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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tissue oxygenation is maintained through various mechanisms&#44; including blood pressure&#44; circulating blood volume&#44; and hemoglobin &#40;Hb&#41; concentration&#46; In particular&#44; Hb itself is considered an important factor because of its oxygen transportation function to systemic organs&#46; Therefore&#44; it is evident that oxygen supply would decrease in a severe anemic state&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recent reports have demonstrated the measurement of regional oxygen saturation &#40;rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; a real-time marker of tissue oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy &#40;NIRS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Measurement of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> by using NIRS is a straightforward non-invasive procedure&#44; which can be performed continuously&#46; Nevertheless&#44; only a few studies have investigated the association between systemic tissue oxygenation and the increase in Hb levels after blood transfusion in hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; patients&#46; In the current case study&#44; we were able to monitor changes in the rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of brain&#44; liver&#44; and lower-limb muscles during HD with and without blood transfusion&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 79-year-old woman undergoing HD was admitted to our hospital with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis&#46; Upon admission&#44; we administered intravenous antibiotics and performed endoscopic biliary drainage&#44; which resulted in a gradual improvement of her symptoms&#46; Her anemia had been previously managed with an erythropoietin-beta &#40;3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;session&#44; 3 times&#47;week&#41;&#59; however&#44; her Hb levels decreased to 6&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#46; Therefore&#44; blood transfusion during HD was performed&#46; She provided written informed consent to participate in monitoring of her systemic rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> during HD with or without blood transfusion&#46; The rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels were monitored at the forehead&#44; right hypochondriac region above the liver&#44; and lower leg above the gastrocnemii muscles by using the INVOS 5100c &#40;Covidien Japan&#41;&#46; She received a transfusion of 560<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of concentrated red blood cells during HD and her Hb levels increased from 6&#46;8 to 10&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL after HD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; we compared the time course of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio in each organ&#44; with and without blood transfusion&#46; The rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio was defined as the ratio of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#40;min&#41; during HD and initial rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value before HD&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; the changes in rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio during HD without blood transfusion were modest in each organ&#44; whereas the rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio at each organ increased with blood transfusion&#44; particularly in cerebral and hepatic regions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the world including United States&#44; Europe&#44; and Japan in around 1990&#44; the use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents &#40;ESA&#41; in clinical settings was approved&#44; which dramatically improved the Hb levels in patients with HD&#46; However&#44; even in the present day&#44; blood transfusion during HD is still necessary for improving Hb levels in HD patients with severe anemia&#46; Indeed&#44; in comparison of blood transfusion frequency between ESA responsive and hyporesponsive HD patients&#44; hyporesponsive patients had approximately 5 to 7-fold higher burden of blood transfusion than those with responsiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition&#44; changes in systemic oxygenation induced by blood transfusion during HD have not been investigated extensively&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The brain has an auto-regulatory mechanism to maintain cerebral oxygenation&#46; In HD patients&#44; normalization of hematocrit by ESA did not increase cerebral oxygenation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover&#44; cerebral oxygenation in these patients was well-maintained when compared to pre-dialysis patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and cerebral rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values did not change by ultrafiltration under well-managed Hb levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In the present case&#44; rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values did not change in any organ during HD without blood transfusion&#44; which is similar to a previous report&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> On the other hand&#44; each rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values improved with an increase in Hb levels after blood transfusion&#46; Particularly in the brain&#44; oxygen supply decreases in patients with severe anemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; furthermore&#44; acute anemia by phlebotomy induces the deterioration of intracellular oxygen reactions in mice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Thus&#44; presence of severe anemia may lead to a decrease in cerebral oxygenation despite the auto-regulatory mechanism of the brain&#46; Therefore&#44; the improvement of cerebral oxygenation after blood transfusion could be explained by the increase of oxygen-carrying capacity&#44; which is associated with the increase in Hb levels&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the changes in rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of each organ after blood transfusion&#44; the improvement of lower-limb muscular rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was relatively lower than that of cerebral and hepatic rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> even in this case without peripheral artery disease&#46; In HD patients&#44; the prevalence of subclinical peripheral artery disease reached around 20&#8211;25&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and its presence may directly influence the lower-limb muscular rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> via a decrease in oxygen supply induced by the dysfunction of macro- and micro-circulation&#46; Furthermore&#44; the skeletal muscle index has been reported to be lower in HD patients than in healthy subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Therefore&#44; the changes in lower-limb muscular rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value during HD might be influenced by the circulatory impairment and skeletal muscle weakness&#46; However&#44; the mechanism responsible for the differences in rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> improvement between different organs&#44; induced by blood transfusion during HD&#44; remains unclear and requires further investigation&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study suggests that blood transfusion during HD could be an effective method to improve tissue oxygenation&#44; particularly cerebral and hepatic oxygenation in HD patients with severe anemia&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financing</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest statement</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Financing"
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          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest statement"
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        2 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
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    "tienePdf" => true
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        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in regional oxygen saturation &#40;rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of the forehead &#40;A&#41;&#44; liver &#40;B&#41;&#44; and lower leg &#40;C&#41; as per the oxygenation values of cerebral&#44; hepatic&#44; and muscle tissue&#44; respectively&#44; under hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; with or without blood transfusion&#46; rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio is defined as the ratio of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#40;min&#41; during HD and the initial rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value before HD &#40;rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#40;min&#41; during HD&#47;initial rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> before HD&#41;&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BP&#44; blood pressure&#59; BUN&#44; blood urea nitrogen&#59; Cr&#44; creatinine&#59; Hb&#44; hemoglobin&#59; HD&#44; hemodialysis&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HD without blood transfusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HD with blood transfusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body weight&#44; kg</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BP&#44; mmHg</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">147&#47;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118&#47;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">149&#47;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#47;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pulse&#44; beats&#47;min</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hb&#44; g&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BUN&#44; mg&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#44; mg&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumin&#44; g&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vital signs and laboratory findings under HD with or without blood transfusion&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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            0 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Kuwabara"
                            1 => "M&#46; Sasaki"
                            2 => "H&#46; Hirakata"
                            3 => "H&#46; Koga"
                            4 => "M&#46; Nakagawa"
                            5 => "T&#46; Chen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00142.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors affecting cerebral oxygenation in hemodialysis patients&#58; cerebral oxygenation associates with pH&#44; hemodialysis duration&#44; serum albumin concentration&#44; and diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
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                            5 => "H&#46; Yamada"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0117474"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
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                            1 => "N&#46; Ito"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.049"
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Letter to the Editor
Blood transfusion during haemodialysis improves systemic tissue oxygenation: A case report
La transfusión de sangre durante la hemodiálisis mejora la oxigenación sistémica del tejido: un reporte de un caso
Kiyonori Itoa, Susumu Ookawaraa,
Autor para correspondencia
su-ooka@hb.tp1.jp

Corresponding author.
, Yuichiro Uedaa, Takayuki Uchidab, Masaya Kofujib, Hideyuki Hayasakab, Taro Hoshinoa, Kaoru Tabeic, Yoshiyuki Morishitaa
a Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
b Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
c Minami-Uonuma City Hospital, Niigata, Japan
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    "titulo" => "Blood transfusion during haemodialysis improves systemic tissue oxygenation&#58; A case report"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in regional oxygen saturation &#40;rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of the forehead &#40;A&#41;&#44; liver &#40;B&#41;&#44; and lower leg &#40;C&#41; as per the oxygenation values of cerebral&#44; hepatic&#44; and muscle tissue&#44; respectively&#44; under hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; with or without blood transfusion&#46; rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio is defined as the ratio of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#40;min&#41; during HD and the initial rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value before HD &#40;rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#40;min&#41; during HD&#47;initial rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> before HD&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tissue oxygenation is maintained through various mechanisms&#44; including blood pressure&#44; circulating blood volume&#44; and hemoglobin &#40;Hb&#41; concentration&#46; In particular&#44; Hb itself is considered an important factor because of its oxygen transportation function to systemic organs&#46; Therefore&#44; it is evident that oxygen supply would decrease in a severe anemic state&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recent reports have demonstrated the measurement of regional oxygen saturation &#40;rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; a real-time marker of tissue oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy &#40;NIRS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Measurement of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> by using NIRS is a straightforward non-invasive procedure&#44; which can be performed continuously&#46; Nevertheless&#44; only a few studies have investigated the association between systemic tissue oxygenation and the increase in Hb levels after blood transfusion in hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; patients&#46; In the current case study&#44; we were able to monitor changes in the rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of brain&#44; liver&#44; and lower-limb muscles during HD with and without blood transfusion&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 79-year-old woman undergoing HD was admitted to our hospital with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis&#46; Upon admission&#44; we administered intravenous antibiotics and performed endoscopic biliary drainage&#44; which resulted in a gradual improvement of her symptoms&#46; Her anemia had been previously managed with an erythropoietin-beta &#40;3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;session&#44; 3 times&#47;week&#41;&#59; however&#44; her Hb levels decreased to 6&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#46; Therefore&#44; blood transfusion during HD was performed&#46; She provided written informed consent to participate in monitoring of her systemic rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> during HD with or without blood transfusion&#46; The rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels were monitored at the forehead&#44; right hypochondriac region above the liver&#44; and lower leg above the gastrocnemii muscles by using the INVOS 5100c &#40;Covidien Japan&#41;&#46; She received a transfusion of 560<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of concentrated red blood cells during HD and her Hb levels increased from 6&#46;8 to 10&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL after HD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; we compared the time course of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio in each organ&#44; with and without blood transfusion&#46; The rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio was defined as the ratio of rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#40;min&#41; during HD and initial rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value before HD&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; the changes in rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio during HD without blood transfusion were modest in each organ&#44; whereas the rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio at each organ increased with blood transfusion&#44; particularly in cerebral and hepatic regions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the world including United States&#44; Europe&#44; and Japan in around 1990&#44; the use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents &#40;ESA&#41; in clinical settings was approved&#44; which dramatically improved the Hb levels in patients with HD&#46; However&#44; even in the present day&#44; blood transfusion during HD is still necessary for improving Hb levels in HD patients with severe anemia&#46; Indeed&#44; in comparison of blood transfusion frequency between ESA responsive and hyporesponsive HD patients&#44; hyporesponsive patients had approximately 5 to 7-fold higher burden of blood transfusion than those with responsiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In addition&#44; changes in systemic oxygenation induced by blood transfusion during HD have not been investigated extensively&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The brain has an auto-regulatory mechanism to maintain cerebral oxygenation&#46; In HD patients&#44; normalization of hematocrit by ESA did not increase cerebral oxygenation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover&#44; cerebral oxygenation in these patients was well-maintained when compared to pre-dialysis patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and cerebral rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values did not change by ultrafiltration under well-managed Hb levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In the present case&#44; rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values did not change in any organ during HD without blood transfusion&#44; which is similar to a previous report&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> On the other hand&#44; each rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values improved with an increase in Hb levels after blood transfusion&#46; Particularly in the brain&#44; oxygen supply decreases in patients with severe anemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; furthermore&#44; acute anemia by phlebotomy induces the deterioration of intracellular oxygen reactions in mice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Thus&#44; presence of severe anemia may lead to a decrease in cerebral oxygenation despite the auto-regulatory mechanism of the brain&#46; Therefore&#44; the improvement of cerebral oxygenation after blood transfusion could be explained by the increase of oxygen-carrying capacity&#44; which is associated with the increase in Hb levels&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the changes in rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of each organ after blood transfusion&#44; the improvement of lower-limb muscular rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was relatively lower than that of cerebral and hepatic rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> even in this case without peripheral artery disease&#46; In HD patients&#44; the prevalence of subclinical peripheral artery disease reached around 20&#8211;25&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and its presence may directly influence the lower-limb muscular rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> via a decrease in oxygen supply induced by the dysfunction of macro- and micro-circulation&#46; Furthermore&#44; the skeletal muscle index has been reported to be lower in HD patients than in healthy subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Therefore&#44; the changes in lower-limb muscular rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value during HD might be influenced by the circulatory impairment and skeletal muscle weakness&#46; However&#44; the mechanism responsible for the differences in rSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> improvement between different organs&#44; induced by blood transfusion during HD&#44; remains unclear and requires further investigation&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study suggests that blood transfusion during HD could be an effective method to improve tissue oxygenation&#44; particularly cerebral and hepatic oxygenation in HD patients with severe anemia&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financing</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest statement</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#47;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hb&#44; g&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr&#44; mg&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumin&#44; g&#47;dL</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Before&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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