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With no known history of allergies&#44; urticaria or eosinophilia&#46; He began haemodialysis during an episode of overall cardiorespiratory failure due to COPD decompensation with haemodynamic instability&#44; volume overload and hypotension&#46; He required treatment with steroids&#46; He was dialysed with ultrapure water through a Poliflux21H&#174; dialyser &#40;polyamide polymer combination&#44; polyarylethersulfone and high permeability polyvinylpyrrolidone&#44; heat sterilised&#41; and for one month suffered hypotension and clinical angina during dialysis&#46; Once he had overcome these symptoms&#44; steroid treatment was suspended and a week later&#44; five minutes after connection&#44; he suffered severe bronchospasm and hypotension with a generalised burning sensation&#44; which responded to the administration of expanders&#44; high flow oxygen&#44; inhaled bronchodilators&#44; antihistamines and intravenous steroids&#59; it was not necessary to interrupt dialysis&#46; During the next three dialysis sessions he suffered a repetition of these symptoms&#46; No eosinophilia was seen&#46; Antiheparin antibodies were negative&#46; Dialysis fluid culture and endotoxins were negative&#46; IgE was normal&#46; No contact with ethylene oxide in any material&#46; No thrombocytopaenia&#46; In the following session&#44; he was pre-treated with dexchlorpheniramine and methylprednisolone and the dialyser was replaced by NEPHRAL&#174; &#40;polyacrylonitrile AN 69 sterilised by gamma rays&#41;&#46; The symptoms did not reappear&#44; so prophylaxis was stopped after a month&#46; During the next month&#44; after six months on the programme&#44; he developed generalised urticaria&#44; and peripheral eosinophilia&#46; At different stages his medication was changed without any clinical or analytical improvement&#46; The dialyser was changed to a FX80M&#174; &#40;heat sterilised helixone&#41; and hypersensitivity reappeared in the first session&#46; Since then&#44; again with NEPHRAL&#174;&#44; which was well tolerated&#44; but urticaria and eosinophilia became constant&#46; At 12 months&#44; in a single session&#44; a plate dialyser Crystal ST 3400&#174; &#40;polyacrylonitrile AN 69 without polyvinylpyrrolidone &#91;PVP&#93; as amalgamating agent&#41; was used&#44; and isolated severe hypotension reappeared without respiratory symptoms&#44; explained by the high surface area of the dialyser&#44; so in the next session we used Sureflux 19 UX&#174; &#40;cellulose triacetate sterilised by gamma rays&#41;&#44; and we continued with this dialyser for five months&#46; Pruritus partially disappeared and eosinophilia decreased &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; After 15 months&#44; we used a 2&#46;1 U&#174; &#40;polymethylmethacrylate &#91;PMMA&#93; sterilised by gamma rays&#41; dialyser&#44; resulting in new hypersensitivity reaction within minutes of connection&#46; Since then&#44; this patient has been dialysed with Sureflux 19&#174; and has suffered no new episodes of hypersensitivity&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient had a type A<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1 </span>anaphylactoid reaction related to polyamide&#44; helixone and PMMA membranes&#46; Urticaria and eosinophilia with polyacrylonitrile&#46; Haemodynamic instability with polyacrylonitrile on plates without PVP and good tolerance to cellulose triacetate membranes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the literature&#44; there are examples of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions or tolerance to different types of synthetic membranes in the same patient<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-7</span>&#44; which are attributed to differences in the manufacturing of these membranes and the amount of PVP used to hydrophilise the membranes&#44; but in none of these cases a change of dialyser lead to the disappearance of symptoms and the development of chronic urticaria with eosinophilia&#46; In this regard&#44; the absence of anaphylactoid reaction when using a polysulphone dialyser with plates with no PVP as amalgamating agent suggests a significant role of this product as the cause of the patient&#8217;s disorders&#46; Other causes that should be assessed are endotoxin backfiltration in highly permeable membranes &#40;absent in low permeability membranes&#41;&#44; hypersensitivity to intravenous iron or the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme &#40;ACE&#41; inhibitors&#46; We do not believe this to be the case&#44; since there were no reactions with high-flux dialysers that did not have PVP as an amalgamating agent&#46; Cultures ruled out the presence of endotoxins&#44; no ACE inhibitors were used and the modification or suspension of intravenous iron did not cause clinical changes&#46; It is necessary to take into account the severity of these reactions&#44; which did not always occur at the beginning of the session&#44; thus decreasing clinical suspicion&#46; This case illustrates a gradation in clinical manifestations&#44; a variation on previously published cases&#44; and provides new information on the effectiveness of cellulose triacetate membranes in intolerance to other synthetic membranes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the contents of this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;12582&#95;16025&#95;64441&#95;en&#95;f112582&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="12582_16025_64441_en_f112582.jpg" alt="Analytical evolution"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; 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