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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gitelman syndrome &#40;GS&#41; is a rare&#44; salt-losing tubulopathy characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The disease is caused by inactivating mutations in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> gene that encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter &#40;NCC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> and is recessively inherited&#46; The prevalence of GS is estimated to range around 25 cases per 1 million&#44; making it one of the most frequent inherited renal tubular disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 35-year-old male&#44; with a history of seborrheic dermatitis treated with topical steroids and iron deficiency anemia was admitted with a first episode of biliary colic and hypokalemia &#40;2&#46;9 mEq&#47;L&#41;&#46; His electrolyte imbalance&#44; once the vomiting settled&#44; was challenging to manage with oral potassium supplements&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He complained of thirst&#44; muscle weakness and fatigue with limited exertion&#46; He had occasional and doubtful arthritis&#46; At the time of the visit&#44; the patient did not present any gastrointestinal symptoms&#44; except reflux due to treatment with potassium&#44; but that was well controlled with a gastric protector&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exploration was normal but on his electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; we found a prominent U wave&#46; Blood tests showed normal renal function with serum creatinine 0&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; glomerular filtration rate &#40;GFR&#41; 116<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min per 1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; potassium 2&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L&#44; sodium 141<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L&#44; chloride 98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L&#44; phosphate 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; magnesium 1&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; calcium 9&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; mild elevation of white blood cell &#40;WBC&#41; count of 10&#44;640 per mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> &#40;normal range 3500&#8211;10&#44;500 per mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#44; hemoglobin 15&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; liver function was normal&#44; plasma renin activity 1&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#47;h with normosodic diet and supine position &#40;normal range 0&#46;2&#8211;2&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#47;h&#41;&#44; metabolic alkalosis with pH 7&#46;50 and bicarbonate 30&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#44; urinary sediment with mild density of 1008<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;L and pH 8&#44; excretion in 24-h urine collection &#40;4200 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h without supplementation and diet of salt 5 grams showed glucose 105<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; uric acid 1210<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; creatinine 1617<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; potassium 232<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#44; sodium 512<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#44; chloride 326<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#44; phosphate 1427<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; magnesium 227<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; calcium 81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; protein excretion 0&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g confirmed and normal aminoaciduria&#46; Abdominal ultrasound showed kidneys with normal corticomedullary differentiation&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Next Generation Sequencing &#40;NGS&#41; Ion AmpliSeq&#8482; Custom Research Panel was used to study the coding regions and intronic flanking regions of the tubulopathy genes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CLCNKB</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CLCNKA</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCL12A3</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">KCNJ1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BSND</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CASR</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CLDN16</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CLDN19</span>&#46; Libraries were prepared using Ion Ampliseq Library kit 2&#46;0 &#40;Life Technologies&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; DNA high-throughput sequencing was performed on a Personal Genome Machine &#40;PGM&#41; using the Ion PGM&#8482; Hi-Q&#8482; Sequencing Kit &#40;Life Technologies&#41; on the Ion 318&#8482; sequencing chip &#40;Life Technologies&#41;&#46; Results evidenced a homozygous mutation c&#46;361G&#62;T &#40;p&#46;E121Ter&#59; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=NM_000339">NM&#95;000339</a>&#41; in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> gene&#46; This nucleotide change results in a premature stop codon&#44; or a nonsense codon&#44; in the transcribed mRNA&#44; resulting in a truncated&#44; incomplete&#44; and usually nonfunctional protein&#46; This variant has not been previously reported&#46; Sanger sequencing of the exon 2 fragment confirmed that this patient was homozygous for the mutation&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> gene&#44; more than 180 mutations have been reported in GS patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Sequencing of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> exons is required to search for mutations in most GS patients because there is not a prevalent mutation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Moreover&#44; CLCNKB mutations may be found in some cases with clinical manifestations of GS&#44; a fact that increases the complexity of the genetic study of GS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GS is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait&#44; and homozygous and combined heterozygous mutations are expected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In our case&#44; the single nucleotide polymorphism &#40;SNP&#41; detected along the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> gene was homozygous with the notion of consanguinity&#46; The p&#46;E121Ter variant was predicted to be likely pathogenic by at least three bioinformatic programs &#40;SIFT&#44; Polyphen and Mutation Taster&#41;&#46; The patient came from an isolated and small village in Spain&#44; and had a probable consanguinity between parents and a founder effect that has previously been reported in GS disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mutations impair the activity of thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter encoded by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> and could be classified in five different types according to their effect on the protein&#46; Large deletions including one or more exons of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> have also been detected<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and the majority of these mutations should be included in this type 1 classification&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definition of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC12A3</span> genotype through description of new mutations may be a useful tool in the clinical characterization of GS and in genetic counseling of salt-losing tubulopathies&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; 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Vol. 39. Núm. 1.enero - febrero 2019
Páginas 1-110
Letter to the Editor
Open Access
Novel nonsense mutation in the SLC12A3 gene in a Spanish case of Gitelman syndrome
Nueva mutación finalizadora en el gen SLC12A3 en un caso de síndrome de Gitelman en España
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7051
Lourdes Roca-Argentea,
Autor para correspondencia
lroca_argente@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Angel Zúñigab, Jose Luis Moll-Guillema, Julio Hernández-Jarasa
a Department of Nephrology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
b Department of Genetics, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Dear Editor:

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare, salt-losing tubulopathy characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria.1 The disease is caused by inactivating mutations in the SLC12A3 gene that encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC)2,3 and is recessively inherited. The prevalence of GS is estimated to range around 25 cases per 1 million, making it one of the most frequent inherited renal tubular disorders.4

A 35-year-old male, with a history of seborrheic dermatitis treated with topical steroids and iron deficiency anemia was admitted with a first episode of biliary colic and hypokalemia (2.9 mEq/L). His electrolyte imbalance, once the vomiting settled, was challenging to manage with oral potassium supplements.

He complained of thirst, muscle weakness and fatigue with limited exertion. He had occasional and doubtful arthritis. At the time of the visit, the patient did not present any gastrointestinal symptoms, except reflux due to treatment with potassium, but that was well controlled with a gastric protector.

The exploration was normal but on his electrocardiogram (ECG) we found a prominent U wave. Blood tests showed normal renal function with serum creatinine 0.81mg/dL, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 116mL/min per 1.73m2, potassium 2.9mEq/L, sodium 141mEq/L, chloride 98mEq/L, phosphate 2.5mg/dL, magnesium 1.57mg/dL, calcium 9.6mg/dL, mild elevation of white blood cell (WBC) count of 10,640 per mm3 (normal range 3500–10,500 per mm3), hemoglobin 15.2g/dL, liver function was normal, plasma renin activity 1.56ng/mL/h with normosodic diet and supine position (normal range 0.2–2.8ng/mL/h), metabolic alkalosis with pH 7.50 and bicarbonate 30.4mmol/L, urinary sediment with mild density of 1008g/L and pH 8, excretion in 24-h urine collection (4200 mm3) 48h without supplementation and diet of salt 5 grams showed glucose 105mg, uric acid 1210mg, creatinine 1617mg, potassium 232mEq, sodium 512mEq, chloride 326mEq, phosphate 1427mg, magnesium 227mg, calcium 81mg, protein excretion 0.15g confirmed and normal aminoaciduria. Abdominal ultrasound showed kidneys with normal corticomedullary differentiation.

A Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Ion AmpliSeq™ Custom Research Panel was used to study the coding regions and intronic flanking regions of the tubulopathy genes: CLCNKB, CLCNKA, SCL12A3, SLC12A1, KCNJ1, BSND, CASR, CLDN16 and CLDN19. Libraries were prepared using Ion Ampliseq Library kit 2.0 (Life Technologies, CA, USA). Finally, DNA high-throughput sequencing was performed on a Personal Genome Machine (PGM) using the Ion PGM™ Hi-Q™ Sequencing Kit (Life Technologies) on the Ion 318™ sequencing chip (Life Technologies). Results evidenced a homozygous mutation c.361G>T (p.E121Ter; NM_000339) in the SLC12A3 gene. This nucleotide change results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon, in the transcribed mRNA, resulting in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein. This variant has not been previously reported. Sanger sequencing of the exon 2 fragment confirmed that this patient was homozygous for the mutation.

In the SLC12A3 gene, more than 180 mutations have been reported in GS patients.5 Sequencing of the SLC12A3 exons is required to search for mutations in most GS patients because there is not a prevalent mutation.6,7 Moreover, CLCNKB mutations may be found in some cases with clinical manifestations of GS, a fact that increases the complexity of the genetic study of GS.8

GS is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and homozygous and combined heterozygous mutations are expected.9 In our case, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detected along the SLC12A3 gene was homozygous with the notion of consanguinity. The p.E121Ter variant was predicted to be likely pathogenic by at least three bioinformatic programs (SIFT, Polyphen and Mutation Taster). The patient came from an isolated and small village in Spain, and had a probable consanguinity between parents and a founder effect that has previously been reported in GS disease.10

The mutations impair the activity of thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter encoded by SLC12A3 and could be classified in five different types according to their effect on the protein. Large deletions including one or more exons of SLC12A3 have also been detected10 and the majority of these mutations should be included in this type 1 classification.

The definition of the SLC12A3 genotype through description of new mutations may be a useful tool in the clinical characterization of GS and in genetic counseling of salt-losing tubulopathies.

First, we suspected either GS or Bartter syndrome III the cause of hypokaliemia. Other causes such as vomiting or the use of diuretics were rejected due to history. The electrocardiographic alterations were probably secondary to hypokalemia. The slight glucosuria present at the diagnosis reminds us that hypomagnesemia and hypokaliemia were speculated to cause impaired glucose tolerance in GS patients. Our patient was not overweight, had normal to low blood pressure, and a proteinuria of 150mg/24h was monitored because of the podocyte dysfunction link described.

References
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A new familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia.
Trans Assoc Am Physiol, 79 (1966), pp. 221-235
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Molecular cloning, expression pattern and chromosomal localisation of the human Na–Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3).
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Genetic disorders of renal electrolyte transport.
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Gitelman syndrome.
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Spectrum of mutations in Gitelman syndrome.
J Am Soc Nephrol, 22 (2011), pp. 693-703
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Mutation profile and treatment of Gitelman syndrome in Chinese patients.
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A case report of Gitelman syndrome resulting from two novel mutations in SLC12A3 gene.
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J.W. Lee, J. Lee, N.J. Heo, et al.
Mutations in SLC12A3 and CLCNKB and their correlation with clinical phenotype in patients with gitelman and gitelman-like syndrome.
J Korean Med Sci, 31 (2016), pp. 47-54
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D.B. Simon, C. Nelson-Williams, M.J. Bia.
Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na–Cl cotransporter.
Nat Genet, 12 (1996), pp. 24-30
[10]
H. Gil-Peña, E. Coto, F. Santos.
A new SLC12A3 founder mutation (p.Val647Met) in Gitelman's syndrome patients of Roma ancestry new SLC12A3 founder mutation (p.Val647Met) in Gitelman's Syndrome patients of Roma ancestry.
Nefrologia, (2017),
Copyright © 2018. Sociedad Española de Nefrología
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