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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">To the Editor&#44;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Two recent events led to our writing this letter&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">One&#46; </span>For 2 or 3 years now&#44; our local biochemistry laboratories calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate &#40;eGFR&#41; by means of the MDRD-IDMS formula &#40;formerly MDRD&#41; and the isolated creatinine value&#44; as per National Kidney Foundation recommendations&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Yet in October 2011&#44; we still observe the following&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">- The constant used by some biochemistry laboratories for the MDRD-IDMS formula is 186&#44; when it should be 175 since the calculation for the serum creatinine value is standardised by IDMS&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">- Some laboratories deliver MDRD-IDMS results in ml&#47;min instead of ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Although it is dependent on an individual&#8217;s body surface area&#44; this could lead one to assume that the measurement is absolute&#44; which could have consequences when adjusting doses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Two&#46; </span>While the new formula for measuring glomerular filtration rate &#40;GFR&#41;&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> CKD-EPI&#44; seems to improve on the current MDRD-IDMS formula in both accuracy and precision&#44; it is likely to make things even more confusing when it comes to choosing an equation to adjust a drug dose&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Furthermore&#44; an article recently published in this journal comparing the MDRD-IDMS and CKD-EPI formulas in a Spanish population<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> contained what appears to be an erratum in Table 1&#44; which describes the formulas used to calculate CKD-EPI&#58; for males with creatinine levels &#62;80 micromoles&#47;litre&#44; it states to divide by 0&#46;7&#44; and we believe that it should be by 0&#46;9&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In light of all of the above&#44; we would like to make the following observation&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">From the 1980s until quite recently&#44; GFR was estimated using the formula published by Cockcroft and Gault &#40;CG&#41; in 1976&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> The result of this equation &#40;an estimation of creatinine clearance&#41; was used to evaluate renal function and adjust the doses of any drugs that so required&#46; We would like to stress that the value obtained by this formula is absolute&#46; This means that it accounts for the individual&#8217;s size &#40;since it includes weight among its variables&#41; and gives a result in ml&#47;min &#40;if the body surface area differs greatly from the mean&#44; using ideal rather than true weight is recommended&#46;&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In 1999&#44; 23 years after the CG formula was published&#44; Levey published a new formula for estimating GFR&#58; the MDRD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> Shortly afterwards&#44; in 2002&#44; the KDOQI proposed using this formula for early detection and classification of chronic kidney disease so that patients in earlier stages would have better access to nephrology care&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> The result given by this formula is dependent on body surface area &#40;ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; as is also the case with the recently improved MDRD-IMDS and CKD-EPI formulas&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;2</span> Since the result is dependent on a surface area of 1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; we only need the variables age&#44; sex&#44; serum creatinine and race&#46; This formula was recommended by such societies as the Spanish Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology &#40;SEQC&#41; and the Spanish Society of Nephrology &#40;S&#46;E&#46;N&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Nevertheless&#44; although generalised use of the MDRD method seems appropriate for categorising individuals in different stages of chronic kidney disease&#44; it causes some problems in adjusting drug doses&#44; especially if the value given by the laboratories is interpreted as an absolute value&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">If we consider only the relative results &#40;ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; given by MDRD&#44; MDRD-IMDS or CKD-EPI &#8211;those results given by biochemical laboratories&#8211; individuals with a body surface area &#62;1&#46;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> will have a higher absolute eGFR value&#46; This could lead to underdosing the patient&#46; If the patient&#8217;s body surface area is less than 1&#46;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; the absolute eGFR will be lower&#44; which could lead to overdosing the patient &#40;Tables 1 and 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">On the other hand&#44; the required dose of a certain drug may vary considerably depending on the equation used to estimate GFR&#44; and this may have clinical repercussions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> With this in mind&#44; most published drug adjustment guidelines recommend a dose and&#47;or drug interval according to the Cockcroft-Gault formula&#59; very few guidelines make use of MDRD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> In two recent examples&#44; regulatory authorities based their recommendations on the CG formula&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">- The Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products &#40;AEMPS&#41; followed the European Medicines Agency recommendation and modified the SmPC for Pradaxa&#174; &#40;dabigatran&#41; and issued an informative note on 27 October 2011 reminding doctors of the importance of checking renal function before and after treatment with this new drug&#46; They informed that before starting dabigatran treatment&#44; renal function must be assessed in all patients by calculating creatinine clearance &#40;CrCl&#41; in order to exclude patients with severe renal failure &#40;CrCl&#60;30ml&#47;min&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">- The Food and Drug Administration &#40;FDA&#41;&#8217;s safety update of 1 September 2011 stated that the SmPC had been changed and issued a reminder that &#8220;Reclast should not be used &#40;is contraindicated&#41; in patients with creatinine clearance less than 35ml&#47;min&#8221;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The FDA guidelines for the industry simply cite the CG and MDRD equations as being the most commonly used&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">However&#44; experts do not agree on which of the formulas should be used for adjusting doses in patients with renal failure&#46; Some advocate using the equation recommended by the pharmaceutical manufacturer&#44; particularly in the case of elderly patients&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> while others<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span> state that the MDRD and CG equations are completely interchangeable&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In summary&#44; and as a general rule&#44; using the equation recommended by the pharmaceutical manufacturer &#40;mainly CG&#41; seems reasonable&#46; If there is no specific recommendation&#44; the most reliable method of estimating GFR in the target population should be should&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Regardless of which equation is used&#44; we must remember that dose adjustments must be made using absolute GFR values&#44; especially for patients whose body surface area differs greatly from 1&#46;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11235&#95;16025&#95;26340&#95;en&#95;11235t1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11235_16025_26340_en_11235t1.jpg" alt="Recommended dabigatran dose adjustments according to the glomerular filtration rate estimated by different equations"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Recommended dabigatran dose adjustments according to the glomerular filtration rate estimated by different equations</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;11235&#95;16025&#95;26341&#95;en&#95;11235t2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="11235_16025_26341_en_11235t2.jpg" alt="Recommended daptomycin dose adjustments according to the glomerular filtration rate estimated by different equations"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Recommended daptomycin dose adjustments according to the glomerular filtration rate estimated by different equations</p>"
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