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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Dear Editor&#44;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Membranous glomerulonephritis &#40;MGN&#41; is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults which is characterized by formation of subepithelial immune complex deposits with resultant changes to glomerular basement membrane &#40;GBM&#41;&#44; most notably GBM spike formation&#46; The onset of this disorder is slow and the clinical course is often benign&#46; Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody &#40;ANCA&#41;-associated glomerulonephritis is the most frequent cause of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and is usually classified as a pauci-immune type characterized by glomerular <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">necrosis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">crescent formation&#46;</span> MGN complicated by ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis is an unusual concurrence and only rare cases have been reported previously&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-6</span> however&#44; none of them was presented in Chinese population and most of the cases reported were related to some backgrounds&#46; Here we first report an elderly Chinese male patient with MGN and myeloperoxidase &#40;MPO&#41;-positive ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis without any detectable backgrounds&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A 64-year-old man presented with arthralgia&#44; shortness of breath&#44; nausea&#44; oliguria&#44; and edema without previous history of disease&#46; Laboratory examinations showed the following results&#58; serum creatinine concentration 350&#46;8&#956;mol&#47;L&#44; serum albumin level 21&#46;3g&#47;L&#44; serum total cholesterol 7&#46;1mmol&#47;L and a 24-hr protein excretion of 5&#46;4g&#47;d&#46; The urinalysis showed 3&#43; urine protein&#44; 2&#43; urine blood and RBC casts&#46; MPO-ANCA was detected in serum screening test by indirect immunofluorescence and the serum concentration of MPO-ANCA was subsequently determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41; to be 145U&#47;mL &#40;reference range&#44; 0-10U&#47;mL&#41;&#46; Other immunological tests showed the decrease of serum complement 3 concentration to 0&#46;571g&#47;L and other autoantibodies including anti-nuclear antibodies &#40;ANAs&#41;&#44; anti-Sm antibody&#44; anti-dsDNA antibody&#44; anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide &#40;CCP&#41; antibody&#44; anti-proteinase-3 &#40;PR3&#41;-ANCA and anti-glomerular basement membrane &#40;GBM&#41; antibody were negative&#46; There was no evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#44; infection&#44; malignancy&#44; or drugs&#46; Percutaneous renal biopsy was subsequently performed to determine the diagnosis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Upon light microscopy&#44; renal biopsy revealed thickening of glomerular capillary wall and 2 out of 19 glomeruli were sclerosed&#46; Four glomeruli showed cellular crescents&#44; 5 showed fibrocellular crescents formation and 2 showed fibrinoid necrosis &#40;Figure 1 A&#41;&#46; Immunofluorescence examination displayed granular deposition of IgG and C3 along the glomerular capillary walls &#40;Figure 1 B&#41;&#46; Electron microscopy showed thickened glomerular basement membranes with diffuse subepithelial deposits and foot process effacement which was consistent with the stage II of MGN &#40;Figure 1 C&#41;&#46; Therefore renal histology and laboratory examinations supported the diagnosis of MGN and MPO-positive ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient was treated initially with pulse methylprednisolone 500mg&#47;d for 3 days followed by prednisone &#40;40mg&#47;d&#41; and antihypertensives&#44; anticoagulant were also administrated&#46; Because of no sign of improvement shown a week later&#44; steroid pulse therapy was performed again followed by prednisone &#40;40mg&#47;d&#41; and intravenous cyclophosphamide 0&#46;4g once a week&#46; On review after 1 month of treatment&#44; proteinuria and renal function had improved significantly with urine protein down to 1&#46;9g&#47;d and creatinine down to 182&#46;7&#956;mol&#47;L&#46; MPO-ANCA testing was repeated and showed seronegative&#46; The patient remained stable at a follow-up of 1 year&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">As we know&#44; crescent formation and fibrinoid necrosis are rarely encountered in membranous glomerulonephritis&#46; Although MGN associated with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis has been described previously in white adults and Japanese population&#44; most of the cases reported were related to some rheumatic diseases such as SLE&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> anti-GBM disease&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span> malignancy such as esophageal carcinoma&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> or drugs&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11 </span>The coexistent MGN and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis without the above backgrounds is a rare occurrence with less case reported&#46; Here we first show the Chinese patient with MGN complicated by ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis without the evidence of underlying backgrounds&#46; Tse WY reported 10 patients with MGN and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis including 9 males and 1 female and the median age was 63&#46;5 years&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Cases described by Nasr SH involved 8 males and 6 females and the median age was 58&#46;7 years&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> Added with the case of 64-year-old man we present here&#44; MGN associated with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis may mainly occur in the elderly patients and the incidence in male seemed to be higher than in female&#46; The clinical course is more aggressive than MGN alone and is characterized by nephrotic syndrome&#44; hematuria and acute renal failure with or without systemic vasculitis involving extrarenal organs&#46; Renal pathology involves both the membranous changes and crescent formation with fibrinoid necrosis&#46; As for the prognosis&#44; Tse WY and Nasr SH reported a similar outcome that 50&#37; of patients reaching endpoints of ESRD or death whether or not treated with immunosuppressive agents&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> however&#44; our patient showed well response to immunosuppressive treatment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mechanism of MGN associated with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis is unknown&#46; Some case reports have noted an association with the presence of anti-GBM antibodies that may play a role in the pathogenesis because the development of glomerular crescents requires disruption of the GBM integrity sufficient to allow the efflux of cells and macromolecules into Bowman&#8217;s space&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span> The autoantibodies in lupus nephritis type III and V or type IV and V may also contribute to the combination of crescentic and membranous glomerulonephritis that is not uncommon in patients with SLE&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7 </span>But in case of MGN associated with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis without anti-GBM nephritis&#44; SLE and other related diseases&#44; the mechanism is difficult to elucidate because of the fact that the pathogenesis of MGN and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis is distinct from each other&#46; Whether ANCA is associated with the pathogenesis or not remains unclear and whether MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis is superimposed on idiopathic membranous nephropathy &#40;MN&#41; or MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis induce a secondary MGN is still unknown&#46; Suwabe and Watanabe examined IgG subclass deposition and found that the cases with MGN and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis showed both IgG1 and IgG4 deposited on the glomerular capillary walls&#44; which suggested secondary MGN&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;6</span> however&#44; no disease or drug was found to induce secondary MGN&#46; The fact only a few MPO-positive cells in the glomeruli and MPO stains on the glomerular capillary walls near the MPO-positive cells may suggest that the patient had MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis superimposed on idiopathic MN&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> But Nasr SH was inclined to regard the co-existence of MGN and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis as a coincidence&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> Further research is required to clarify the pathogenesis of the rare occurrence&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In summary&#44; MGN with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis is a rare dual glomerulopathy seen in patients with heavy proteinuria and acute renal failure&#46; In case of nephrotic syndrome with seropositive MPO-ANCA and progressive renal failure even though without evidence of SLE or anti-GBM nephritis&#44; we should consider the coexistence of MGN and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis&#46; Although prognosis is variable&#44; remission was observed after administration of steroids and cyclophosphamide in this dual glomerulopathy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">This study was supported by grants from Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province &#40;No&#46; 20100738&#41; and from Fundamental Scientific Research Fund of Jilin University&#44; China&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflict of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The author declares that there is no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11493&#95;108&#95;30129&#95;en&#95;11493&#95;f1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11493_108_30129_en_11493_f1.jpg" alt="Renal biopsy findings in membranous glomerulonephritis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Renal biopsy findings in membranous glomerulonephritis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis</p>"
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