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Mushroom poisoning: Orellanus syndrome
Intoxicación por setas: síndrome orellánico
S.. Álvarez Tundidora, A.. González Lópeza, A.. Nava Rebolloa, B.. Andrés Martína, J.V.. Diego Martína, H.. Santana Zapateroa, C.. Escaja Mugaa, H.. Díiaz Molinaa, J.. Grande Viloriaa
a Sección de Nefrología, Hospital Virgen de la Concha, Zamora,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">To the Editor&#44; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Around 42 million kilograms of wild mushrooms are eaten in Spain each year&#46; Mushroom poisoning is an increasingly common medical emergency&#46; Annually&#44; 400 people are hospitalised with this diagnosis&#46; Depending on the latent period &#40;around six hours&#41;&#44; clinical symptoms can be classified as short- or long-incubation syndrome&#46; The latter are the most severe&#44; and include gyromitra&#44; orellanus and phalloides syndrome&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The orellanus syndrome is produced by several species from the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cortinarius</span> that contains toxins&#44; orellanines&#44; with a marked renal tropism&#46; After a long period without any symptoms &#40;3-17 days&#41;&#44; the patient presents with polyuria and severe renal failure&#44; which is often irreversible&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span> We present a case of mushroom poisoning with signs of orrellanus syndrome&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We present the case of an 83-year-old male patient with history of arterial hypertension &#40;AHT&#41;&#44; dyslipidaemia and a haemorrhagic stroke in 2006&#46; He underwent surgery for rectal neoplasia in 2000&#44; and received chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy&#46; The patient came to the emergency department due to vomiting and liquid bowel movements&#44; with no other symptoms&#46; The only event that the patient referred was having eaten wild mushrooms that he had picked 4 days before&#46; The biochemistry found&#58; glucose&#58; 130 mg&#47;dl&#59; urea&#58; 240 mg&#47;dl&#59; creatinine&#58; 4&#46;62 mg&#47;dl&#59; glutamate-pyruvate transaminase &#40;GPT&#41;&#58; 3903IU&#47;l&#59; glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase &#40;GOT&#41;&#58; 868IU&#47;l&#59; bilirubin&#58; 0&#46;80mg&#47;dl&#59; amylase&#58; 86IU&#47;l&#44; CK&#58; 86IU&#47;l&#59; sodium&#58; 134mEq&#47;l&#59; potassium&#58; 5&#46;1mEq&#47;l&#59; ionic calcium&#58; 1&#46;12mmol&#47;l&#59; and lactate&#58; 1&#46;3mmol&#47;l&#46; The blood gases showed a pH of 7392 and HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#160;of 15&#46;1mEq&#47;l&#46; The haemogram showed thrombocytopenia with 69x10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;&#181;l of platelets&#59; the rest of the haemogram and coagulation were normal&#46; The abdominal ultrasound did not show any changes&#46; Given that it was suspected that the patient had mushroom poisoning&#44; he was admitted to the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46; Intensive fluid therapy was started&#44; with sibilin and penicillin G&#46; The patient was haemodynamically stable throughout his hospital stay&#44; with good diuresis forced with mannitol during the first few hours&#44; and then spontaneously&#46; After 48 hours in the ICU he was transferred to the medical ward&#44; where his hepatic function continued to improve&#44; but he had polyuria and gradual deterioration of kidney function &#40;reaching creatinine levels of 10&#46;6mg&#47;dl 13 days after admission&#41;&#46; He was therefore indicated renal replacement therapy&#46; Kidney biopsy was not performed given that he was considered a high-risk patient&#46; Complementary examinations were also performed&#44; with the following results&#58; negative antinuclear antibodies &#40;ANA&#41;&#44; anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies &#40;ANCA&#41;&#44; anti-DNA and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies&#46; The serology tests for hepatitis B virus &#40;HBV&#41;&#44; hepatitis C &#40;HCV&#41;&#44; and human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; were negative&#46; The C3 and C4 proteinogram and Ig assessment were within normal limits&#46; Basic urine test&#58; normal&#46; Microalbuminuria&#58; 36&#181;g&#47;min&#46; Negative Bence-Jones proteinuria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although the orellanus toxin is not common in our area&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> the clinical symptoms described for delayed polyuric renal failure after wild mushroom consumption&#44; with interstitial failure data&#44; match with orellanus syndrome&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span> The patient was indicated continuous treatment with regular haemodialysis every 48 hours&#46; No improvement in renal function was observed in the long term&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In summary&#44; when a patient presents with clinical symptoms of liver and kidney involvement&#44; mushroom poisoning must be considered&#44; including orellanus syndrome&#44; especially in regional areas with a tradition of wild mushroom picking&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></p>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Humayor Yáñez J, Rementería Radigales J. Intoxicación por setas. En: Manual de intoxicaciones en pediatría. Madrid: Ediciones Ergón, 2003;21:209-23."
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Saviuc P, Garon D, Danel V, Richard JM. Cortinarius poisoning. Analysis of cases in the literature. Nephrologie 2001;22:167-73. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488171" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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