través de la disminución de la presión arterial, la mejoría del perfil lipídico de la resistencia a la insulina, del descenso de leptina y SRAA4. Conviene resaltar que esta asociación de HTA, obesidad, dislipemia o proteinuria, no es un síndrome metabólico, síndrome muy cuestionado no solo por el propio Reaven5 sino también por la American Diabetes Association (ADA) y la European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)6 ya que no se ha demostrado la existencia de un sustrato patogénico único que lo defina. Muchos autores coinciden en que la utilidad de utilizar el concepto de síndrome metabólico, es resaltar en la toma de decisiones clínicas la asociación de múltiples FRCV5. Por otra parte consideramos que la ERC, sí es el mayor FRCV7 y la existencia de un sustrato patogénico común que puede explicar la coexistencia de obesidad y ERC4.

Bibliografía
[1]
A. Otero, A.L.M. de Francisco, P. Gayoso, F. Garcia, EPIRCE Study Group.
Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain: Results of the EPIRCE study.
[2]
C.S. Fox, M.G. Larson, E.P. Leip, B. Culleton, P.W. Wilson, D. Levy.
Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community based population.
JAMA, 291 (2004), pp. 844-850
[3]
M. Praga, E. Morales.
Obesity, proteinuria and progression of renal failure.
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 15 (2006), pp. 481-486
[4]
E. Morales Ruiz, M. Praga Terente.
Relación entre obesidad y desarrollo de insuficiencia renal.
Hipertensión, 25 (2008), pp. 61-69
[5]
G.M. Reaven.
The metabolic syndrome: Is this diagnosis necessary?.
Am J Clin Nutr, 83 (2006), pp. 1237-1247
[6]
R. Kahn, J. Buse, E. Ferrannini, M. Stern.
The metabolic syndrome: Time for a critical appraisal Joint Statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.
Diabetologia, 48 (2005), pp. 1684-1699
[7]
Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351;1296-305.
Copyright © 2017. Sociedad Española de Nefrología
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