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The multiple functions of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 in kidney disease
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Juan Miguel Diaz Tocados1,
Autor para correspondencia
jmdiaz@irblleida.cat

Corresponding to: IRBLleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 80, Lleida, Spain
, Aurora Pérez Gómez1, Juan Diego Domínguez Coral1, José Manuel Valdivielso1
1 Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
Highlights

  • Renal compensatory hypertrophy induced by contralateral nephrectomy is largely mediated by local increase of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) production. These renal anabolic effects of the IGF-1 have been extensively studied in order to enhance glomerular filtration rate and prevent acute renal injury.

  • Circulating IGF-1 concentration have shown to be useful as a marker of malnourishing in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), since the lower IGF-1 levels are associated with the lower uptake of protein/calories, as well as reduced muscle strength.

  • IGF-1 plays a key role in the regulation of phosphate resorption and the renal activation of vitamin D by increasing 1-α hydroxylase activity, effects that are triggered independently of the parathyroid hormone levels. Moreover, IGF-1 also participates directly in bone growth and bone remodeling, particularly bone formation.

  • Moreover, IGF-1 is an important factor promoting erythroid cell proliferation, playing a relevant role in the prevention of anemia, even when erythropoietin levels are below the normal range. In addition, IGF-1 controls vascular nitric oxide synthesis, indicating a contribution of this factor on the regulation of vasodilation.

  • However, while IGF-1 plays a crucial role in the context of renal disease, resistance to IGF-1 has been observed in renal insufficiency, which may potentially contribute to the complications associated with CKD, underscoring the need for further research.

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Abstract

Unilateral nephrectomy (Uni-Nx) produces compensatory hypertrophy of the remnant kidney. In this anabolic process, the up-regulation of renal insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) plays a key role, which has inspired numerous studies considering the potential regenerative actions of the IGF-1 and the subsequent increase in the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, IGF-1 administration has shown to be able to induce renal hypertrophy, increase glomerular size and enhance glomerular filtration rate, without reaching glomerulosclerosis. Moreover, protein uptake also contributes to renal hypertrophy by increasing renal and circulating IGF-1 levels. In this respect, circulating IGF-1 concentration has been used as a marker of the nutritional status in end-stage CKD patients and has been associated with hormones that participate in the regulation of appetite. Moreover, IGF-1 regulate mineral metabolism, participating in phosphate resorption and calcitriol production by increasing 1-α-hydroxylase activity. Furthermore, IGF-1 is key for bone growth in pediatric patients, acting directly in chondrocyte, osteoblasts and in a lesser manner in osteoclasts. In addition, IGF-1 is an important inductor of erythroid proliferation, being able to maintain erythrocytic homeostasis in anephric patients.

Nevertheless, the actions of the IGF-1 are attenuated in the context of renal disease, which may be promoted by the presence of inhibitory factors, such as the IGF binding proteins, and inability to trigger intracellular downstream signaling despite of normal IGF-1 receptor expression in cell surface.

This review highlights the importance of the IGF-1 in the context of CKD and its potential contribution to renal and also systemic disorders.

Keywords:
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
chronic kidney disease
compensatory renal hypertrophy
Resumen

La nefrectomía unilateral (Uni-Nx) produce hipertrofia compensatoria del riñón remanente. En este proceso anabólico, la regulación positiva del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina 1 (IGF-1) juega un papel clave, lo que ha inspirado numerosos estudios considerando las posibles acciones regenerativas del IGF-1 y el consiguiente aumento de la tasa de filtración glomerular. Así, la administración de IGF-1 ha demostrado ser capaz de inducir hipertrofia renal, aumento del tamaño glomerular y un consecuente aumento de la tasa de filtración glomerular, sin llegar a desarrollar glomeruloesclerosis. Además, la ingesta de una dieta alta en proteínas también contribuye a la hipertrofia renal mediante el aumento de los niveles de IGF-1, tanto a nivel renal como en la circulación. En este sentido, la concentración sérica de IGF-1 se ha utilizado como marcador del estado nutricional en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) terminal y se ha asociado con hormonas que participan en la regulación del apetito. Además, el IGF-1 regula el metabolismo mineral, participando en la resorción de fósforo y la producción de calcitriol al aumentar la actividad de la 1-α-hidroxilasa. Además, el IGF-1 es clave para el crecimiento óseo en pacientes pediátricos, actuando directamente en condrocitos, osteoblastos y en menor medida en osteoclastos. Además, el IGF-1 es un importante inductor de la proliferación eritroide, pudiendo mantener la homeostasis de los eritrocitos en pacientes anéfricos.

No obstante, las acciones del IGF-1 se atenúan en el contexto de la enfermedad renal, que puede verse favorecida por la presencia de factores inhibidores, como las proteínas de unión al IGF, y la incapacidad de activar la señalización intracelular a pesar de una expresión normal del receptor de IGF-1 en la superficie celular.

Esta revisión destaca la importancia del IGF-1 en el contexto de la ERC y su potencial contribución a los trastornos renales y también sistémicos.

Palabras clave:
Factor de Crecimiento similar a la insulina 1
Enfermedad Renal Crónica
hipertrofia renal compensatoria
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