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El Salvador reported elevated rates of obstetric morbidity &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; mainly due to pre-eclampsia&#46; One hospital&#44; which serves the eastern region of the country where CINAC is more prevalent&#44; reported much higher rates of obstetric morbidity&#44; 33&#46;8&#37; of births from urban areas and 64&#46;1&#37; of births from rural areas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 27-year-old healthy woman G1P1A0 with prenatal care for 3 weeks&#44; who presented in 2016 to the national women&#39;s hospital at 32-week gestation with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia&#46; She had no family history of pre-eclampsia or kidney disease&#46; Her past medical history revealed a creatinine of 1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL at age 15 during a community health screening&#46; She was exposed to pesticides while performing farm work from age 9 to 14 years&#44; and had additional ongoing contact with lands irrigated with pesticides&#44; she consumed water from wells until 18 years of age&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the hospitalization she was diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia and underwent emergency C-section without complications&#46; A baby girl was delivered without complications&#44; birth weight 2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; height 47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; head circumference 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; The patient was discharged two days after delivery with a blood pressure of 110&#47;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and a serum creatinine of 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL she was referred to nephrology for further evaluation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; She continued follow-up every 3 months for 3 years&#46; In 2019&#44; three years post-delivery&#44; she had a persistently elevated creatinine at 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Kidney Ultrasound showed right kidney measurements 10&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with a cortical thickness of 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; The left kidney measured 11&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with a cortical thickness of 1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; There was no echogenicity&#44; cysts&#44; calculi&#44; or masses&#46; Normal bladder&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A kidney biopsy was performed a sample of kidney cortex contained 29 glomeruli&#44; 11 of which were globally sclerotic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Glomeruli were mildly enlarged and four had severe ischemic-type capillary wall corrugation with segmental deposition of collagen in the urinary spaces&#46; There were no segments of sclerosis&#44; glomerular inflammation&#44; mesangial hypercellularity or crescents&#46; There was 25&#37; tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis and a mild associated interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate without neutrophils or eosinophils&#46; Focal atrophic and preserved proximal tubules had epithelial cells with large irregular silver positive cytoplasmic granules&#46; Arteries had mild muscular hypertrophy and mild intimal fibrosis&#44; and arterioles were unremarkable&#46; Immunofluorescence negative&#46; By electron microscopy&#44; glomeruli with wrinkled capillary walls had thickened and corrugated basement membranes with severe podocyte foot process effacement&#46; The glomeruli showed normal basement membranes with 25&#37; podocyte foot process effacement&#46; The cytoplasm of focal proximal tubular cells had clusters of ovals to mildly dysmorphic small lysosomes containing peripheral electron dense aggregates as well as fewer large dysmorphic lysosomes containing dispersed electron dense aggregates&#46; Features consistent with CINAC with mild arterial nephrosclerosis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CKD is a risk factor for pre-eclampsia but additional risk for pregnancy complications may be seen with specific renal disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Pesticide exposure has been associated with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in the US&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Organochlorine pesticides have been identified in the umbilical cord blood of exposed mothers living in Mexico&#44; with higher concentrations associated with longer exposure to environmental contaminants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Toichuev et al&#46; identified a highly significant increase in the relative risk of neonatal and maternal health problems&#44; including pre-eclampsia&#44; with increasing levels of placental organochlorine pesticides in a concentration-dependent manner&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suggested mechanisms for pesticides causing pre-eclampsia include oxidative stress&#44; endocrine disruption&#44; abnormal placental vascularization and epigenetic changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In contrast&#44; a recent study by Karunananda did not identify placental abnormalities in postpartum women living in endemic areas in Sri Lanka&#59; however&#44; it is unknown if this is true for women who have CINAC renal lesions with associated impaired eGFR versus those women who just reside in an endemic region&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other than CKD&#44; this patient had no typical risk factors for pre-eclampsia&#44; such as hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; obesity&#44; smoking&#44; a family history of pre-eclampsia&#44; advanced maternal age&#44; or multiple pregnancies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> She had life-long exposure to agrochemicals and kidney biopsy consistent with CINAC&#44; suggesting related end organ damage&#46; These findings suggest a link between these exposures and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and highlight the need for more extensive and prospective studies&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Moderately enlarged glomeruli without segmental lesions or hypercellularity&#46; There is focal tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis without inflammation &#40;periodic-acid methenamine silver&#44; original 80&#215;&#41;&#46; &#40;B&#41; Global ischemic-type capillary wall corrugation and retraction with collagen accumulating in the urinary space&#46; Note the normal arteriole in the upper left &#40;periodic-acid methenamine silver&#44; original 160&#215;&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; Atrophic proximal tubular cells containing enlarged irregularly shaped silver positive granules &#40;arrows&#41; &#40;periodic-acid methenamine silver&#44; original 240&#215;&#41;&#46; &#40;D&#41; Electron microscopy showing an enlarged dysmorphic lysosome containing dispersed electron dense aggregates &#40;arrows&#41; in a medium electron dense matrix within a proximal tubular cell &#40;original 20&#44;000&#215;&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical and laboratory data&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pre-eclampsiaAdmission 3&#47;1&#47;2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">KidneyBiopsy9&#47;3&#47;2019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blood pressure &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">146&#47;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">110&#47;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Creatinine &#40;0&#46;6&#8211;1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GFR &#40;mL&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> SC CKD-EPI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria &#40;urinalysis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Urea nitrogen &#40;7&#8211;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Uric acid &#40;2&#46;6&#8211;7&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glucose &#40;70&#8211;115<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total cholesterol &#40;&#60;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">168&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">173&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Triglycerides &#40;35&#8211;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hemoglobin &#40;11&#46;50&#8211;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Platelets &#40;150&#8211;450 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">273&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;135&#8211;145<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;3&#46;5&#8211;5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> &#40;101&#8211;111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;&#43;</span> &#40;1&#46;7&#8211;2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;&#43;</span> &#40;8&#46;4&#8211;10&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24-h urine volume &#40;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1700&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;&#60;0&#46;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Total protein &#40;6&#46;4&#8211;8&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Albumin &#40;3&#46;4&#8211;4&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AST &#40;10&#8211;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">136&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                      "titulo" => "Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities&#58; a worldwide epidemic with social&#44; occupational and environmental determinants"
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Vol. 43. Issue. S2.December 2023
Special Issue December
Pages 1-138
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Vol. 43. Issue. S2.December 2023
Special Issue December
Pages 1-138
Letter to the Editor
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Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities and pre-eclampsia: Is there a link?
Nefritis intersticial crónica en comunidades agrícolas y preeclampsia: ¿existe una relación?
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Carlos Orantesa,
Corresponding author
doktorantes@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Claudia Olanob, Carlos Salinasc, Nehemias Guevarad, Xavier Velae, Sharon Adlerb, Madeleine Pahlb, Lilly Barbab, Cynthia C. Nastf
a Wearable Artificial Organs, Inc., Beverly Hills, CA, USA
b Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
c Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santa Ana, El Salvador
d St. Barnabas Hospital, NY, USA
e Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
f Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Table 1. Clinical characteristics at specified time points.
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Dear Editor,

Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC) is a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy with extrarenal manifestations that cannot be attributed solely to CKD. CINAC typically affect young to middle age male farmworkers but and also women and children living in the same areas.1 A recent publication suggested that the pathologic abnormalities seen in CINAC may represent a toxin-induced nephropathy caused by factors that affect calcineurin signaling. Herbicides and insecticides utilized in areas with high rates of CINAC, have documented calcineurin inhibition effects leading to a strikingly similar proximal tubular lesion in this form of nephropathy.2

In 2017, El Salvador reported elevated rates of obstetric morbidity (8%), mainly due to pre-eclampsia. One hospital, which serves the eastern region of the country where CINAC is more prevalent, reported much higher rates of obstetric morbidity, 33.8% of births from urban areas and 64.1% of births from rural areas.3

We report the case of a 27-year-old healthy woman G1P1A0 with prenatal care for 3 weeks, who presented in 2016 to the national women's hospital at 32-week gestation with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. She had no family history of pre-eclampsia or kidney disease. Her past medical history revealed a creatinine of 1.3mg/dL at age 15 during a community health screening. She was exposed to pesticides while performing farm work from age 9 to 14 years, and had additional ongoing contact with lands irrigated with pesticides, she consumed water from wells until 18 years of age.

During the hospitalization she was diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia and underwent emergency C-section without complications. A baby girl was delivered without complications, birth weight 2500g, height 47cm, head circumference 33cm. The patient was discharged two days after delivery with a blood pressure of 110/72mmHg and a serum creatinine of 1.5mg/dL she was referred to nephrology for further evaluation (Table 1). She continued follow-up every 3 months for 3 years. In 2019, three years post-delivery, she had a persistently elevated creatinine at 1.4mg/dL. Kidney Ultrasound showed right kidney measurements 10.6cm×5.7cm×5.9cm with a cortical thickness of 1.4cm. The left kidney measured 11.1cm×4.2cm×4cm with a cortical thickness of 1.9cm. There was no echogenicity, cysts, calculi, or masses. Normal bladder.

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics at specified time points.

Clinical and laboratory data  Pre-eclampsiaAdmission 3/1/2016  KidneyBiopsy9/3/2019 
Blood pressure (mmHg)  146/100  110/80 
BMI (kg/m2–  23.4 
Creatinine (0.6–1.3mg/dL)  1.5  1.4 
GFR (mL/min×1.73m2 SC CKD-EPI)  50  53 
Proteinuria (urinalysis)  Negative  Negative 
Urea nitrogen (7–18mg/dL)  13  12 
Uric acid (2.6–7.20mg/dL)  11.4  5.2 
Glucose (70–115mg/dL)  75  82 
Total cholesterol (<200mg/dL)  168  173 
Triglycerides (35–150mg/dL)  110  108 
Hemoglobin (11.50–18g/L)  11.9  11.2 
Platelets (150–450 109L–1352  273 
Na+ (135–145mmol/L)  136  138 
K+ (3.5–5.5mmol/L)  3.6  3.7 
Cl (101–111mmol/L)  101  107 
Mg++ (1.7–2.2mg/dL)  6.8  1.8 
Ca++ (8.4–10.2mg/dL)  9.5  8.8 
24-h urine volume (mL)  1800  1700 
Proteinuria in 24h (<0.015g)  0.4  0.3 
Total protein (6.4–8.3g/dL)  6.1  – 
Albumin (3.4–4.8g/dL)  2.7  4.4 
ALT (10–40UI/L)  10  12 
AST (10–42UI/L)  22  14 
LDH (135–225 UI/L)  146  136 
Total bilirubin (0.2–1.2mg/dL)  0.4  – 
Direct bilirubin (0.0–0.5mg/dL)  0.1  – 
Indirect bilirubin (0.2–1.35mg/dL)  0.3  – 
HIV status  Negative  Negative 

A kidney biopsy was performed a sample of kidney cortex contained 29 glomeruli, 11 of which were globally sclerotic (Fig. 1). Glomeruli were mildly enlarged and four had severe ischemic-type capillary wall corrugation with segmental deposition of collagen in the urinary spaces. There were no segments of sclerosis, glomerular inflammation, mesangial hypercellularity or crescents. There was 25% tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis and a mild associated interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate without neutrophils or eosinophils. Focal atrophic and preserved proximal tubules had epithelial cells with large irregular silver positive cytoplasmic granules. Arteries had mild muscular hypertrophy and mild intimal fibrosis, and arterioles were unremarkable. Immunofluorescence negative. By electron microscopy, glomeruli with wrinkled capillary walls had thickened and corrugated basement membranes with severe podocyte foot process effacement. The glomeruli showed normal basement membranes with 25% podocyte foot process effacement. The cytoplasm of focal proximal tubular cells had clusters of ovals to mildly dysmorphic small lysosomes containing peripheral electron dense aggregates as well as fewer large dysmorphic lysosomes containing dispersed electron dense aggregates. Features consistent with CINAC with mild arterial nephrosclerosis.

Fig. 1.

(A) Moderately enlarged glomeruli without segmental lesions or hypercellularity. There is focal tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis without inflammation (periodic-acid methenamine silver, original 80×). (B) Global ischemic-type capillary wall corrugation and retraction with collagen accumulating in the urinary space. Note the normal arteriole in the upper left (periodic-acid methenamine silver, original 160×). (C) Atrophic proximal tubular cells containing enlarged irregularly shaped silver positive granules (arrows) (periodic-acid methenamine silver, original 240×). (D) Electron microscopy showing an enlarged dysmorphic lysosome containing dispersed electron dense aggregates (arrows) in a medium electron dense matrix within a proximal tubular cell (original 20,000×).

(1.26MB).

CKD is a risk factor for pre-eclampsia but additional risk for pregnancy complications may be seen with specific renal disorders.5 Pesticide exposure has been associated with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in the US.6 Organochlorine pesticides have been identified in the umbilical cord blood of exposed mothers living in Mexico, with higher concentrations associated with longer exposure to environmental contaminants.4 Toichuev et al. identified a highly significant increase in the relative risk of neonatal and maternal health problems, including pre-eclampsia, with increasing levels of placental organochlorine pesticides in a concentration-dependent manner.7

Suggested mechanisms for pesticides causing pre-eclampsia include oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, abnormal placental vascularization and epigenetic changes.8 In contrast, a recent study by Karunananda did not identify placental abnormalities in postpartum women living in endemic areas in Sri Lanka; however, it is unknown if this is true for women who have CINAC renal lesions with associated impaired eGFR versus those women who just reside in an endemic region.9

Other than CKD, this patient had no typical risk factors for pre-eclampsia, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, a family history of pre-eclampsia, advanced maternal age, or multiple pregnancies.10 She had life-long exposure to agrochemicals and kidney biopsy consistent with CINAC, suggesting related end organ damage. These findings suggest a link between these exposures and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and highlight the need for more extensive and prospective studies.

Conflicts of interest

None.

References
[1]
C. Jayasumana, C. Orantes, R. Herrera, M. Almaguer, L. Lopez, L.C. Silva, et al.
Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities: a worldwide epidemic with social, occupational and environmental determinants.
Nephrol Dial Transplant., 32 (2017), pp. 234-241
[2]
B.A. Vervaet, C.C. Nast, C. Jayasumana, G. Schreurs, F. Roels, C. Herath, N. Kojc, et al.
Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities is a toxin-induced proximal tubular nephropathy.
Kidney Int., 97 (2020), pp. 350-369
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Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Etiology in El Salvador: Integrated Health Sector Action and South-South Cooperation.
MEDICC Rev., 21 (2019), pp. 46-52
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M. Herrero-Mercado, S.M. Waliszewski, M. Caba, C. Martínez-Valenzuela, F. Hernández-Chalate.
Organochlorine pesticide levels in umbilical cord blood of newborn in Veracruz, Mexico.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 85 (2010), pp. 367-371
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BMJ, 353 (2016), pp. i1753
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Pesticide exposure and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy.
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R.M. Toichuev, L.V. Zhilova, T.R. Paizildaev, M.S. Khametova, A. Rakhmatillaev, K.S. Sakibaev, et al.
Organochlorine pesticides in placenta in Kyrgyzstan and the effect on pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn health.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 25 (2018), pp. 31885-31894
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L.G. Kahn, L. Trasande.
Environmental toxicant exposure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: recent findings.
Curr Hypertens Rep, 20 (2018), pp. 87
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Do pregnant women living in endemic regions of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) show pathological changes in the placenta?.
Sri Lanka J Obstet Gynaecol, 43 (2021), pp. 31-38
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E.A. Phipps, R. Thadhani, T. Benzing, S.A. Karumanchi.
Author correction: pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies.
Nat Rev Nephrol, 15 (2019), pp. 386
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