Reno-protective effects of propolis on gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in swiss albino mice

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Reducción de homocisteína A); reducción de p-cresyl sulfato B) y reducción de indoxyl sulfato C)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Soraya Abad, Almudena Vega, Borja Quiroga, David Arroyo, Nayara Panizo, Javier Eduardo Reque, Juan Manuel López-Gómez" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Soraya" "apellidos" => "Abad" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Almudena" "apellidos" => "Vega" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Borja" "apellidos" => "Quiroga" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "David" "apellidos" => "Arroyo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nayara" "apellidos" => "Panizo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Reque" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Manuel" "apellidos" => "López-Gómez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2013251416301468" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefroe.2016.05.011" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251416301468?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0211699516300777?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/02116995/0000003600000006/v1_201611240148/S0211699516300777/v1_201611240148/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Reno-protective effects of propolis on gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in swiss albino mice" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "643" "paginaFinal" => "652" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Badr Abdullah Aldahmash, Doaa Mohamed El-Nagar, Khalid Elfakki Ibrahim" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Badr Abdullah" "apellidos" => "Aldahmash" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "badr.zool.ksu@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Doaa Mohamed" "apellidos" => "El-Nagar" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Khalid Elfakki" "apellidos" => "Ibrahim" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Ain Shams University, College of Girls for Science, Arts and Education, Department of Zoology, Cairo, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efectos renoprotectores del propóleo sobre la toxicidad renal aguda inducida por gentamicina en ratones albinos suizos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 963 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 327855 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Malondialdehyde immunoreaction in control (a), Gm (b) and GmP (c) treated mice." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionGentamicin is commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic for the treatment of various bacterial infections. The recommended routes of administration of gentamicin are intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or topical as it is not sufficiently absorbed by the intestinal tract.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">1,2</a> However, potential clinical use of gentamicin is limited due to gentamicin-induced toxicity, even at doses slightly higher than recommended doses. Gentamicin can cause tissue injury such as nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">3,4</a> and liver toxicity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">5</a> possibly through generation of free oxygen radicals. Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin arises due to its accumulation in renal cortical tubular epithelial cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">2</a> Although the pathogenesis of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) has been the focus of a large number of studies, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that gentamicin nephrotoxicity is a complex and multifaceted process in which gentamicin triggers cellular responses involving multiple pathways that culminate in renal damage and necrosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">6,7</a> Therefore, a number of different molecular markers are being used to assess the kidney injury including Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), markers for apoptosis and oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">8–10</a>Several agents and strategies have been attempted to ameliorate gentamicin nephrotoxicity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">11–13</a> with main focus on the use of various antioxidant agents including the extracts from medicinal plants with antioxidant properties.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">11</a> However, none of these have been found safe/suitable for clinical practice due to known and unexplored side effects. Propolis a gum like substance gathered by bees from various plants and varies in colour from light yellow to dark brown,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">14</a> possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-hepatitis and anti-arthritis, and is also known to enhance immune system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">15–17</a> This biological activity may be attributed to its constituents obtained from plants, mainly phenolic compounds such as flavonoids. Flavonoids are well-known antioxidant possessing free radical scavenging and metal chelating activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">18</a> At least 38 different flavonoids have been reported in propolis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">19</a> Some components of the propolis are absorbed and circulate in the blood and behave as hydrophilic antioxidant and save vitamin C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">20</a> The present study therefore evaluates the potential of propolis when administered orally to protect the kidney against the harmful effects and acute nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in swiss albino mice.Materials and methodsAnimalsSwiss albino male mice weighing 25±g were used for the experiment. These animals were acclimated to 22±1°C and were maintained under 12-h periods of light and dark each, with free access to clean water and commercial mice food. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages inside a well-ventilated room.Experimental designMice were randomly distributed into three groups, each containing 10 mice. Group 1 mice received saline and served as control group while group 2 mice received intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin at dose of 80mg/kg for 7 consecutive days and this group was marked as Gm group. Mice in group 3 were treated as group 2 and were additionally co-administered with 500mg/kg of propolis one hour-post gentamicin injection and this group was marked as GmP group.Kidney indexFollowing treatments as described above, each mouse was weighed; kidneys were removed and weighed. Finally, the kidney index was calculated by dividing the left kidney weight by the body weight and then multiplying by 100 and the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS software (SPSS Inc.).Biochemical analysisBlood samples for the measurement of blood chemistry were drawn into prechilled tubes containing EDTA, and immediately placed on ice. Serum in the samples was separated by centrifugation at 3000rpm and stored at −80°C until assay. Serums were used for the estimation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.Histopathological analysisHistopathological preparationKidneys were collected and cut into small pieces, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Following fixation, specimens were dehydrated, embedded in wax, and then sectioned to 5μm thicknesses. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's Trichrome stain and Gomori silver technique. Digital images of kidneys tissues were obtained using a light microscope at a magnification of 400×.Gene-expression localization studiesParaffin embedded kidney sections were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in descending grades of alcohol and finally distilled water. Sections were then heated in citrate buffer (pH 6) in microwave for 5min, washed with PBS buffer for 5min and were incubated in peroxidase blocking solution for 10min. After blocking sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with diluted primary antibody (anti-caspase3 ab13585, anti-Kim-1, rabbit polyclonal antibody ab78494, anti-malondialdehyde ab194225). Sections were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (ab128976) for 30min, followed by incubation in avidin-biotin complex for 30min. Finally DAB (ab64238) was used as chromogenic substrate for the detection of Ab binding. Stained sections were counter stained with Mayer's haematoxylin, and dehydrated within ascending grades of alcohol and cleared with two changes of xylene, mounted with cover slip based on DPX mountant, (all reagents from Abcam). Kidney sections were examined under microscope for brown immunoreactivity colour and photos at 400× magnification.Renal pathology analysisFormalin-fixed kidney sections (5μm) were stained with haematoxylin and eosin to distinguish cell nuclei and digital images of glomeruli were recorded at 400× magnification using a light microscope. Glomerular tuft areas were measured by microscopy computer system (Motic-2000), while, glomerular cellularity was determined by counting the number of nuclei in 20 hilar glomerular tuft cross-sections per animal.Pathological score for tubular injuryFor determining pathological score haematoxylin eosin stained preparations were evaluated under light microscope. Dilated tubules, loss of brush border, tubular casts, leukocytic infiltration and tubular degeneration in the cortical area were scored as described by Biswas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">21</a> The scoring system used is described as follows. Kidneys showing no tubular injury were marked 0. While, kidneys exhibiting mild tubular injury ≤10% were given a score of 1. Similarly, kidneys showing mild (10–25%), moderate (26–50%), extensive (=51–75%) and severe (≥75%) tubular injuries were assigned a score of 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Tubular cast scored as 0=negative and 1=positive.Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysisKidney sections stained with Mason's Trichrome, Gomori silver technique, Caspase 3 in glomeruli and tubules, Kim-1 in glomeruli and tubules, and malondialdehyde gene-expressions by ABC method were quantitatively scored as −=none, +=little, ++=mild and +++=intense.Statistical analysisStatistical evaluation was carried out by using one-way ANOVA test and SPSS (16.0 software), all values were expressed as mean±SD. Values of p<0.05 were accepted as significant.ResultsKidney index and biochemical analysisKidney index showed insignificant difference between control and gentamicin experimental groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in gentamicin (Gm) and gentamicin with propolis (GmP) groups compared to control group. The Kidney index for Control, Gm and GmP group was 22, 41 and 38, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). It is important to note that there was an insignificant decrease of Kidney index in GmP group (38) compared to Gm group (41). Creatinine levels showed insignificant difference in gentamicin experimental groups compared to control group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Histopathological analysisGlomerular analysisControl kidney exhibit normal glomeruli score (4.3μm3), glomerular area, and (30C/gcs) cells (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) with abundant podocytes, mesangial cells with healthy mesangial matrix in between and normal capsular space (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a). Kidney sections of Gm mice group showed diminished glomeruli that scored significant decrease in area (2.4μm3) and cellularity (20C/gcs) compared to control group p<0.05, in addition to severe degeneration in mesangial matrix (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b and c). Whereas, GmP mice revealed relatively healthy glomeruli evident from large podocytes, abundant mesangial cells and healthy mesangial matrix (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>d), scoring 3.8μm3 glomerular area and (27C/gcs) glomerular cells with insignificant difference compared to control group and significant increase compared to gentamicin group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Control kidney sections stained with Masson's Trichrome showed abundant glomerular cells without any depositions of collagenous fibres inside glomeruli or in between cortical tubules (- to collagenous fibres) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>a). Whereas, kidney sections of Gm mice showed intense depositions of collagenous fibres and stained blue by Masson's Trichrome in the glomeruli and also in between cortical tubules (+++) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>b and c). Kidney sections of GmP mice show no collagenous fibres depositions in glomeruli or in between tubules (−) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>d).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Control kidney sections stained with Gomori silver technique showed no deposition of reticular fibres (−) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>a). Whereas, kidney sections of Gm showed mild depositions of brown reticular fibres (++) in necrotic areas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>b). While, kidney sections of GmP mice show no reticular fibres depositions (−) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>c).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Kidney sections stained by Avidin Biotin Complex (ABC) immunohistochemistry method for caspase-3 gene-expression show no immunoreactivity (−) in the kidney sections of control mice group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>a) and in kidney sections from GmP mice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>c). Whereas, kidney of Gm show intense brown immunoprecipitation (+++) inside the glomeruli (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>b, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>), indicating apoptosis.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Similarly, Kim-1 gene-expression shows no immunoreactivity (−) in control sections (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>a). Whereas, an intense immunoprecipitation was observed in glomeruli and cortical tubules in sections of Gm mice kidney (+++) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>b). A slight ameliorative effect of propolis was evident from weak brownish immunoprecipitation observed in sections of GmP mice kidney (+) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>c). Kidney sections stained for Malondialdehyde (oxidative stress Marker) show no immunoprecipitation (−ve) in untreated control sections (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>a) almost similar immunoreaction was observed in GmP mice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>c). Whereas, intense immunoprecipitation was observed in glomeruli sections of Kidney from Gm mice group (+++) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>b, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Tubular analysisControl kidney sections showed normal tubules without dilatation and proximal tubules appeared filled because of the long microvilli of the brush border and aggregates of small plasma proteins bound to this structure, by contrast lumens of distal tubules appeared empty (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>a). Sections of Gm mice kidney showed mild dilatation with a pathological score of 2 with empty lumens of proximal tubules score (3), moderate loss of pathological score (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>b). Whereas, sections of GmP mice scored 1, with mild injuries, dilatation and loss of brush borders (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>c).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Control sections show (score 0) no leucocytic infiltration, tubular degeneration and tubular cast (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>a). While sections of Gm mice kidney show severe leucocytic infiltration (score 5, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>b), extensive tubular degeneration (score 4, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>c) and presence of tubular cast (Score 1, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>d, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). Whereas, sections of GmP scored show mild leucocytic infiltration (Score 1), and tubular degeneration but do not show tubular cast (score 0, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>e).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia>Immunohistochemical analysis of control mice shows no immunoreactivity in control sections (−) for caspase 3 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>a1). Whereas, mild (++) immunoprecipitates were seen in tubules kidney of Gm mice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>a2). In GmP mice group however, there was a significant decrease in the intensity of immunoprecipitation (+) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>a3).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Kim-1 gene-expression also shows no immunoreactivity in control sections (−) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>b1). Whereas, intense (+++) immunoprecipitation was observed in tubules of Gm mice kidney (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>b2). Moreover, in GmP mice (little, + <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>) the intensity of Kim-1 gene immunoprecipitation was very low (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>b3). Kidney sections stained for Malondialdehyde (oxidative stress Marker) gene-expression showed no immunoreactivity in control sections (−) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>c1). Whereas, intense (+++) brownish immunoprecipitates were seen in tubules of Gm mice kidney (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>c2), and very low intensity of (+, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>) immunoprecipitates was found in the tubules of Gmp mice kidney (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>c3).DiscussionResults presented in this study confirmed that gentamicin administration caused marked changes in kidney tubules may be due to gentamicin reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules, causing degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial cells of the tubules. These changes are manifested by dilated tubules, loss of brush border, severe leucocytic infiltrations, tubular degeneration and presence of tubular casts. These findings are in agreement with previous studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295">22-24</a> Co-administration of propolis with gentamicin revealed significant improvement in kidney tubules marked by the absence of tubular casts, reduction of infiltration, degeneration and tubular dilatation. Azab et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">25</a> also reported similar effect of propolis, wherein co-administration of propolis with gentamicin, resulted in normal epithelial lining with brush borders in proximal convoluted tubules. However, some tubules appeared regenerating with disrupted brush borders.Han et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">26</a> has shown the activation of proapoptotic proteins in kidneys exhibiting nephrotoxicity. Caspases often used as a marker to study apoptosis, are form the family of endoproteases that provide critical links in cell regulatory networks controlling inflammation and cell death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">27</a> Sahu et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">28</a> has shown that Gentamicin results in apoptosis in glomeruli and tubules. While, this toxicity was ameliorated by the co-administration of propolis. Renoprotective effect of Brazilian red propolis has also been demonstrated by Teles et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">29</a> Other biomarkers to study nephrotoxicity include Kidney injury molecule 1. Prozialeck et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">30</a> has suggested the use of KIM-1 as a nephrotoxicity biomarker in preclinical studies of drug candidates. Furthermore, Food and Drug Administration (USA) has also recently recognized KIM-1 as an appropriate biomarker for renal injury in preclinical studies of pharmacological agents. Besides being a sensitive diagnostic marker of nephrotoxicity, KIM-1 also has predictive value for AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">31</a> Results obtained in our study confirmed that gentamicin administration produced severe kidney injury as evident from intense immunoreactions of kim-1 gene in glomeruli and tubules. These findings are in agreement with the reports of Chen et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">32</a> Mcduffie et al., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">33</a> and Qiu et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">34</a> As in these studies also an intense immunoreaction of Kim-1 was observed following exposure to gentamicin. Interestingly, a decrease in kim-1 immunoreaction was observed in this study when Gentamicin was co-administered with propolis; a trend which was also observed in caspase-3 immunoreactions.Another mode through which gentamicin exert its nephrotoxicity, is through the generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) or oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">35</a> These ROS target a number of biomolecules including lipids. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the principal and most studied product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation. And hence is considered as an important marker of lipid peroxidation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">36</a> In agreement with previous studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">37</a> gentamicin administration produced intense immunoreaction of (MDA) gene as an oxidative stress marker in glomeruli and tubules confirming the gentamicin mediated oxidative stress in kidney tissue. However, oral administration of propolis resulted in a decrease of MDA immunoprecipitation suggesting a decrease in oxidative stress. However, the pathway through which propolis result in this change is not known.Based on the results presented in this study, it can be concluded that propolis is a good renoprotective agent and can effectively ameliorate the renotoxicity of gentamicin.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres761784" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec763343" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres761785" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec763344" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Experimental design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Kidney index" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Biochemical analysis" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Histopathological analysis" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Histopathological preparation" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Gene-expression localization studies" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Renal pathology analysis" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Pathological score for tubular injury" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Kidney index and biochemical analysis" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Histopathological analysis" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Glomerular analysis" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Tubular analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack253434" "titulo" => "Acknowledgement" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-07-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-06-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec763343" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Gentamicin" 1 => "Propolis" 2 => "Kidney" 3 => "Apoptosis" 4 => "Oxidative stress" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec763344" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Gentamicina" 1 => "Propóleo" 2 => "Riñón" 3 => "Apoptosis" 4 => "Estrés oxidativo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundKidney is a vital organ which plays an important and irreplaceable role in detoxification and removal of xenobiotics. And therefore is vulnerable to develop various forms of injuries. Hence, making it immensely important to search for natural reno-protective compounds. ObjectivesThis study therefore, aims to evaluate the reno-protective properties of propolis against gentamicin induced renal toxicity in mice. MethodsThree groups of 10 male mice each were used for this study. First group served as control, the second group (Gm group) was administered orally 80mg/kg body weight gentamicin for 7 days, and the third group (GmP group) was administered same dose of gentamicin with propolis (500mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Various parameters were used to study the renal toxicity. ResultsGentamicin caused significant renal damage as evident by the rise in BUN levels, diminished glomeruli hypocellularity, moderately dilated tubules, and mild loss of brush border, severe infiltration, extensive tubular degeneration and presence of tubular cast. Histochemistry results show presence of collagen and reticular fibres. Immunohistochemical reactions show kidney injury (Kim-1 gene-expression), oxidative stress (MDA gene-expression), and an increase in apoptosis (caspase-3 gene-expression). Co-administration of propolis with gentamicin showed significant decrease in BUN levels, appearance of healthy glomeruli with normal cellularity, reduction of tubular injury, decrease of collagen and reticular fibres deposition, reduction of apoptosis, kidney injury and oxidative stress. ConclusionResults presented in this study clearly show the reno-protective role of propolis against gentamicin-induced toxicity on mice kidney." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesEl riñón es un órgano vital que desempeña una función importante e insustituible en la desintoxicación y la eliminación de los xenobióticos y, por lo tanto, es vulnerable a desarrollar diversas formas de lesión. Esto hace muy importante la búsqueda de compuestos renoprotectores naturales. ObjetivosEste estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las propiedades renoprotectoras del propóleo contra la toxicidad renal inducida por gentamicina en ratones. MétodosPara este estudio se utilizaron 3 grupos de 10 ratones macho en cada uno. El primer grupo sirvió como control, el segundo grupo (grupo Gm) recibió 80mg/kg de peso corporal de gentamicina por vía oral durante 7 días y el tercer grupo (grupo GmP) recibió la misma dosis de gentamicina con propóleo (500mg/kg de peso corporal) durante 7 días. Se utilizaron varios parámetros para estudiar la toxicidad renal. ResultadosLa gentamicina causó daño renal significativo, como demostró el aumento de los niveles de nitrógeno ureico en sangre, la disminución de la hipocelularidad glomerular, los túbulos moderadamente dilatados y la pérdida leve del borde en cepillo, la infiltración grave, la degeneración tubular extensa y la presencia de cilindros tubulares. Los resultados de la histoquímica muestran presencia de colágeno y fibras reticulares. Las reacciones inmunohistoquímicas muestran lesión renal (expresión del gen Kim-1), estrés oxidativo (expresión del gen MDA) y un aumento de la apoptosis (expresión del gen caspasa-3). La administración concomitante de propóleo con gentamicina mostró disminución significativa de los niveles de nitrógeno ureico en la sangre, aspecto de glomérulos sanos con celularidad normal, reducción de la lesión tubular, disminución de colágeno y deposición de fibras reticulares, reducción de la apoptosis, daño renal y estrés oxidativo. ConclusiónLos resultados presentados en este estudio muestran claramente la función renoprotectora del propóleo contra la toxicidad inducida por gentamicina en el riñón de los ratones." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1661 "Ancho" => 2334 "Tamanyo" => 453523 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Glomerular analysis of kidney from control (a), Gm (b, c) and GmP (d) group of mice." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1700 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 576979 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Showing depositions of collagenous fibres in control (a), Gm (b and c), and GmP mice group." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 857 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 677875 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Showing reticular fibres in control, Gm and GmP group of mice." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 837 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 344039 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Caspase-3 gene-expression in control (a), Gm (b) and GmP (c) mice group." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 870 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 352171 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Immunoreaction of Kim-1 gene in control (a), Gm (b) and GmP (c) treated mice." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 963 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 327855 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Malondialdehyde immunoreaction in control (a), Gm (b) and GmP (c) treated mice." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 829 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 492493 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tubular analysis of control (a), Gm (b), GmP (c) and treated mice." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1509 "Ancho" => 2896 "Tamanyo" => 641806 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Leucocytic infiltration and tubular degeneration in control (a), gentamicin administered (Gm group; b, c) and GmP mice group." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 2340 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 923062 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Immunohistochemical staining of, caspase 3 in control (a1), Gm (a2) and GmP (a3), Kim-1 control (b1), Gm (b2) and GmP (b3) and Malondialdehyde in control (c1), Gm (c2) and GmP (c3) group of mice." ] ] 9 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Values presented in parenthesis as mean±SD (standard deviation)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin (Gm group) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin+propolis (GmP group) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kidney index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.60 (±0.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.62 (±0.08), +3.3%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">†</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.65 (±0.07), +8.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BUN (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.6 (±0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41 (±2.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a>), +81.4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 (±3.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a>), +68.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 (±0.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.36 (±0.05), −10% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.33 (±0.02), −17.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1258376.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Significant difference (p value <0.5) compared to control group." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "Values in parenthesis show % increase (+), or decrease (−), when compared to control." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Change in kidney index, BUN blood serum and creatinine in blood serum following, treatment with gentamicin alone and along with propolis, in mice." ] ] 10 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Values in parenthesis are mean±SD (standard deviation)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin (Gm group) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin+propolis (GmP group) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glomerular area (μm3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.3 (±2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.4 (±1.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a>), −44%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">†</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.8 (±2), −11% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glomerular cellularity (cells/gcs) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 (±1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20 (±0.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a>), −33% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 (±1.2), −10% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1258377.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Significant difference (p value <0.5) compared to control group." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "Values in parenthesis show % decrease (−), as compared to control." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Glomerular areas and glomerular cellularity of Control, Gm and GmP mice groups." ] ] 11 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "The data presented in parenthesis are ±SD (standard deviation)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin (Gm group) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin+propolis (GmP group) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dilated tubules \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Loss of brush border \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (±0.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Leucocytic infiltration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (±0.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tubular degeneration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tubular cast \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (±0.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 (±0.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1258378.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pathological score of tubular injury in control, Gm and GmP experimental group of mice." ] ] 12 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin (Gm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin+propolis (GmP) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Collagenous fibres \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reticular fibres \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Caspase3 gene (glomeruli) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim-1 gene (glomeruli) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Malondialdehyde gene (glomeruli) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Caspase3 gene (tubules) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim-1 gene (tubules) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Malondialdehyde (tubules) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+++ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1258379.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis in control, gentamicin (Gm), gentamicin treated with propolis (GmP) groups: −, means negative; +, little; ++, mild; +++, extensive." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:37 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. 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Reno-protective effects of propolis on gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in swiss albino mice

Efectos renoprotectores del propóleo sobre la toxicidad renal aguda inducida por gentamicina en ratones albinos suizos

Badr Abdullah Aldahmasha,

Autor para correspondencia

badr.zool.ksu@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Doaa Mohamed El-Nagarb, Khalid Elfakki Ibrahima

a King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

b Ain Shams University, College of Girls for Science, Arts and Education, Department of Zoology, Cairo, Egypt

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Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin arises due to its accumulation in renal cortical tubular epithelial cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although the pathogenesis of gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury &#40;AKI&#41; has been the focus of a large number of studies&#44; the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated&#46; Recent studies suggest that gentamicin nephrotoxicity is a complex and multifaceted process in which gentamicin triggers cellular responses involving multiple pathways that culminate in renal damage and necrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Therefore&#44; a number of different molecular markers are being used to assess the kidney injury including Kidney Injury Molecule-1 &#40;KIM-1&#41;&#44; markers for apoptosis and oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several agents and strategies have been attempted to ameliorate gentamicin nephrotoxicity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> with main focus on the use of various antioxidant agents including the extracts from medicinal plants with antioxidant properties&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> However&#44; none of these have been found safe&#47;suitable for clinical practice due to known and unexplored side effects&#46; Propolis a gum like substance gathered by bees from various plants and varies in colour from light yellow to dark brown&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-hepatitis and anti-arthritis&#44; and is also known to enhance immune system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> This biological activity may be attributed to its constituents obtained from plants&#44; mainly phenolic compounds such as flavonoids&#46; Flavonoids are well-known antioxidant possessing free radical scavenging and metal chelating activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> At least 38 different flavonoids have been reported in propolis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Some components of the propolis are absorbed and circulate in the blood and behave as hydrophilic antioxidant and save vitamin C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The present study therefore evaluates the potential of propolis when administered orally to protect the kidney against the harmful effects and acute nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in swiss albino mice&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Animals</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Swiss albino male mice weighing 25&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g were used for the experiment&#46; These animals were acclimated to 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and were maintained under 12-h periods of light and dark each&#44; with free access to clean water and commercial mice food&#46; The animals were housed in polypropylene cages inside a well-ventilated room&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Experimental design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mice were randomly distributed into three groups&#44; each containing 10 mice&#46; Group 1 mice received saline and served as control group while group 2 mice received intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin at dose of 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg for 7 consecutive days and this group was marked as Gm group&#46; Mice in group 3 were treated as group 2 and were additionally co-administered with 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg of propolis one hour-post gentamicin injection and this group was marked as GmP group&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Kidney index</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following treatments as described above&#44; each mouse was weighed&#59; kidneys were removed and weighed&#46; Finally&#44; the kidney index was calculated by dividing the left kidney weight by the body weight and then multiplying by 100 and the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS software &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Biochemical analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood samples for the measurement of blood chemistry were drawn into prechilled tubes containing EDTA&#44; and immediately placed on ice&#46; Serum in the samples was separated by centrifugation at 3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm and stored at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until assay&#46; Serums were used for the estimation of blood urea nitrogen &#40;BUN&#41; and creatinine&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Histopathological analysis</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Histopathological preparation</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidneys were collected and cut into small pieces&#44; fixed in 10&#37; neutral buffered formalin&#46; Following fixation&#44; specimens were dehydrated&#44; embedded in wax&#44; and then sectioned to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m thicknesses&#46; Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin&#44; Masson&#39;s Trichrome stain and Gomori silver technique&#46; Digital images of kidneys tissues were obtained using a light microscope at a magnification of 400&#215;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Gene-expression localization studies</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paraffin embedded kidney sections were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in descending grades of alcohol and finally distilled water&#46; Sections were then heated in citrate buffer &#40;pH 6&#41; in microwave for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; washed with PBS buffer for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and were incubated in peroxidase blocking solution for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; After blocking sections were incubated overnight at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C with diluted primary antibody &#40;anti-caspase3 ab13585&#44; anti-Kim-1&#44; rabbit polyclonal antibody ab78494&#44; anti-malondialdehyde ab194225&#41;&#46; Sections were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody &#40;ab128976&#41; for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; followed by incubation in avidin-biotin complex for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Finally DAB &#40;ab64238&#41; was used as chromogenic substrate for the detection of Ab binding&#46; Stained sections were counter stained with Mayer&#39;s haematoxylin&#44; and dehydrated within ascending grades of alcohol and cleared with two changes of xylene&#44; mounted with cover slip based on DPX mountant&#44; &#40;all reagents from Abcam&#41;&#46; Kidney sections were examined under microscope for brown immunoreactivity colour and photos at 400&#215; magnification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Renal pathology analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Formalin-fixed kidney sections &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41; were stained with haematoxylin and eosin to distinguish cell nuclei and digital images of glomeruli were recorded at 400&#215; magnification using a light microscope&#46; Glomerular tuft areas were measured by microscopy computer system &#40;Motic-2000&#41;&#44; while&#44; glomerular cellularity was determined by counting the number of nuclei in 20 hilar glomerular tuft cross-sections per animal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Pathological score for tubular injury</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For determining pathological score haematoxylin eosin stained preparations were evaluated under light microscope&#46; Dilated tubules&#44; loss of brush border&#44; tubular casts&#44; leukocytic infiltration and tubular degeneration in the cortical area were scored as described by Biswas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The scoring system used is described as follows&#46; Kidneys showing no tubular injury were marked 0&#46; While&#44; kidneys exhibiting mild tubular injury &#8804;10&#37; were given a score of 1&#46; Similarly&#44; kidneys showing mild &#40;10&#8211;25&#37;&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;26&#8211;50&#37;&#41;&#44; extensive &#40;&#61;51&#8211;75&#37;&#41; and severe &#40;&#8805;75&#37;&#41; tubular injuries were assigned a score of 2&#44; 3&#44; 4 and 5&#44; respectively&#46; Tubular cast scored as 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>negative and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>positive&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidney sections stained with Mason&#39;s Trichrome&#44; Gomori silver technique&#44; Caspase 3 in glomeruli and tubules&#44; Kim-1 in glomeruli and tubules&#44; and malondialdehyde gene-expressions by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ABC method</span> were quantitatively scored as &#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>none&#44; &#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>little&#44; &#43;&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mild and &#43;&#43;&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>intense&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical evaluation was carried out by using one-way ANOVA test and SPSS &#40;16&#46;0 software&#41;&#44; all values were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#46; Values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 were accepted as significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Results</span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Kidney index and biochemical analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidney index showed insignificant difference between control and gentamicin experimental groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Blood urea nitrogen &#40;BUN&#41; levels increased significantly &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in gentamicin &#40;Gm&#41; and gentamicin with propolis &#40;GmP&#41; groups compared to control group&#46; The Kidney index for Control&#44; Gm and GmP group was 22&#44; 41 and 38&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; It is important to note that there was an insignificant decrease of Kidney index in GmP group &#40;38&#41; compared to Gm group &#40;41&#41;&#46; Creatinine levels showed insignificant difference in gentamicin experimental groups compared to control group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Histopathological analysis</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Glomerular analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control kidney exhibit normal glomeruli score &#40;4&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#44; glomerular area&#44; and &#40;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#47;gcs&#41; cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; with abundant podocytes&#44; mesangial cells with healthy mesangial matrix in between and normal capsular space &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; Kidney sections of Gm mice group showed diminished glomeruli that scored significant decrease in area &#40;2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; and cellularity &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#47;gcs&#41; compared to control group <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; in addition to severe degeneration in mesangial matrix &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b and c&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; GmP mice revealed relatively healthy glomeruli evident from large podocytes&#44; abundant mesangial cells and healthy mesangial matrix &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>d&#41;&#44; scoring 3&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> glomerular area and &#40;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#47;gcs&#41; glomerular cells with insignificant difference compared to control group and significant increase compared to gentamicin group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control kidney sections stained with Masson&#39;s Trichrome showed abundant glomerular cells without any depositions of collagenous fibres inside glomeruli or in between cortical tubules &#40;- to collagenous fibres&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; kidney sections of Gm mice showed intense depositions of collagenous fibres and stained blue by Masson&#39;s Trichrome in the glomeruli and also in between cortical tubules &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>b and c&#41;&#46; Kidney sections of GmP mice show no collagenous fibres depositions in glomeruli or in between tubules &#40;&#8722;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>d&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control kidney sections stained with Gomori silver technique showed no deposition of reticular fibres &#40;&#8722;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; kidney sections of Gm showed mild depositions of brown reticular fibres &#40;&#43;&#43;&#41; in necrotic areas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>b&#41;&#46; While&#44; kidney sections of GmP mice show no reticular fibres depositions &#40;&#8722;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>c&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidney sections stained by Avidin Biotin Complex &#40;ABC&#41; immunohistochemistry method for caspase-3 gene-expression show no immunoreactivity &#40;&#8722;&#41; in the kidney sections of control mice group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>a&#41; and in kidney sections from GmP mice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>c&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; kidney of Gm show intense brown immunoprecipitation &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; inside the glomeruli &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>b&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#44; indicating apoptosis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similarly&#44; Kim-1 gene-expression shows no immunoreactivity &#40;&#8722;&#41; in control sections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>a&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; an intense immunoprecipitation was observed in glomeruli and cortical tubules in sections of Gm mice kidney &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>b&#41;&#46; A slight ameliorative effect of propolis was evident from weak brownish immunoprecipitation observed in sections of GmP mice kidney &#40;&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>c&#41;&#46; Kidney sections stained for Malondialdehyde &#40;oxidative stress Marker&#41; show no immunoprecipitation &#40;&#8722;ve&#41; in untreated control sections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>a&#41; almost similar immunoreaction was observed in GmP mice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>c&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; intense immunoprecipitation was observed in glomeruli sections of Kidney from Gm mice group &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Tubular analysis</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control kidney sections showed normal tubules without dilatation and proximal tubules appeared filled because of the long microvilli of the brush border and aggregates of small plasma proteins bound to this structure&#44; by contrast lumens of distal tubules appeared empty &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>a&#41;&#46; Sections of Gm mice kidney showed mild dilatation with a pathological score of 2 with empty lumens of proximal tubules score &#40;3&#41;&#44; moderate loss of pathological score &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>b&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; sections of GmP mice scored 1&#44; with mild injuries&#44; dilatation and loss of brush borders &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>c&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Control sections show &#40;score 0&#41; no leucocytic infiltration&#44; tubular degeneration and tubular cast &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>a&#41;&#46; While sections of Gm mice kidney show severe leucocytic infiltration &#40;score 5&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>b&#41;&#44; extensive tubular degeneration &#40;score 4&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>c&#41; and presence of tubular cast &#40;Score 1&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>d&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; sections of GmP scored show mild leucocytic infiltration &#40;Score 1&#41;&#44; and tubular degeneration but do not show tubular cast &#40;score 0&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>e&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemical analysis of control mice shows no immunoreactivity in control sections &#40;&#8722;&#41; for caspase 3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>a1&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; mild &#40;&#43;&#43;&#41; immunoprecipitates were seen in tubules kidney of Gm mice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>a2&#41;&#46; In GmP mice group however&#44; there was a significant decrease in the intensity of immunoprecipitation &#40;&#43;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>a3&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kim-1 gene-expression also shows no immunoreactivity in control sections &#40;&#8722;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>b1&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; intense &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; immunoprecipitation was observed in tubules of Gm mice kidney &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>b2&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; in GmP mice &#40;little&#44; &#43; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41; the intensity of Kim-1 gene immunoprecipitation was very low &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>b3&#41;&#46; Kidney sections stained for Malondialdehyde &#40;oxidative stress Marker&#41; gene-expression showed no immunoreactivity in control sections &#40;&#8722;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>c1&#41;&#46; Whereas&#44; intense &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; brownish immunoprecipitates were seen in tubules of Gm mice kidney &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>c2&#41;&#44; and very low intensity of &#40;&#43;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41; immunoprecipitates was found in the tubules of Gmp mice kidney &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>c3&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results presented in this study confirmed that gentamicin administration caused marked changes in kidney tubules may be due to gentamicin reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules&#44; causing degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial cells of the tubules&#46; These changes are manifested by dilated tubules&#44; loss of brush border&#44; severe leucocytic infiltrations&#44; tubular degeneration and presence of tubular casts&#46; These findings are in agreement with previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22-24</span></a> Co-administration of propolis with gentamicin revealed significant improvement in kidney tubules marked by the absence of tubular casts&#44; reduction of infiltration&#44; degeneration and tubular dilatation&#46; Azab et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> also reported similar effect of propolis&#44; wherein co-administration of propolis with gentamicin&#44; resulted in normal epithelial lining with brush borders in proximal convoluted tubules&#46; However&#44; some tubules appeared regenerating with disrupted brush borders&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Han et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> has shown the activation of proapoptotic proteins in kidneys exhibiting nephrotoxicity&#46; Caspases often used as a marker to study apoptosis&#44; are form the family of endoproteases that provide critical links in cell regulatory networks controlling inflammation and cell death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Sahu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> has shown that Gentamicin results in apoptosis in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">glomeruli</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tubules</span>&#46; While&#44; this toxicity was ameliorated by the co-administration of propolis&#46; Renoprotective effect of Brazilian red propolis has also been demonstrated by Teles et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Other biomarkers to study nephrotoxicity include Kidney injury molecule 1&#46; Prozialeck et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> has suggested the use of KIM-1 as a nephrotoxicity biomarker in preclinical studies of drug candidates&#46; Furthermore&#44; Food and Drug Administration &#40;USA&#41; has also recently recognized KIM-1 as an appropriate biomarker for renal injury in preclinical studies of pharmacological agents&#46; Besides being a sensitive diagnostic marker of nephrotoxicity&#44; KIM-1 also has predictive value for AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Results obtained in our study confirmed that gentamicin administration produced severe kidney injury as evident from intense immunoreactions of kim-1 gene in glomeruli and tubules&#46; These findings are in agreement with the reports of Chen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Mcduffie et al&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and Qiu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> As in these studies also an intense immunoreaction of Kim-1 was observed following exposure to gentamicin&#46; Interestingly&#44; a decrease in kim-1 immunoreaction was observed in this study when Gentamicin was co-administered with propolis&#59; a trend which was also observed in caspase-3 immunoreactions&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another mode through which gentamicin exert its nephrotoxicity&#44; is through the generation of Reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41; or oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> These ROS target a number of biomolecules including lipids&#46; Malondialdehyde &#40;MDA&#41; is the principal and most studied product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation&#46; And hence is considered as an important marker of lipid peroxidation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In agreement with previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> gentamicin administration produced intense immunoreaction of &#40;MDA&#41; gene as an oxidative stress marker in glomeruli and tubules confirming the gentamicin mediated oxidative stress in kidney tissue&#46; However&#44; oral administration of propolis resulted in a decrease of MDA immunoprecipitation suggesting a decrease in oxidative stress&#46; However&#44; the pathway through which propolis result in this change is not known&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results presented in this study&#44; it can be concluded that propolis is a good renoprotective agent and can effectively ameliorate the renotoxicity of gentamicin&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-07-27"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kidney is a vital organ which plays an important and irreplaceable role in detoxification and removal of xenobiotics&#46; And therefore is vulnerable to develop various forms of injuries&#46; Hence&#44; making it immensely important to search for natural reno-protective compounds&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study therefore&#44; aims to evaluate the reno-protective properties of propolis against gentamicin induced renal toxicity in mice&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three groups of 10 male mice each were used for this study&#46; First group served as control&#44; the second group &#40;Gm group&#41; was administered orally 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg body weight gentamicin for 7 days&#44; and the third group &#40;GmP group&#41; was administered same dose of gentamicin with propolis &#40;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg body weight&#41; for 7 days&#46; Various parameters were used to study the renal toxicity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gentamicin caused significant renal damage as evident by the rise in BUN levels&#44; diminished glomeruli hypocellularity&#44; moderately dilated tubules&#44; and mild loss of brush border&#44; severe infiltration&#44; extensive tubular degeneration and presence of tubular cast&#46; Histochemistry results show presence of collagen and reticular fibres&#46; Immunohistochemical reactions show kidney injury &#40;Kim-1 gene-expression&#41;&#44; oxidative stress &#40;MDA gene-expression&#41;&#44; and an increase in apoptosis &#40;caspase-3 gene-expression&#41;&#46; Co-administration of propolis with gentamicin showed significant decrease in BUN levels&#44; appearance of healthy glomeruli with normal cellularity&#44; reduction of tubular injury&#44; decrease of collagen and reticular fibres deposition&#44; reduction of apoptosis&#44; kidney injury and oxidative stress&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results presented in this study clearly show the reno-protective role of propolis against gentamicin-induced toxicity on mice kidney&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ri&#241;&#243;n es un &#243;rgano vital que desempe&#241;a una funci&#243;n importante e insustituible en la desintoxicaci&#243;n y la eliminaci&#243;n de los xenobi&#243;ticos y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; es vulnerable a desarrollar diversas formas de lesi&#243;n&#46; Esto hace muy importante la b&#250;squeda de compuestos renoprotectores naturales&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las propiedades renoprotectoras del prop&#243;leo contra la toxicidad renal inducida por gentamicina en ratones&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Para este estudio se utilizaron 3 grupos de 10 ratones macho en cada uno&#46; El primer grupo sirvi&#243; como control&#44; el segundo grupo &#40;grupo Gm&#41; recibi&#243; 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg de peso corporal de gentamicina por v&#237;a oral durante 7 d&#237;as y el tercer grupo &#40;grupo GmP&#41; recibi&#243; la misma dosis de gentamicina con prop&#243;leo &#40;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg de peso corporal&#41; durante 7 d&#237;as&#46; Se utilizaron varios par&#225;metros para estudiar la toxicidad renal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La gentamicina caus&#243; da&#241;o renal significativo&#44; como demostr&#243; el aumento de los niveles de nitr&#243;geno ureico en sangre&#44; la disminuci&#243;n de la hipocelularidad glomerular&#44; los t&#250;bulos moderadamente dilatados y la p&#233;rdida leve del borde en cepillo&#44; la infiltraci&#243;n grave&#44; la degeneraci&#243;n tubular extensa y la presencia de cilindros tubulares&#46; Los resultados de la histoqu&#237;mica muestran presencia de col&#225;geno y fibras reticulares&#46; Las reacciones inmunohistoqu&#237;micas muestran lesi&#243;n renal &#40;expresi&#243;n del gen Kim-1&#41;&#44; estr&#233;s oxidativo &#40;expresi&#243;n del gen MDA&#41; y un aumento de la apoptosis &#40;expresi&#243;n del gen caspasa-3&#41;&#46; La administraci&#243;n concomitante de prop&#243;leo con gentamicina mostr&#243; disminuci&#243;n significativa de los niveles de nitr&#243;geno ureico en la sangre&#44; aspecto de glom&#233;rulos sanos con celularidad normal&#44; reducci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tubular&#44; disminuci&#243;n de col&#225;geno y deposici&#243;n de fibras reticulares&#44; reducci&#243;n de la apoptosis&#44; da&#241;o renal y estr&#233;s oxidativo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados presentados en este estudio muestran claramente la funci&#243;n renoprotectora del prop&#243;leo contra la toxicidad inducida por gentamicina en el ri&#241;&#243;n de los ratones&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>propolis &#40;GmP group&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kidney index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;60 &#40;&#177;0&#46;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;62 &#40;&#177;0&#46;08&#41;&#44; &#43;3&#46;3&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;65 &#40;&#177;0&#46;07&#41;&#44; &#43;8&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BUN &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;6 &#40;&#177;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;&#177;2&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&#41;&#44; &#43;81&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;&#177;3&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&#41;&#44; &#43;68&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;4 &#40;&#177;0&#46;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;36 &#40;&#177;0&#46;05&#41;&#44; &#8722;10&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;33 &#40;&#177;0&#46;02&#41;&#44; &#8722;17&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1258376.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Significant difference &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value &#60;0&#46;5&#41; compared to control group&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8224;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Values in parenthesis show &#37; increase &#40;&#43;&#41;&#44; or decrease &#40;&#8722;&#41;&#44; when compared to control&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Change in kidney index&#44; BUN blood serum and creatinine in blood serum following&#44; treatment with gentamicin alone and along with propolis&#44; in mice&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values in parenthesis are mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD &#40;standard deviation&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin &#40;Gm group&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>propolis &#40;GmP group&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glomerular area &#40;&#956;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3 &#40;&#177;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;4 &#40;&#177;1&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&#41;&#44; &#8722;44&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;8 &#40;&#177;2&#41;&#44; &#8722;11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glomerular cellularity &#40;cells&#47;gcs&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;&#177;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;&#177;0&#46;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&#41;&#44; &#8722;33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 &#40;&#177;1&#46;2&#41;&#44; &#8722;10&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Significant difference &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value &#60;0&#46;5&#41; compared to control group&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8224;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Values in parenthesis show &#37; decrease &#40;&#8722;&#41;&#44; as compared to control&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Glomerular areas and glomerular cellularity of Control&#44; Gm and GmP mice groups&#46;</p>"
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      11 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data presented in parenthesis are &#177;SD &#40;standard deviation&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin &#40;Gm group&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gentamicin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>propolis &#40;GmP group&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dilated tubules&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Loss of brush border&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;&#177;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Leucocytic infiltration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;&#177;0&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tubular degeneration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tubular cast&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;&#177;0&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;4 &#40;&#177;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Reticular fibres&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim-1 gene &#40;glomeruli&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Malondialdehyde gene &#40;glomeruli&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Caspase3 gene &#40;tubules&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim-1 gene &#40;tubules&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Malondialdehyde &#40;tubules&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis in control&#44; gentamicin &#40;Gm&#41;&#44; gentamicin treated with propolis &#40;GmP&#41; groups&#58; &#8722;&#44; means negative&#59; &#43;&#44; little&#59; &#43;&#43;&#44; mild&#59; &#43;&#43;&#43;&#44; extensive&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:37 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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Información del artículo

ISSN: 02116995
Idioma original: Inglés

DOI:10.1016/j.nefro.2016.06.004

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2018 Agosto	199	14	213
2018 Julio	67	19	86
2018 Junio	81	21	102
2018 Mayo	55	16	71
2018 Abril	98	15	113
2018 Marzo	61	18	79
2018 Febrero	52	12	64
2018 Enero	57	16	73
2017 Diciembre	81	11	92
2017 Noviembre	82	16	98
2017 Octubre	86	10	96
2017 Septiembre	96	26	122
2017 Agosto	147	48	195
2017 Julio	207	51	258
2017 Junio	75	33	108
2017 Mayo	84	22	106
2017 Abril	73	19	92
2017 Marzo	55	45	100
2017 Febrero	70	29	99
2017 Enero	93	17	110
2016 Diciembre	105	26	131
2016 Noviembre	112	20	132
2016 Octubre	135	22	157
2016 Septiembre	124	11	135
2016 Agosto	17	2	19

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