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After recovery from the diarrhea&#44; the patient was discharged while using mycophenolate sodium and metronidasol&#46; Six months later&#44; she was admitted with another episode of diarrhea and the tacrolymus was switched to sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Ten months after initiation of the sirolimus treatment&#44; the patient was admitted with fever&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and dehydration&#46; Chest X-rays and high-resolution CT of the chest demonstrated bilateral areas of nonhomogeneous air space consolidation&#44; mainly in the left upper lobe and lower lobes &#40;figure 1A&#41;&#46; Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed hypercellularity with lymphocytosis&#44; and the microbiological evaluation was negative for bacteria&#44; fungi&#44; and viruses&#46; Serological tests for cytomegalovirus were negative&#46; The patient began an empirical&#44; antiinfection treatment with intravenous azithromycin and ciprofloxacin&#44; with no response&#46; The fever persisted with antibiotic treatment and sirolimus was thought to be the cause of the symptoms&#46; When sirolimus was switched to azathioprime symptoms improved within 10 days&#44; and were resolved in 30 days&#46; On the follow-up chest X-ray and high-resolution CT&#44; 30 days after sirolimus discontinuation&#44; the parenchymal abnormalities had improved&#44; with accentuated reduction of the air-space consolidation pattern&#46; There were persisting residual areas of bilateral ground-glass opacities on the high-resolution CT &#40;figure 1B&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Sirolimus &#40;rapamycin&#41; is a potent immunosuppressive drug that has been successfully used in solid organ transplant recipients as an alternative to calcineurin inhibitor therapy<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span>&#46; The most common side effects associated with this drug are dose-dependent hyperlipidemia&#44; and thrombocytopenia&#46; Unlike calcineurin inhibitors&#44; sirolimus does not induce acute or chronic nephrotoxicity&#46; However&#44; in very rare cases&#44; patients treated with sirolimus may exhibit severe pulmonary toxicity<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The symptoms of pulmonary toxicity related to sirolimus are generally nonspecific&#44; and may include a dry cough&#44; dyspnea&#44; fatigue&#44; and fever&#44; frequently leading to the initial diagnosis of pulmonary infection<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46; Some reports have described histopathological patterns as a result of sirolimus pulmonary toxicity&#44; but these findings are usually nonspecific&#44; consisting of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia&#44; interstitial pneumonitis&#44; and nonnecrotizing granulomas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span>&#46; For this reason&#44; a lung biopsy is not essential&#44; and the diagnosis of this condition must fulfil the following criteria&#58; presence of lung disease on imaging tests&#44; exclusion of pulmonary infection or other lung disease&#44; and clinical improvement after drug withdrawal&#44; independent of the pulmonary biopsy<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span>&#46; All these criteria were fulfilled in the patient presented here&#44; who showed significant imaging and clinical improvement after withdrawal of sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Due to the increased use of sirolimus&#44; radiologists interpreting imaging studies of transplant patients using this drug should be aware of the imaging features associated with this potentially treatable complication&#46; Although some previous authors reported the use of CT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;5</span>&#44; to our knowledge&#44; there are no reports illustrating and discussing the highresolution CT findings of pulmonary toxicity due to sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10339&#95;18030&#95;2321&#95;es&#95;figure1a&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10339_18030_2321_es_figure1a.jpg" alt="High-resolution CT at the level of the lower lobes &#40;A&#41; &#40;obtained at the time of clinical presentation when respiratory symptoms were evident&#41; demonstrates areas of non-homogeneous air space consolidation in the lower lobes&#44; and mild ground-glass opacities"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; High-resolution CT at the level of the lower lobes &#40;A&#41; &#40;obtained at the time of clinical presentation when respiratory symptoms were evident&#41; demonstrates areas of non-homogeneous air space consolidation in the lower lobes&#44; and mild ground-glass opacities</p>"
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Pulmonary toxicity associated with sirolimus following kidney transplantation: computed tomography findings
Pulmonary toxicity associated with sirolimus following kidney transplantation: computed tomography findings
T.. Davaus Gasparettoa, Edson Marchiorib, P.. Menezesc, G.. Zanettid
a Department of Radiology, Fluminence Federal University. Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
b Department of Radiology, Fluminence Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
c Department of Nephrology, Fluminence Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
d Department of Radiology, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Dear Editor&#58; </span>We read with great interest the letter by Calle et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> describing the case of a patient who underwent a kidney transplant and developed a pneumonitis caused by sirolimus&#46; They related that there are&#44; until now&#44; only seven cases reported of recovery from pneumonitis caused by sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We would like to describe the case of a 27-year-old woman with a two-year history of haemodialysis for endstage renal disease underwent a haplo-identical&#44; living kidney&#44; donor transplantation&#46; Following the procedure&#44; she began immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolymus&#44; mycophenolate mofetil&#44; and steroid&#46; Her renal function was stable and she was discharged with normal serum creatinine levels&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Two months after beginning immunosuppressive therapy she presented with diarrhoea of unknown aetiology&#46; After recovery from the diarrhea&#44; the patient was discharged while using mycophenolate sodium and metronidasol&#46; Six months later&#44; she was admitted with another episode of diarrhea and the tacrolymus was switched to sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Ten months after initiation of the sirolimus treatment&#44; the patient was admitted with fever&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and dehydration&#46; Chest X-rays and high-resolution CT of the chest demonstrated bilateral areas of nonhomogeneous air space consolidation&#44; mainly in the left upper lobe and lower lobes &#40;figure 1A&#41;&#46; Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed hypercellularity with lymphocytosis&#44; and the microbiological evaluation was negative for bacteria&#44; fungi&#44; and viruses&#46; Serological tests for cytomegalovirus were negative&#46; The patient began an empirical&#44; antiinfection treatment with intravenous azithromycin and ciprofloxacin&#44; with no response&#46; The fever persisted with antibiotic treatment and sirolimus was thought to be the cause of the symptoms&#46; When sirolimus was switched to azathioprime symptoms improved within 10 days&#44; and were resolved in 30 days&#46; On the follow-up chest X-ray and high-resolution CT&#44; 30 days after sirolimus discontinuation&#44; the parenchymal abnormalities had improved&#44; with accentuated reduction of the air-space consolidation pattern&#46; There were persisting residual areas of bilateral ground-glass opacities on the high-resolution CT &#40;figure 1B&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Sirolimus &#40;rapamycin&#41; is a potent immunosuppressive drug that has been successfully used in solid organ transplant recipients as an alternative to calcineurin inhibitor therapy<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span>&#46; The most common side effects associated with this drug are dose-dependent hyperlipidemia&#44; and thrombocytopenia&#46; Unlike calcineurin inhibitors&#44; sirolimus does not induce acute or chronic nephrotoxicity&#46; However&#44; in very rare cases&#44; patients treated with sirolimus may exhibit severe pulmonary toxicity<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The symptoms of pulmonary toxicity related to sirolimus are generally nonspecific&#44; and may include a dry cough&#44; dyspnea&#44; fatigue&#44; and fever&#44; frequently leading to the initial diagnosis of pulmonary infection<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46; Some reports have described histopathological patterns as a result of sirolimus pulmonary toxicity&#44; but these findings are usually nonspecific&#44; consisting of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia&#44; interstitial pneumonitis&#44; and nonnecrotizing granulomas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span>&#46; For this reason&#44; a lung biopsy is not essential&#44; and the diagnosis of this condition must fulfil the following criteria&#58; presence of lung disease on imaging tests&#44; exclusion of pulmonary infection or other lung disease&#44; and clinical improvement after drug withdrawal&#44; independent of the pulmonary biopsy<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span>&#46; All these criteria were fulfilled in the patient presented here&#44; who showed significant imaging and clinical improvement after withdrawal of sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Due to the increased use of sirolimus&#44; radiologists interpreting imaging studies of transplant patients using this drug should be aware of the imaging features associated with this potentially treatable complication&#46; Although some previous authors reported the use of CT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;5</span>&#44; to our knowledge&#44; there are no reports illustrating and discussing the highresolution CT findings of pulmonary toxicity due to sirolimus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10339&#95;18030&#95;2321&#95;es&#95;figure1a&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10339_18030_2321_es_figure1a.jpg" alt="High-resolution CT at the level of the lower lobes &#40;A&#41; &#40;obtained at the time of clinical presentation when respiratory symptoms were evident&#41; demonstrates areas of non-homogeneous air space consolidation in the lower lobes&#44; and mild ground-glass opacities"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; High-resolution CT at the level of the lower lobes &#40;A&#41; &#40;obtained at the time of clinical presentation when respiratory symptoms were evident&#41; demonstrates areas of non-homogeneous air space consolidation in the lower lobes&#44; and mild ground-glass opacities</p>"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02116995
Idioma original: Inglés
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