Serum cystatin C and microalbuminuria in the detection of vascular and renal damage in early stages a
Cistatina C sérica y microalbuminuria en la detección del daño vascular y renal en estadios precoces, en pacientes de riesgo sin enfermedad renal crónica
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"apellidos" => "Arias Meneses" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Felipe" "apellidos" => "De Sande Medel" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "F." "apellidos" => "De Sande Medel" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "S." "apellidos" => "Alejo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Socorro" "apellidos" => "Alejo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => " IES Castillo de Luna, Alburquerque, Spain, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => " IES Castillo de Luna, Alburquerque, Badajoz, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cistatina C sérica y microalbuminuria en la detección del daño vascular y renal en estadios precoces, en pacientes de riesgo sin enfermedad renal crónica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10834_108_21681_en_t1_10834.jpg" "Alto" => 146 "Ancho" => 600 "Tamanyo" => 67413 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of the study population" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The relationship between systemic vascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been obvious ever since it was shown that both dysfunctions have the same risk factors and mechanisms of progression.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia associated with the aging of the population have increased the prevalence of CKD.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Thus, the presence of renal dysfunction in the elderly has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk and death. Most people with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are more likely to die due to cardiovascular diseases than to develop renal failure.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Therefore, early-stage renal damage would reveal vascular damage. Early-stage renal damage may be revealed by a reduction in GFR.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The GFR may be estimated from the serum creatinine levels using equations such as the MDRD4,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> the equation that most scientific societies have chosen for measuring renal function.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">According to the criteria established by the 2002 KDOKI guidelines<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span>(National Kidney Foundation), CKD is defined by the kidney damage (determined either directly by biopsy, or indirectly by the presence of microalbuminuria, proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment or abnormal findings in imaging studies) or by a GFR<60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for at least three months.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Increased urinary albumin excretion is an established risk for mortality, cardiovascular disorder and adverse outcomes, both in the general population and in patients with hypertension and diabetes.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Increased albumin in urine is also a marker of diffuse vascular damage, systemic inflammation, renin-angiotensin system activation and glomerular disorders or abnormal tubular function.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cystatin C has been identified as a promising new marker for early detection of early renal damage, and is more sensitive than creatinine.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span> Cystatin C is produced by all nucleated cells at a constant level,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span> is freely filtered by the glomerulus and almost completely reabsorbed and degraded, but not secreted, by the proximal tubular cells. However, its production is not affected by age, sex and muscle mass.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-17</span> Cystatin C is strongly correlated with serial measurements of GFR by intravenous infusion of an exogenous marker (iothalamate).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span> Therapy with high doses of corticosteroids, thyroid dysfunction,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> neoplasms<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> may change cystatin C values.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The aim of this study was to assess early vascular and renal damage in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, such as essential hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, but with GFR>60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, normal urea and creatinine levels for their sex and age, and with normal urinary sediment, through the quantification of serum cystatin C and urinary albumin.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">MATERIAL AND METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patients</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">For this cross-sectional descriptive study, we selected the sera of 456 patients between the ages of 19 and 89 years. Patients were from the Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina of Badajoz and its area. The selection was based on the patient medical history and sought to establish three groups:</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Control group (C). We selected sera from 61 healthy individuals with stage 1 GFR, without microalbuminuria or known disease.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The chronic kidney disease (CKD) group was made up of sera from 71 patients diagnosed with CKD, according to the criteria established by the 2002 KDOKI guidelines<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span>(National Kidney Foundation). All patients came from our hospital's nephrology department.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The risk group (RG) was made up of sera from 324 patients with risk for CKD, but with urea and serum creatinine levels within normal ranges for their sex and age, and with a GFR>60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. Within this group we found 23 patients with essential hypertension (7.09%), 60 with essential hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (18.51%), 47 with diabetes (14.50%), 111 with diabetes and hyperlipidaemia (34.25%), 48 with hyperlipidaemia (14.81%) and 35 patients with essential hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia (10.80%).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Patient exclusion criteria included diseases that may cause falsely high results for cystatin C, such as hypothyroidism, HIV and neoplasms.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Selection of variables</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and GFR>60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> were selected as defining variables for our risk group.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Diabetes was defined as a medical history of diabetes, the use of antihyperglycemic drugs or insulin, or fasting glucose levels ≥6.99mmol/l. Hypertension was defined by the systolic blood pressure range ≥140/190mm Hg and/or antihypertensive treatment. Hyperlipidaemia was defined as cholesterol ≥6.5mmol/l, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <1.55mmol/l, triglycerides >3.89mmol/l, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >2.59mmol/l or the use of lipid-lowering medication.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">GFR values were divided into five stages (1: >90; 2: 60-89; 3: 30-59; 4: 15-29, and 5: GFR<15ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cystatin C was considered high according to the recommendations of the manufacturer, with a reference range of 0.53mg/l to 0.95mg/l for individuals with no history of kidney disease.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Normoalbuminuria was defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio (A/C) <2.5mg/mmol in males and an A/C ratio <3.5mg/mmol in females. Microalbuminuria was defined as an A/C ratio >2.5mg/mmol in males and >3.5mg/mmol in females.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Blood samples were taken between 08.00 and 09.00 hours after 12 hours of fasting. Serum was separated by centrifugation, and routine analysis was performed that same morning. Serum cystatin C and urinary albumin (first morning urine) were kept at 4ºC and analysed at 24 hours.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cystatin C concentrations were quantified by immunonephelometry assay in a BN ProSpec<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> autoanalyser (Siemens Health Care Diagnostic, Deerfield, USA). Albumin was measured by immunoturbidimetric assay in an ADVIA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 2400 Chemistry System autoanalyser (Siemens Health Care Diagnostic, Deerfield, USA).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Serum creatinine (for calculating GFR) and urinary creatinine (for calculating the microalbumin/creatinine ratio) were measured using the Jaffe method in an ADVIA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 2400 Chemistry System autoanalyser (Siemens Health Care Diagnostic, Deerfield, USA).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The MDRD4 equation was used to estimate GFR.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The study was approved by the ethics committee of Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina of Badajoz.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statistical analysis</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> (Microsoft Office software) and the SPSS statistical program for Windows.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Descriptive analysis was performed using the mean and standard deviation (SD) as central and dispersion measures, after checking the normality of the groups with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Reference intervals were calculated using the mean ±2 SD.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correlations between variables were evaluated using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Comparison of means between variables with two categories was performed depending on the nature of the variables using the chi-square test and Student's t-test. For those variables with more than two categories, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We used an ROC (receiver-operating characteristic) curve analysis to establish a cutoff point and determine the ability of cystatin C to predict a GFR<60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (gold standard).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Patients from groups C, CKD and RG were assessed for age, cystatin C values and GFR (eGFR), as shown in Table 1. A statistically significant correlation was found (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05) between cystatin C and GFR values from all patients in the three groups (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.931), and between cystatin C and age for the RG group (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.460).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The cystatin C values among the three groups were also compared, and statistically significant differences were obtained (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05) between the C group and the CKD group, and between the RG and CKD group. We also calculated the cutoff point for diagnosing CKD (GFR<60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) for all patients in our study, with a cystatin C value of 0.95mg/l for 92% sensitivity and 82.2% specificity.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With regard to age, it was common for patients in the RG that cystatin C values increased with age, a relationship that was statistically significant (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.460; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05). This was contrary to what happened in the C group, where we observed that these values remained constant with age (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.05; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>>.05) (Figure 1). When we calculated the correlation between cystatin C and age in this group, we observed that for patients with cystatin C values <0.718mg/l, values between 0.718mg/l and 0.95mg/l and values above 0.95mg/l, the results were R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.283 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05), R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.395 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05) and R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.093 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>>.05). There were no statistically significant correlations in patients with cystatin C values >0.95mg/l, or statistically significant differences between patient age among these three cystatin C values.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the RG, we also observed that cystatin C values were above 0.95mg/l (cutoff point for diagnosing CKD [GFR<60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>]) only in individuals over 50 years of age. Meanwhile, cystatin C values <0.718mg/l (high value for cystatin C in C group) and between 0.718mg/l and 0.95mg/l were detected in all age ranges, with a starting age of approximately 20 years (Figure 2).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Regarding the GFR in the RG, we observed that cystatin C values increased as GFR decreased (Figure 3), a correlation that was statistically significant (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.502; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05). Therefore, patients in this group with GFR>90ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (152 patients) had a mean cystatin C value of 0.700mg/l (0.664-0.736). The remaining 172 patients in this group with GFR between 60 and 89ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> had a mean cystatin C value of 0.824mg/l (0.524-1.124), with statistically significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05) between cystatin C values of patients with GFR in stages 1 and 2.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With regard to the determination of urinary albumin in the RG, we found that 40.43% of patients had isolated elevation of cystatin C, 12.96% had isolated microalbuminuria and 19.44% had both elevation of cystatin C and microalbuminuria. There were no statistically significant differences between cystatin C values of patients with normoalbuminuria (cystatin C=0.850mg/l [0.386-1.314]) and microalbuminuria (cystatin C=0.888mg/l [0.458-1.318]).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">After reassessing this group based on GFR (Table 2), we observed that among the patients with GFR 1, the percentage of cases that had high cystatin C with normoalbuminuria (27.6%) was slightly higher than the percentage of patients that had isolated microalbuminuria, with no elevation of cystatin C (20.3%), or elevation of both parameters (14.4%). However, in patients with GFR 2, elevation of cystatin C without microalbuminuria (51.7%) was much higher than the patients who had microalbuminuria, both isolated (i.e. with no elevation of cystatin C [6.4%]) and with elevation of both parameters (23.8%). There was no statistically significant relationship, however, in any of the cases (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>>.05).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A higher life expectancy and evolution of treatments have increased the prevalence of a series of diseases including hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which, in turn, have increased the prevalence of CKD and cardiovascular diseases.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of cystatin C as an ideal marker of renal function<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> and the relationship that exists between cystatin C values and increased cardiovascular and renal risk in various population groups and associated diseases.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24 </span>In our study, we have attempted to establish the importance of measuring cystatin C values along with traditionally studied parameters, such as microalbuminuria, in a group of patients with clearly established cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia). These patients, however, were in very early stages of renal involvement and presented stage 1 or 2 renal function (GFR>60ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), normal urea and creatinine levels for their sex and age, and had normal urinary sediment.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Various authors have reported increased cystatin C values with advancing age.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,27</span> However, the populations of these studies were heterogeneous groups of individuals of different ages, and included both healthy individuals and those with risk factors.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We have considered healthy individuals and those with risk factors as different groups, observing how the cystatin C values in the C group did not increase with age, as reported by some authors.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-17</span> However, in the RG, we observed quite the opposite: cystatin C values increasing with age, as published by other authors.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> These authors found a significant association between high cystatin C values and various risk factors (increasing age, systolic blood pressure, haemoglobin A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c </span>and triglycerides, and decreasing HDL-C and microalbuminuria, among others).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Therefore, within this RG, for patients with cystatin C values <0.718mg/l, aged 20 years to 78 years and a GFR between 65 and 146ml/min/1.73<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, there was a statistically significant correlation between cystatin C values and age (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.283; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05). The same occurs with patients with cystatin C values from 0.718 to 0.95mg/l, aged 19 years to 89 years and a GFR from 64 to 123ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, with an R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.395 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05). From these data we can deduce that this increase in cystatin C in patients within these two age ranges is due to factors that cause decreased an age-dependent reduction in GFR. However, one must take into consideration that these patients have risk factors (hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia) that increase the prevalence of CKD. Moreover, we observe that this trend is broken when cystatin C values are >0.95mg/l, and there is no statistically significant correlation (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>>.05) between age and cystatin C values in this group (R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>=0.093) for an age range from 51 to 86 years and GFR of 60 to 99ml/min/1.73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. This suggests that increased cystatin C in these patients is dependent on the time of evolution of their disease and control, more so than on the age of the patient, since the age-dependent decrease in GFR (approximately 12ml/min per decade) begins at age 50.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> If we knew the exact time of evolution of risk factors, this could indicate that patients over 50 years of age would be those with a high risk for developing vascular disease and CKD due to a poorer evolution of their disease over the years. This would then justify the readings obtained for cystatin C due to poor control of their disease. Patients with cystatin C levels below 0.718mg/l are therefore well controlled, while those with cystatin C levels between 0.718and 0.95mg/l deserve special attention, since they are candidates for presenting a risk of early vascular and renal damage.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Microalbuminuria is widely studied renal dysfunction marker, since its presence is an established risk for mortality, cardiovascular disorders and adverse outcomes, both in the general population and in patients with hypertension and diabetes.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Some authors have established a relationship between increased cystatin C and subsequent appearance of microalbuminuria.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> When we determined urinary albumin in the RG, we found no correlation between the cystatin C values and urinary albumin, or statistically significant differences between cystatin C values in patients with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">However, according to the results, quantification of cystatin C in patients with GFR 1 and 2 makes it clear that patients show early renal and vascular damage with no microalbuminuria, and that they, as well as patients with microalbuminuria, may benefit from proper preventive and therapeutic measures. The serial measurement of both parameters would allow us to detect a greater number of patients in early stages of CKD and would indicate how the disease evolves in these patients, allowing us to adopt early measures to control the disease.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Study limitations </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Since this is a cross-sectional descriptive study, the main limitation of the study is the inability to detect renal and vascular damage through reference methods, such as the use of radioactive isotopes for measuring renal function or intima-media thickness to detect vascular damage. We were also unable to determine the exact time of evolution of the various risk factors in the RG.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/10834_108_21681_en_t1_10834.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10834_108_21681_en_t1_10834.jpg" alt="Characteristics of the study population"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1. Characteristics of the study population</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/10834_108_21682_en_t2_10834.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10834_108_21682_en_t2_10834.jpg" alt="Patients with microalbuminuria and/or high cystatin C in the risk group"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2. Patients with microalbuminuria and/or high cystatin C in the risk group</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/10834_108_21683_en_f1_10834.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10834_108_21683_en_f1_10834.jpg" alt="Relationship between cystatin C and age in the control group"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1. Relationship between cystatin C and age in the control group</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/10834_108_21684_en_f2_10834.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10834_108_21684_en_f2_10834.jpg" alt="Classification of risk group patients depending on cystatin C values and age"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2. Classification of risk group patients depending on cystatin C values and age</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande/10834_108_21685_en_f3_10834.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10834_108_21685_en_f3_10834.jpg" alt="Figure 3 - Relationship between cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate in the risk group"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 3. Figure 3 - Relationship between cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate in the risk group</p>" "pdfFichero" => "P1-E524-S3336-A10834-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440579" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Cistatina C" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440581" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Hiperlipemia" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440583" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Diabetes" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440585" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Hipertensión" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440587" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Enfermedad renal crónica" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440589" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Filtrado glomerular" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440591" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Microalbuminuria" ] ] ] "en" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440580" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Cystatin C" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440582" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "hyperlipidemia" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440584" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Diabetes" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440586" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Hypertension" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440588" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Chronic kidney disease" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440590" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Glomerular filtration rate" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440592" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Urinary albumin" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objetivo:</span> Evaluar la cistatina C sérica y la microalbuminuria en la detección precoz de las alteraciones vasculares y renales. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material y método: </span>La cistatina C sérica fue cuantificada en suero de un grupo de personas sanas y en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica para establecer un valor de cistatina C a partir del cual se pueda predecir un filtrado glomerular<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span><60 ml/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. Finalmente, la cistatina C sérica y la microalbuminuria fueron cuantificadas en pacientes con un incremento del riesgo de daño vascular y renal (hipertensión, diabetes e hiperlipemia). <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultados: </span>Cuando la cistatina C sérica fue cuantificada en un grupo de riesgo, observamos cómo al aumentar los valores de cistatina C disminuían los valores del filtrado glomerular (p <0,05), que los valores de cistatina C se incrementaban al aumentar la edad de los pacientes (p <0,05) y cómo valores de cistatina C superiores a 0,95 mg/l no se observaron en pacientes con edad inferior a 50 años. En los pacientes del grupo de riesgo con un filtrado glomerular >90 ml/min/1,73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, la cistatina C sérica estaba elevada en un 27,6% con respecto a los valores obtenidos en personas sanas; existía microalbuminuria en un 20,3% y elevación de ambos parámetros en un 14,4%. Con valores de filtrado glomerular 60-90 ml/min/1,73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, la cistatina C estaba elevada en un 51,7%, la microalbuminuria en un 6,4%<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span>y<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span>ambos parámetros en un 23,8%. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusiones:</span> Determinaciones de cistatina C sérica asociadas a la cuantificación de microalbuminuria en pacientes con riesgo pueden mejorar la detección del daño vascular y renal en estadios precoces. La cistatina C puede poner de manifiesto el daño vascular y renal precoz incluso en pacientes sin microalbuminuria.</p>" ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background: </span>The aim of this study was to assess serum cystatin C and urinary albumin in the early detection of impairment in cardiovascular and renal function. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material ans methods:</span> Cystatin C was quantified in sera from healthy people, moreover, cystatin C was quantified in a group of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease for predicting a measured glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. Finally serum cystatin C and microalbuminuria were measured in patients with increasing of risk of impairment in cardiovascular and renal function (hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia). <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results</span>:<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span>When the serum cystatin C was quantified in a group of risk, we observe as when being increased the cystatin C, the values of the glomerular filtration rate decreased (p <0.05), the cistatina values C were increased when increasing the age of the patients (p <0.05) and cystatin C values higher than 0.95 mg/l were not observed in patient smaller than 50 years old. In the group of risk, serum cystatin C was high regarding to the values obtained in healthy people in 27.6%, microalbuminuria in the 20.3% and both parameters were high in the 14.4% of patients with a glomerular filtration rate >90 ml/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, while in patients with a glomerular filtration rate 60-90 ml/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, cystatin C was high in the 51.7% and the microalbuminuria only in the 6.4%. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions:</span> Determinations of serum cystatin C associated to the quantification of urinary albumin in patients with cardiovascular risk can optimize the early detection of vascular and renal damage. Cystatin C can show vascular and renal damage in patients without urinary albumin.</span></p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10834_108_21681_en_t1_10834.jpg" "Alto" => 146 "Ancho" => 600 "Tamanyo" => 67413 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of the study population" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10834_108_21682_en_t2_10834.jpg" "Alto" => 215 "Ancho" => 1050 "Tamanyo" => 37200 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Patients with microalbuminuria and/or high cystatin C in the risk group" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig3" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10834_108_21683_en_f1_10834.jpg" "Alto" => 337 "Ancho" => 511 "Tamanyo" => 17371 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship between cystatin C and age in the control group" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig4" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10834_108_21684_en_f2_10834.jpg" "Alto" => 319 "Ancho" => 508 "Tamanyo" => 24465 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Classification of risk group patients depending on cystatin C values and age" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig5" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10834_108_21685_en_f3_10834.jpg" "Alto" => 337 "Ancho" => 511 "Tamanyo" => 22868 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "- Relationship between cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate in the risk group" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Go As, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch ECh, Hsu Ch. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2024 October | 70 | 80 | 150 |
| 2024 September | 87 | 66 | 153 |
| 2024 August | 96 | 117 | 213 |
| 2024 July | 74 | 71 | 145 |
| 2024 June | 83 | 67 | 150 |
| 2024 May | 112 | 101 | 213 |
| 2024 April | 95 | 47 | 142 |
| 2024 March | 71 | 61 | 132 |
| 2024 February | 59 | 65 | 124 |
| 2024 January | 59 | 51 | 110 |
| 2023 December | 55 | 53 | 108 |
| 2023 November | 67 | 51 | 118 |
| 2023 October | 64 | 49 | 113 |
| 2023 September | 55 | 46 | 101 |
| 2023 August | 74 | 31 | 105 |
| 2023 July | 100 | 55 | 155 |
| 2023 June | 65 | 34 | 99 |
| 2023 May | 86 | 52 | 138 |
| 2023 April | 64 | 29 | 93 |
| 2023 March | 88 | 35 | 123 |
| 2023 February | 80 | 25 | 105 |
| 2023 January | 71 | 38 | 109 |
| 2022 December | 57 | 35 | 92 |
| 2022 November | 53 | 44 | 97 |
| 2022 October | 58 | 45 | 103 |
| 2022 September | 65 | 30 | 95 |
| 2022 August | 82 | 44 | 126 |
| 2022 July | 70 | 40 | 110 |
| 2022 June | 79 | 48 | 127 |
| 2022 May | 73 | 49 | 122 |
| 2022 April | 55 | 51 | 106 |
| 2022 March | 73 | 49 | 122 |
| 2022 February | 70 | 51 | 121 |
| 2022 January | 74 | 35 | 109 |
| 2021 December | 68 | 51 | 119 |
| 2021 November | 74 | 38 | 112 |
| 2021 October | 87 | 62 | 149 |
| 2021 September | 88 | 42 | 130 |
| 2021 August | 53 | 44 | 97 |
| 2021 July | 60 | 37 | 97 |
| 2021 June | 83 | 31 | 114 |
| 2021 May | 57 | 36 | 93 |
| 2021 April | 106 | 54 | 160 |
| 2021 March | 93 | 39 | 132 |
| 2021 February | 95 | 19 | 114 |
| 2021 January | 52 | 26 | 78 |
| 2020 December | 43 | 17 | 60 |
| 2020 November | 37 | 18 | 55 |
| 2020 October | 55 | 19 | 74 |
| 2020 September | 39 | 6 | 45 |
| 2020 August | 64 | 19 | 83 |
| 2020 July | 47 | 8 | 55 |
| 2020 June | 55 | 10 | 65 |
| 2020 May | 78 | 12 | 90 |
| 2020 April | 37 | 17 | 54 |
| 2020 March | 40 | 9 | 49 |
| 2020 February | 56 | 23 | 79 |
| 2020 January | 74 | 25 | 99 |
| 2019 December | 62 | 19 | 81 |
| 2019 November | 57 | 29 | 86 |
| 2019 October | 43 | 18 | 61 |
| 2019 September | 106 | 51 | 157 |
| 2019 August | 58 | 20 | 78 |
| 2019 July | 88 | 32 | 120 |
| 2019 June | 77 | 26 | 103 |
| 2019 May | 123 | 22 | 145 |
| 2019 April | 157 | 46 | 203 |
| 2019 March | 58 | 20 | 78 |
| 2019 February | 28 | 16 | 44 |
| 2019 January | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2018 December | 102 | 37 | 139 |
| 2018 November | 165 | 16 | 181 |
| 2018 October | 153 | 11 | 164 |
| 2018 September | 85 | 14 | 99 |
| 2018 August | 56 | 23 | 79 |
| 2018 July | 69 | 18 | 87 |
| 2018 June | 59 | 12 | 71 |
| 2018 May | 61 | 13 | 74 |
| 2018 April | 64 | 12 | 76 |
| 2018 March | 70 | 4 | 74 |
| 2018 February | 60 | 5 | 65 |
| 2018 January | 58 | 6 | 64 |
| 2017 December | 69 | 8 | 77 |
| 2017 November | 87 | 7 | 94 |
| 2017 October | 59 | 7 | 66 |
| 2017 September | 37 | 10 | 47 |
| 2017 August | 45 | 10 | 55 |
| 2017 July | 46 | 6 | 52 |
| 2017 June | 51 | 9 | 60 |
| 2017 May | 67 | 8 | 75 |
| 2017 April | 42 | 18 | 60 |
| 2017 March | 36 | 13 | 49 |
| 2017 February | 31 | 13 | 44 |
| 2017 January | 32 | 9 | 41 |
| 2016 December | 88 | 17 | 105 |
| 2016 November | 84 | 30 | 114 |
| 2016 October | 117 | 21 | 138 |
| 2016 September | 130 | 8 | 138 |
| 2016 August | 246 | 11 | 257 |
| 2016 July | 210 | 9 | 219 |
| 2016 June | 158 | 0 | 158 |
| 2016 May | 150 | 0 | 150 |
| 2016 April | 131 | 0 | 131 |
| 2016 March | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| 2016 February | 112 | 0 | 112 |
| 2016 January | 107 | 0 | 107 |
| 2015 December | 120 | 0 | 120 |
| 2015 November | 84 | 0 | 84 |
| 2015 October | 89 | 0 | 89 |
| 2015 September | 80 | 0 | 80 |
| 2015 August | 80 | 0 | 80 |
| 2015 July | 78 | 0 | 78 |
| 2015 June | 46 | 0 | 46 |
| 2015 May | 61 | 0 | 61 |
| 2015 April | 6 | 0 | 6 |
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