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de atenci&#243;n primaria &#40;AP&#41; de Madrid nos permite obtener informaci&#243;n cuya validez ha sido demostrada para la realizaci&#243;n de estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la prevalencia y riesgo de progresi&#243;n de ERC en pacientes diab&#233;ticos y&#47;o hipertensos mayores de 40 a&#241;os en AP&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional mediante la explotaci&#243;n de HCE en condiciones de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual de los 263 centros de salud de AP de la Comunidad de Madrid&#44; que atiende aproximadamente a 6&#46;384&#46;000 personas &#40;base de datos poblacional&#41;&#44; desde el 1 de octubre de 2012 hasta el 31 de marzo de 2013&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron los pacientes mayores de 40 a&#241;os diagnosticados de HTA y&#47;o diabetes &#40;Clasificaci&#243;n internacional de AP&#44; c&#243;digos CIAP&#58; K86&#44; K87&#44; T90&#41;&#46; Se excluyeron pacientes en los que hubiese transcurrido menos de 3 meses o m&#225;s de 15 meses entre las 2 determinaciones de creatinina o de albuminuria necesarias para adecuarse a la definici&#243;n de ERC de las gu&#237;as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de creatinina y de albuminuria &#40;cociente alb&#250;mina&#47;creatinina&#41; se obtuvieron de la HCE de AP&#44; donde todos los laboratorios de la Comunidad de Madrid integran de manera directa sus resultados&#46; Se estim&#243; el valor del FGe mediante la f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de datos se realiz&#243; de forma retrospectiva mediante el lenguaje inform&#225;tico &#171;SQL&#187; de extracci&#243;n de informaci&#243;n de la HCE&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 24&#46;087 pacientes&#44; edad media de 68&#44;8 a&#241;os &#40;DE&#58; 11&#44;5&#41; y 56&#44;6&#37; mujeres&#46; El 22&#37; &#40;5&#46;292 pacientes&#41; eran diab&#233;ticos&#44; el 27&#44;5&#37; &#40;6&#46;613 pacientes&#41; hipertensos y el 50&#44;6&#37; &#40;12&#46;182 pacientes&#41; estaban diagnosticados de ambas enfermedades&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se muestran sus caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basales&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de ERC en la poblaci&#243;n estudiada fue del 32&#44;27&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 31&#44;67-32&#44;86&#41;&#44; siendo el 11&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 11&#44;0-11&#44;8&#41; debido a la presencia exclusiva de albuminuria &#40;G1-G2&#47;A2-A3&#41;&#46; Entre los diab&#233;ticos la prevalencia de ERC fue del 16&#44;95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 15&#44;91-17&#44;95&#41;&#44; en los hipertensos del 24&#44;62&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 23&#44;57-25&#44;66&#41; y con ambas enfermedades del 31&#44;22&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 30&#44;39-32&#44;04&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se observa la distribuci&#243;n en los diferentes estadios de la ERC y su riesgo de progresi&#243;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados globales de nuestro estudio coinciden con otros trabajos realizados donde se observa una prevalencia alta de ERC en pacientes hipertensos &#40;24&#37;&#41; mayores de 18 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Respecto a la poblaci&#243;n diab&#233;tica encontramos mayor variabilidad con prevalencias entre el 17&#44;3&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> al 34&#44;6&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Se aprecia una mayor proporci&#243;n de pacientes diab&#233;ticos con afectaci&#243;n de la albuminuria que en poblaci&#243;n hipertensa&#44; dato con especial relevancia al haber mostrado en algunos estudios ser un factor independiente de mortalidad por todas las causas y de mortalidad cardiovascular en prevenci&#243;n primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; la proporci&#243;n de pacientes con FGe disminuido es mayor en hipertensos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las limitaciones destaca la imposibilidad de distinguir las diferentes etnias a trav&#233;s de la HCE&#44; por lo que no puede aplicarse la f&#243;rmula diferenciadora para FGe&#46; Es posible que existan p&#233;rdidas correspondientes a los pacientes con estadio avanzado&#44; ya que su seguimiento ser&#237;a mayor en el &#225;mbito hospitalario&#46; Nuestro trabajo se ha realizado con poblaci&#243;n atendida en AP que cumpliese exhaustivamente la definici&#243;n de ERC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; lo que puede significar que la precisi&#243;n &#40;disminuci&#243;n del error aleatorio&#41; de este estudio sea mayor para los estadios iniciales de ERC&#44; pacientes seguidos habitualmente en nuestro &#225;mbito&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; la prevalencia de ERC fue mayor en los pacientes con HTA&#44; si bien hubo mayor proporci&#243;n de pacientes diab&#233;ticos con afectaci&#243;n de la albuminuria&#46; Estas 2 poblaciones son susceptibles de riesgo de progresi&#243;n y de mortalidad cardiovascular&#59; el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el ajuste de f&#225;rmacos nefrot&#243;xicos seg&#250;n el estadio de la enfermedad resultan de gran importancia para el control de la progresi&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cociente alb&#250;mina&#47;creatinina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los colores muestran el riesgo relativo ajustado para 5 eventos &#40;mortalidad global&#44; mortalidad cardiovascular&#44; fracaso renal tratado con di&#225;lisis o trasplante&#44; fracaso renal agudo y progresi&#243;n de la ERC&#41;&#46; El riesgo menor corresponde al color verde &#40;categor&#237;a &#171;bajo riesgo&#187; y si no hay datos de lesi&#243;n renal no se puede catalogar siquiera como ERC&#41;&#44; seguido del color amarillo &#40;riesgo &#171;moderadamente aumentado&#187;&#41;&#44; naranja &#40;&#171;alto riesgo&#187;&#41; y rojo &#40;&#171;muy alto riesgo&#187;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n total &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#46;087&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diab&#233;ticos &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;292&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3a &#40;45-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G5 &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hipertensos &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;613&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3a &#40;45-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G5 &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diab&#233;ticos e hipertensos &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;182&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G5 &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribuci&#243;n &#40;en porcentajes&#41; en los estadios de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica y riesgo de progresi&#243;n</p>"
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        0 => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0055"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Validation of diabetes mellitus and hypertension diagnosis in computerized medical records in primary health care"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; De Burgos-Lunar"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Salinero-Fort"
                            2 => "J&#46; C&#225;rdenas-Valladolid"
                            3 => "S&#46; Soto-D&#237;az"
                            4 => "C&#46;Y&#46; Fuentes-Rodr&#237;guez"
                            5 => "J&#46;C&#46; Ab&#225;nades-Herranz"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1471-2288-11-146"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Med Res Methodol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "146"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035202"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Documento de consenso sobre la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#46; S&#46;E&#46;N-semFYC"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; S&#225;nchez-Celaya del Pozo"
                            1 => "S&#46; Tranche Iparraguirre"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.aprim.2014.10.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atenci&#243;n Primaria"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "453"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25439670"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica en atenci&#243;n primaria&#58; prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Salvador Gonz&#225;lez"
                            1 => "M&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Pascual"
                            2 => "L&#46; Ruip&#233;rez Guijarro"
                            3 => "A&#46; Ferr&#233; Gonz&#225;lez"
                            4 => "O&#46; Cunillera Puertolas"
                            5 => "L&#46;M&#46; Rodr&#237;guez Latre"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.aprim.2014.06.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atenci&#243;n Primaria"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "paginaInicial" => "236"
                        "paginaFinal" => "245"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25212720"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0070"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Obesity and diabetes in the developing world a growing challenge"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Hossai Kawar"
                            1 => "M&#46; El Nahas"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMp068177"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "356"
                        "paginaInicial" => "213"
                        "paginaFinal" => "215"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229948"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Documento de consenso sobre el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2 en el paciente con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46; G&#243;mez-Huelgas"
                            1 => "A&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Castelao"
                            2 => "S&#46; Artola"
                            3 => "J&#46;L&#46; G&#243;rriz"
                            4 => "E&#46; Men&#233;ndez"
                          ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
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Carta al Director
Prevalencia y riesgo de progresión de enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos seguidos en atención primaria en la Comunidad de Madrid
Prevalence and risk of progression of chronic kidney disease in diabetics and hypertensive patients followed in primary care in Madrid
Guadalupe Alemán-Vegaa,
Autor para correspondencia
guadalupe.aleman@salud.madrid.org

Autor para correspondencia.
, Isabel Gómez Cabañasb, Laura Reques Sastrec, Javier Rosado Martínd, Elena Polentinos-Castroe, Ricardo Rodríguez Barrientose
a Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, España
b Servicio de Atención Rural (SAR) Algete, Madrid, España
c Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Madrid, España
d Centro de Salud Universitario Reina Victoria, Madrid, España
e Unidad Docente de Atención Familiar y Comunitaria Norte, Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41; es un problema de salud p&#250;blica de gran relevancia por su infradiagn&#243;stico&#44; morbimortalidad vascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> y prevalencia &#40;afecta al 10&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n adulta&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Esta prevalencia es mayor en pacientes diab&#233;ticos &#40;hombres 29&#44;3&#37;&#47;mujeres 22&#44;3&#37;&#41; e hipertensos &#40;hombres 57&#37;&#47;mujeres 61&#44;4&#37;&#41; mayores de 60 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ERC implica una carga y coste sanitario para el sistema de salud p&#250;blico espa&#241;ol que se estima en 800 millones de euros anuales en estadios avanzados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; La magnitud del problema de la ERC aumentar&#225; por el incremento de la esperanza de vida y una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades como la obesidad&#44; la hipertensi&#243;n &#40;HTA&#41; y la diabetes mellitus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con diabetes e insuficiencia renal son un grupo de especial riesgo&#44; pues presentan mayor morbimortalidad que los diab&#233;ticos con funci&#243;n renal normal&#46; La estimaci&#243;n del filtrado glomerular &#40;FGe&#41; ha sido utilizada para la estadificaci&#243;n de la ERC&#44; pero en 2013 la gu&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes</span> ha sido actualizada incluyendo en la clasificaci&#243;n la determinaci&#243;n de albuminuria&#44; y permitiendo evaluar el riesgo estratificado de progresi&#243;n de la ERC y de mortalidad global y cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En estudios sobre HTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y diabetes mellitus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> recomiendan en la evaluaci&#243;n peri&#243;dica de estos pacientes la detecci&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de albuminuria y la FGe&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La utilizaci&#243;n de la historia cl&#237;nica electr&#243;nica &#40;HCE&#41; de atenci&#243;n primaria &#40;AP&#41; de Madrid nos permite obtener informaci&#243;n cuya validez ha sido demostrada para la realizaci&#243;n de estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la prevalencia y riesgo de progresi&#243;n de ERC en pacientes diab&#233;ticos y&#47;o hipertensos mayores de 40 a&#241;os en AP&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional mediante la explotaci&#243;n de HCE en condiciones de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual de los 263 centros de salud de AP de la Comunidad de Madrid&#44; que atiende aproximadamente a 6&#46;384&#46;000 personas &#40;base de datos poblacional&#41;&#44; desde el 1 de octubre de 2012 hasta el 31 de marzo de 2013&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron los pacientes mayores de 40 a&#241;os diagnosticados de HTA y&#47;o diabetes &#40;Clasificaci&#243;n internacional de AP&#44; c&#243;digos CIAP&#58; K86&#44; K87&#44; T90&#41;&#46; Se excluyeron pacientes en los que hubiese transcurrido menos de 3 meses o m&#225;s de 15 meses entre las 2 determinaciones de creatinina o de albuminuria necesarias para adecuarse a la definici&#243;n de ERC de las gu&#237;as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los valores de creatinina y de albuminuria &#40;cociente alb&#250;mina&#47;creatinina&#41; se obtuvieron de la HCE de AP&#44; donde todos los laboratorios de la Comunidad de Madrid integran de manera directa sus resultados&#46; Se estim&#243; el valor del FGe mediante la f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de datos se realiz&#243; de forma retrospectiva mediante el lenguaje inform&#225;tico &#171;SQL&#187; de extracci&#243;n de informaci&#243;n de la HCE&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 24&#46;087 pacientes&#44; edad media de 68&#44;8 a&#241;os &#40;DE&#58; 11&#44;5&#41; y 56&#44;6&#37; mujeres&#46; El 22&#37; &#40;5&#46;292 pacientes&#41; eran diab&#233;ticos&#44; el 27&#44;5&#37; &#40;6&#46;613 pacientes&#41; hipertensos y el 50&#44;6&#37; &#40;12&#46;182 pacientes&#41; estaban diagnosticados de ambas enfermedades&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se muestran sus caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basales&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de ERC en la poblaci&#243;n estudiada fue del 32&#44;27&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 31&#44;67-32&#44;86&#41;&#44; siendo el 11&#44;4&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 11&#44;0-11&#44;8&#41; debido a la presencia exclusiva de albuminuria &#40;G1-G2&#47;A2-A3&#41;&#46; Entre los diab&#233;ticos la prevalencia de ERC fue del 16&#44;95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 15&#44;91-17&#44;95&#41;&#44; en los hipertensos del 24&#44;62&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 23&#44;57-25&#44;66&#41; y con ambas enfermedades del 31&#44;22&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 30&#44;39-32&#44;04&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se observa la distribuci&#243;n en los diferentes estadios de la ERC y su riesgo de progresi&#243;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados globales de nuestro estudio coinciden con otros trabajos realizados donde se observa una prevalencia alta de ERC en pacientes hipertensos &#40;24&#37;&#41; mayores de 18 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Respecto a la poblaci&#243;n diab&#233;tica encontramos mayor variabilidad con prevalencias entre el 17&#44;3&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> al 34&#44;6&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Se aprecia una mayor proporci&#243;n de pacientes diab&#233;ticos con afectaci&#243;n de la albuminuria que en poblaci&#243;n hipertensa&#44; dato con especial relevancia al haber mostrado en algunos estudios ser un factor independiente de mortalidad por todas las causas y de mortalidad cardiovascular en prevenci&#243;n primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; la proporci&#243;n de pacientes con FGe disminuido es mayor en hipertensos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las limitaciones destaca la imposibilidad de distinguir las diferentes etnias a trav&#233;s de la HCE&#44; por lo que no puede aplicarse la f&#243;rmula diferenciadora para FGe&#46; Es posible que existan p&#233;rdidas correspondientes a los pacientes con estadio avanzado&#44; ya que su seguimiento ser&#237;a mayor en el &#225;mbito hospitalario&#46; Nuestro trabajo se ha realizado con poblaci&#243;n atendida en AP que cumpliese exhaustivamente la definici&#243;n de ERC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; lo que puede significar que la precisi&#243;n &#40;disminuci&#243;n del error aleatorio&#41; de este estudio sea mayor para los estadios iniciales de ERC&#44; pacientes seguidos habitualmente en nuestro &#225;mbito&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; la prevalencia de ERC fue mayor en los pacientes con HTA&#44; si bien hubo mayor proporci&#243;n de pacientes diab&#233;ticos con afectaci&#243;n de la albuminuria&#46; Estas 2 poblaciones son susceptibles de riesgo de progresi&#243;n y de mortalidad cardiovascular&#59; el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el ajuste de f&#225;rmacos nefrot&#243;xicos seg&#250;n el estadio de la enfermedad resultan de gran importancia para el control de la progresi&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Filtrado glomerular &#40;ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G1 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#44;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#44;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3a &#40;45-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#44;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#44;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G5 &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1446168.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diab&#233;ticos &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;292&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A2 &#40;30-299&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A3 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Filtrado glomerular &#40;ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G1 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&#44;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#44;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3a &#40;45-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G5 &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1446172.png"
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hipertensos &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;613&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A2 &#40;30-299&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A3 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Filtrado glomerular &#40;ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G1 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3a &#40;45-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#44;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G5 &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1446171.png"
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diab&#233;ticos e hipertensos &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;182&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cociente alb&#250;mina creatinina &#40;mg&#47;g&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A1 &#40;10-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A2 &#40;30-299&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A3 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Filtrado glomerular &#40;ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G1 &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G2 &#40;60-89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#44;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3a &#40;45-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G3b &#40;30-44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G4 &#40;15-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02116995
Idioma original: Español
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Idiomas
Nefrología