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"resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducción:</span> El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido evaluar la relación entre la leptina sérica y el cociente leptina/índice de masa corporal (IMC) con la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) prevalente y su influencia en la mortalidad global y en la mortalidad por ECV en pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Métodos: </span>Se estudiaron 118 pacientes estables en HD (50 mujeres, edad mediana [recorrido intercuartílico], 65,1 [54,7-72,2] años). En todos los pacientes se cuantificó la concentración basal de leptina. La relación entre leptina y la mortalidad se evaluó mediante análisis de supervivencia y análisis de regresión de Cox. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultados:</span> El cociente leptina/IMC fue similar en pacientes con y sin ECV prevalente (0,65 [0,29-2,23] frente a 0,68 [0,29-1,49] ng·m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>/ml·kg, respectivamente, NS). El análisis de regresión logística mostró que no existía una asociación independiente entre el cociente leptina/IMC y la enfermedad cardiovascular prevalente. Durante el seguimiento 52 pacientes fallecieron (44,1%). La ECV fue causa de muerte en 27 de 52 pacientes fallecidos (51,9%). El análisis de supervivencia y el análisis multivariante de Cox mostraron que no hubo relación significativa entre los niveles de leptina o el cociente leptina/IMC y la mortalidad global o por causa de ECV. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusión:</span> Estos resultados no apoyan la hipótesis de que, en pacientes estables en HD, las concentraciones de leptina y el cociente leptina/IMC estén relacionados con la ECV prevalente. Más aún, el cociente leptina/IMC no parece ser un factor de riesgo de mortalidad en estos pacientes.</span></p>"
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"resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background: </span>We aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum leptin and the leptin/body mass index (BMI) ratio with prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), and their influence on all-cause and CVD-related mortality in patients on hemodialysis (HD). <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods:</span> 118 stable HD patients (50 women, median [interquartile range] age, 65.1 [54.7-72.2] years) were studied. All patients had baseline measurement of serum leptin concentrations. Relationships between leptin and all-cause and CVD mortality were studied by means of survival analysis and Cox regression analysis.<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Results: </span>The leptin/BMI ratio was similar in patients with and without CVD at baseline (0.65 [0.29-2.23] vs. 0.68 [0.29-1.49] ng·m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>/ml·kg, respectively, NS). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that there was not an independent association between leptin/BMI ratio and prevalent CVD. During the follow-up time, 52 (44.1%) patients died. CVD was the cause of death in 27 out of 52 (51.9%) deceased patients. Survival analysis and Cox proportional multivariate regression analysis showed that there were no significant relationships between leptin levels or the leptin/BMI ratio and all-cause and CVD-related mortality. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion:</span> These results do not support that, in stable HD patients, serum leptin concentrations and the leptin/BMI ratio are related with prevalent CVD. Leptin/BMI ratio seems not to be a risk factor for mortality in these patients.</p>"
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"bibliografia" => array:2 [
"titulo" => "Bibliografía"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "Rucker D, Tonelli M. Cardiovascular risk and management in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009;5:287-96. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19384330" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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1 => array:3 [
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "Brunner FP, Selwood NH on behalf of the EDTA Registry Committee. Profile of patients on RRT in Europe and death rates due to major causes of death groups. Kidney Int 1992;42:S4-15."
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"identificador" => "bib3"
"etiqueta" => "3"
"referencia" => array:1 [
0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "Locatelli F, Manzoni C, Del Vecchio L, Di Filippo S. Changes in United States Renal Data System, 2006."
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0 => null
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3 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib4"
"etiqueta" => "4"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "Herzog CA. Sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction in dialysis patients: perspectives of a cardiologist. Semin Nephrol 2005;25:363-6. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16298256" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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"referenciaCompleta" => "Bodary PF, Gu S, Shen Y, Hasty AH, Buckler JM, Eitzman DT. Recombinant leptin promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:e119-22. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947243" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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"identificador" => "bib6"
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"referenciaCompleta" => "Nakamura Y, Ueshima H, Okuda N, Murakami Y, Miura K, Kita Y, et al. Relation of serum leptin to blood pressure of Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii. Hypertension 2009;54:1416-22. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19841291" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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6 => array:3 [
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"referenciaCompleta" => "Bullo M, García-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvadó J. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue, tumor necrosis factor and leptin expression. Obes Res 2003;11:525-31. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690081" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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"referenciaCompleta" => "Heimbürger O, Lönnqvist F, Danielsson A, Nordenström J, Stenvinkel P. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentration and its relation to the body fat content in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8:1423-30. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9294834" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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"referencia" => array:1 [
0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Valenza V, Panocchia N, Tazza L, Cascino A, et al. Anorexia and serum leptin levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2004;97:c76-82.\u{A0} <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15292683" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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9 => array:3 [
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"referenciaCompleta" => "10.\u{A0}Díez JJ, Iglesias P, Fernández-Reyes MJ, Aguilera A, Bajo MA, Álvarez-Fidalgo P, et al. Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin, and their relationship with cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Endocrinol 2005;62:242-9."
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10 => array:3 [
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "11.\u{A0}Scholze A, Rattensperger D, Zidek W, Tepel M. Low serum leptin predicts mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1617-22. "
"contribucion" => array:1 [
0 => null
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11 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib12"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "12.\u{A0}Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996;334:292-5. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532024" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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0 => null
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12 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib13"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "13.\u{A0}Eikelis N, Lambert G, Wiesner G, Kaye D, Schlaich M, Morris M, et al. Extra-adipocyte leptin release in human obesity and its relation to sympathoadrenal function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;286:E744-52. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722031" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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13 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib14"
"etiqueta" => "14"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "14.\u{A0}Reilly MP, Iqbal N, Schutta M, Wolfe ML, Scally M, Localio AR, et al. Plasma leptin levels are associated with coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3872-8. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15292320" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
0 => null
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14 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib15"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "15.\u{A0}Singhal A, Farooqi IS, Cole TJ, O¿Rahilly S, Fewtrell M, Kattenhorn M, et al. Influence of leptin on arterial distensibility: a novel link between obesity and cardiovascular disease? Circulation 2002;106:1919-24. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12370213" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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15 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib16"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "16.\u{A0}Wallace AM, McMahon AD, Packard CJ, Kelly A, Shepherd J, Gaw A, et al. Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 2001;104:3052-6. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11748099" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
0 => null
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16 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib17"
"etiqueta" => "17"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "17.\u{A0}Sattar N, Wannamethee G, Sarwar N, Chernova J, Lawlor DA, Kelly A, et al. Leptin and coronary heart disease. Prospective study and systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:167-75. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19130985" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
0 => null
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17 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib18"
"etiqueta" => "18"
"referencia" => array:1 [
0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "18.\u{A0}Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD. Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003;63:793-808. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12631061" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
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18 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib19"
"etiqueta" => "19"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "19.\u{A0}Abbott KC, Glanton CW, Trespalacios FC, Oliver DK, Ortiz MI, Agodoa LY, et al. Body mass index, dialysis modality, and survival: analysis of the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II Study. Kidney Int 2004;65:597-605. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14717930" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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19 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib20"
"etiqueta" => "20"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "20.\u{A0}Liu Y, Coresh J, Eustace JA, Longenecker JC, Jaar B, Fink NE, et al. Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients: role of inflammation and malnutrition. JAMA 2004;291:451-9. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747502" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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20 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib21"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "21.\u{A0}Fouque D, Vennegoor M, Ter Wee P, Wanner C, Basci A, Canaud B, et al. EBPG Guideline on nutrition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;Suppl. 2:ii45-87. "
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21 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib22"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "22.\u{A0}Sundell J, Huupponen R, Raitakari OT, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. High serum leptin is associated with attenuated coronary vasoreactivity. Obes Res 2003;11: 776-82. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805399" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
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22 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib23"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "23.\u{A0}Vecchione S, Maffei A, Colella S, Aretini A, Poulet R, Frati G, et al. Leptin effect on endothelial nitric oxide is mediated through Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation pathway. Diabetes 2002;51:168-73. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756337" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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23 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib24"
"etiqueta" => "24"
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0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "24.\u{A0}Díez JJ, Estrada, Bajo MA, Fernández-Reyes MJ, Grande C, Del Peso G, et al. High stable serum adiponectin levels are associated with a better outcome in prevalent dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2009;30:244-52. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468209" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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24 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib25"
"etiqueta" => "25"
"referencia" => array:1 [
0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "25.\u{A0}Iglesias P, Díez JJ, Fernández-Reyes MJ, Bajo MA, Aguilera A, Méndez J, et al. Effects of short-term recombinant human growth hormone therapy on plasma leptin concentrations in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:260-4. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812876" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
0 => null
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25 => array:3 [
"identificador" => "bib26"
"etiqueta" => "26"
"referencia" => array:1 [
0 => array:3 [
"referenciaCompleta" => "26.\u{A0}Aquilera A, Bajo MA, Rebollo F, Díez JJ, Díaz C, Paiva A, et al. Leptin as a marker of nutrition and cardiovascular risk in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 2002;18:212-7. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12402621" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
"contribucion" => array:1 [
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