Letter to the Editor
Facial crusted scabies on renal transplant patient
Sarna costrosa facial en paciente con trasplante renal
Fernanda Poy Dondonis
, Daniel Martins Costa Jappur, Gabriel Challub Pires, André da Silva Cartell, Renan Rangel Bonamigo
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Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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"autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Fernanda Poy Dondonis, Daniel Martins Costa Jappur, Gabriel Challub Pires, André da Silva Cartell, Renan Rangel Bonamigo" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Fernanda Poy" "apellidos" => "Dondonis" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fdondonis@hcpa.edu.br" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daniel Martins Costa" "apellidos" => "Jappur" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gabriel Challub" "apellidos" => "Pires" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "André da Silva" "apellidos" => "Cartell" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Renan Rangel" "apellidos" => "Bonamigo" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Sarna costrosa facial en paciente con trasplante renal" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1014 "Ancho" => 2097 "Tamanyo" => 244730 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lesions in the face: erythematous-scaly plaques (a and b).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crusted Scabies (Norwegian Scabies) is a rare and severe presentation of the skin infestation caused by the mite <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcoptes scabiei</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">var. hominis</span>) in patients with cellular immunity compromised. Affected patients may present thousands of parasites on the skin surface. Due to impaired immune response, manifestations may occur in a atypical pattern and pruritus may be mild or absent, which can lead to late diagnosis and worse prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A female 47-year-old renal transplant recipient (transplant 16 years ago), with chronic graft nephropathy was admitted in our hospital with asymptomatic lesions on face for one year. She was taking cyclosporine, mycophenolate and prednisone and was hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection and decompensation of baseline nephropathy.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On dermatological examination, she presented erythematous-scaly plaques with greyish-yellow crusts on malar regions, ears, dorsum nasi and supralabial region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a and b). She denied itchiness or lesions on other areas. Considering chronicity of lesions and absence of specific findings on dermoscopy, we decided on performing a skin biopsy. Histopathology revealed pink spiral structures adhered to the stratum corneum, besides multiple mites identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. scabiei</span>, and a diffuse infiltrate of eosinophils in the reticular dermis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). She was then treated with salicylate 3% mineral oil and permethrin 5% cream as topical therapy, and oral ivermectin (12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg, repeated 7 days later). She showed complete improvement of lesions.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crusted Scabies (CS), also known as “Norwegian Scabies” a rare and severe presentation of the skin infestation caused by the mite <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. scabiei</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">var. hominis</span>) that can occur in patients with cellular immunity compromised, including those with graft-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span>-host disease, HIV-AIDS, and those ones taking corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> In this particular presentation, mites reproduce more effectively so that affected patients may carry thousands of parasites over the skin surface. It is highly contagious and minimal contact may be enough to lead to infection. Due to impaired cellular immune response, those patients may present atypical manifestations and pruritus may be mild or even absent, so that diagnosis can be challenging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CS differs from classic Scabies; it manifests as hyperkeratosis, especially on acral sites, but may be disseminated. It may also presents as crusts with erythematous base and lamellar scaling in areas such as scalp, face and neck.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> Secondary bacterial infection may occur, which increases the risk of bacteremia and sepsis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Besides the suggestive clinic, diagnosis of CS can be assisted by dermoscopy and microscopy, which allow the direct visualization <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> of mites and eggs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Skin biopsy may confirm the diagnosis if it contains mites or eggs. However, clinical diagnosis may be challenging due to atypical presentation added up with mild or absent pruritus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In this case, our patient had long-term lesions, with exclusive facial involvement and complete absence of pruritus. On dermoscopic examination, features were not suggestive of scabies, so histopathology ended up confirming the diagnosis. Treatment of immunosuppressed patients with CS should combine topical permethrin with systemic ivermectin (repeated in 7–15 days). In addition, patient isolation and behavioural measures are necessary to prevent dissemination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early diagnosis and treatment reduce the risk of transmission, outbreaks and severe evolution with associated bacterial infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The main differential diagnosis must be done with crusted demodicidosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus, atypical manifestations of scabies, especially in immunocompromised patients, should be considered, and direct microscopy and/or histopathology may be the key for the right diagnosis.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Declarations</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informed consent to publish individual data was obtained from the patient.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Declarations" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1014 "Ancho" => 2097 "Tamanyo" => 244730 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lesions in the face: erythematous-scaly plaques (a and b).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1208 "Ancho" => 1514 "Tamanyo" => 367761 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathology: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcoptes scabiei</span> multiple mites (H–E).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "European guideline for the management of scabies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. 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| 2022 Septiembre | 45 | 42 | 87 |
| 2022 Agosto | 37 | 47 | 84 |
| 2022 Julio | 46 | 48 | 94 |
| 2022 Junio | 54 | 46 | 100 |
| 2022 Mayo | 36 | 52 | 88 |
| 2022 Abril | 48 | 63 | 111 |
| 2022 Marzo | 65 | 70 | 135 |
| 2022 Febrero | 58 | 51 | 109 |
| 2022 Enero | 44 | 40 | 84 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 47 | 39 | 86 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 47 | 38 | 85 |
| 2021 Octubre | 70 | 53 | 123 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 48 | 42 | 90 |
| 2021 Agosto | 70 | 49 | 119 |
| 2021 Julio | 70 | 47 | 117 |
| 2021 Junio | 72 | 30 | 102 |
| 2021 Mayo | 67 | 46 | 113 |
| 2021 Abril | 122 | 88 | 210 |
| 2021 Marzo | 62 | 34 | 96 |
| 2021 Febrero | 70 | 41 | 111 |
| 2021 Enero | 43 | 31 | 74 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 33 | 22 | 55 |
| 2020 Octubre | 40 | 25 | 65 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 35 | 18 | 53 |
| 2020 Agosto | 41 | 27 | 68 |
| 2020 Julio | 55 | 20 | 75 |
| 2020 Junio | 52 | 21 | 73 |
| 2020 Mayo | 68 | 18 | 86 |
| 2020 Abril | 41 | 15 | 56 |
| 2020 Marzo | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2020 Febrero | 58 | 13 | 71 |
| 2020 Enero | 64 | 25 | 89 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 56 | 24 | 80 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 54 | 24 | 78 |
| 2019 Octubre | 60 | 19 | 79 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 48 | 19 | 67 |
| 2019 Agosto | 51 | 18 | 69 |
| 2019 Julio | 46 | 29 | 75 |
| 2019 Junio | 112 | 39 | 151 |
| 2019 Mayo | 101 | 55 | 156 |
| 2019 Abril | 73 | 41 | 114 |
| 2019 Marzo | 28 | 22 | 50 |
| 2019 Febrero | 53 | 54 | 107 |
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