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also since birth&#46; Renal disease screening was performed &#40;sediment&#44; proteinuria&#44; and renal function&#41; on the family members&#44; with negative results&#46; At the time of admission&#44; the patient was asymptomatic&#44; without oedema or clinical uraemia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The physical examination was unremarkable&#44; except for high blood pressure that was controlled with low doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACE-I&#41;&#46; Relevant laboratory data included&#58; creatinine 5&#46;6mg&#47;dl&#44; urea 112mg&#47;dl&#44; total protein 5&#46;2g&#47;dl&#44; albumin 3&#46;30g&#47;dl&#44; total cholesterol 117mg&#47;dl &#40;HDL 29mg&#47;dl&#44; LDL 57mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; as well as normocytic normochromic anaemia&#44; with haemoglobin value of 9&#46;7g&#47;dl and haematocrit of 27&#46;8&#37;&#46; On urinalysis&#44; proteinuria in the nephrotic range was detected&#44; with a protein to creatinine ratio of 5&#46;3mg&#47;mg and microhaematuria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Viral serologies for hepatitis B and C and for HIV were negative&#46; Other serologies performed for parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41;&#44; including PCR&#44; were negative&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Blood immunoglobulins &#40;IgG&#44; IgM&#44; and IgA&#41; were within normal limits&#46; Complement testing was also normal&#46; Autoimmunity studies&#44; including ANA&#44; ANCA&#44; and anti- DNA&#44; were negative&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;On renal ultrasound&#44; symmetric kidneys were observed&#44; normal in size &#40;right kidney 11&#46;5cm&#44; left kidney 11&#46;7cm&#41;&#44; both with moderately hyperechogenic parenchyma and decreased corticomedullary differentiation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;A renal biopsy was performed&#44; showing 9 glomeruli&#44; five of which were completely sclerosed and four with lesions of segmental sclerosis&#59; the latter were notable for hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the visceral epithelium &#40;pseudo-crescents&#41; &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#44; at times vacuolised &#40;PAS&#43;&#41;&#44; occupying Bowman&#8217;s space but with unaffected parietal epithelium&#46; The capillaries of these glomeruli had areas of collapse and luminal occlusion &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46; The interstitium was oedematous&#44; with moderate mixed inflammatory infiltration and markedly abnormal tubules&#44; with dilated lumens and epithelium that was at times necrotic or degenerated&#44; with sloughed cells in its lumen &#40;Figure 3&#41;&#46; The vascular component showed no lesions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The histological examination was performed with immunohistochemical markers&#58; the hyperplastic visceral epithelium expressed a phenotype not found in other forms of podocyte lesion &#40;minimum change disease&#44; membranous glomerulonephritis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; only found in the foetal kidney &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46; In our case there is&#44; therefore&#44; a loss of maturation markers &#40;vimentin&#44; CALLA&#44; or synaptopodin&#41; &#40;Figure 4&#41; with re-expression of proliferation markers &#40;Ki 67&#41; &#40;Figure 5&#41; or dedifferentiation &#40;cytokeratins&#44; Cam 5&#46;2&#41; &#40;Figure 6&#41;&#44; including acquisition of a macrophagic immunophenotype &#40;Figure 7&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The patient progressed rapidly to end-stage renal disease&#44; and was included in a chronic haemodialysis programme&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We present here a patient with CG and expressed markers of podocyte dedifferentiation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;CG is an aggressive form of kidney disease characterised by nephrotic proteinuria&#44; severe renal failure&#44; and poor outcome&#44; with minimal response to treatment leading quickly to end-stage renal disease&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;This glomerulopathy is a relatively new and little known entity&#44; so much so that it still does not appear in the most recent textbooks of Spanish nephrology as a clinically independent disease&#46; In the first descriptions that were made in the 1970s&#44; it was known as &#8220;malignant&#8221; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis&#46; Subsequently&#44; in the 1980s&#44; it was defined as an HIV-associated nephropathy&#46; In 1986&#44; Weiss et al&#46; described a similar renal lesion in HIV-negative patients that was called CG&#46; Since then&#44; it has been considered a variant of FSGS&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>In recent years we have witnessed significant progress in knowledge of this glomerulopathy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;It is considered a new clinical-pathological disease&#44; separate from FSGS&#44; in recent taxonomic classifications of podocytopathies&#46; This is based on the mechanism through which the podocyte is damaged is completely different in these two diseases&#46; While CG is associated with podocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation&#44; podocytopoenia is the characteristic lesion in FSGS&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Morphologically&#44; CG is characterised by global or segmental collapse of the capillary lumens&#44; hyperplasia&#44; and podocyte proliferation &#40;pseudo-crescents&#41;&#46; In addition there is an important tubulo-interstitial lesion with microcysts&#44; acute injury&#44; and tubular atrophy&#44; as in variable interstitial inflammatory infiltrates&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>The immunofluorescence study is negative or non-specific&#46; On electron microscopy&#44; it is typical to find podocyte fusion and hyperplasia&#46; According to its aetiology&#44; tubulo-reticular lesions can be seen &#40;virus&#44; lupus&#41; or mitochondrial abnormalities &#40;CoQ2 nephropathy&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Without a doubt&#44; the finding that is most characteristic of this disease is &#8220;deregulation&#8221; of the podocyte phenotype&#58; markers of differentiation are lost and others of podocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation are gained&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5 </span>For example&#44; as in our case&#44; markers of glomerular maturation&#44; such as vimentin&#44; VT1&#44; CALLA &#40;CD10&#41; and synaptopodin were lost &#40;down-regulation&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; markers of proliferation &#40;Ki67&#41; and dedifferentiation such as various cytokeratins &#40;CK&#44; Cam 5&#46;2&#41;&#44; present in the foetal glomerulus and absent in the normal adult&#44; were expressed &#40;up-regulation&#41;&#46; Even the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo </span>expression of macrophagic markers such as CD68 in this glomerulopathy may indicate podocyte &#8220;transdedifferentiation&#8221; &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Regarding the aetiology&#44; various forms of this disease have been described&#58; idiopathic forms&#44; genetic forms&#44; and secondary forms &#40;Table 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;In our case&#44; possible secondary causes involved with this glomerulopathy were examined&#58; there was no history of taking drugs such as pamidronate or valproic acid&#44; nor were viral infections such as HIV&#44; CMV&#44; or parvovirus B<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19 </span>detected&#46; There were no signs or symptoms of autoimmune diseases&#44; which are occasionally associated with this disease&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span>Our patient&#44; as is characteristic in CG&#44; progressed rapidly to end-stage renal disease and became dependent on dialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The clinical presentation &#40;nephrotic syndrome and rapid progression to renal failure&#41;&#44; the histological findings &#40;capillary collapse&#44; pseudo-crescents with podocyte hypertrophy and tubulo-interstitial involvement&#41; and the markers of podocyte dedifferentiation &#40;CALLA&#44; Ki67&#44; CD68&#44; CAM5&#46;2&#44; and others&#41; were consistent with the diagnosis of CG&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The family and personal history of mental retardation in our patient keeps us from ruling out&#44; for the moment&#44; a genetic disease based primarily on a CoQ2 mitochondrial dysfunction&#44; as a cause of this disease&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7 </span>As a result&#44; our current diagnosis is idiopathic CG&#46; We therefore believe that&#44; in addition to the clinical and histological features&#44; these markers of podocyte phenotype dysregulation are a useful and valuable tool for the study of CG&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;Questions and responses </span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Eduardo V&#225;zquez-Martull &#40;La Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; </span>Congratulations on the magnificently presented case&#46; I do not have personal experience with this&#44; but I recognise the excellent differential diagnosis and the techniques that were used to reach the diagnosis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Response&#58; </span>In daily practice&#44; it is not uncommon to find&#44; as in this case&#44; lesions that are quite welldeveloped at the time of biopsy evaluation&#46; For that reason&#44; it may be useful to determine certain differential markers&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Pilar Arrizabalaga &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; </span>Collapsing glomerulonephritis&#44; in contrast to other types of glomerulonephritis&#44; is characterised by the irreversible loss of podocytes&#44; the loss of differentiation antigens&#44; and&#44; paradoxically&#44; podocyte proliferation&#44; demonstrated by the strength of Ki67&#46; The mature podocyte and the neuron share a cellular differentiation antigen in synaptopodin&#46; Given that this patient and two of the patient&#8217;s family members had mental retardation&#44; do you believe that there may be some kind of relationship&#63; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In this patient&#44; physical examination and neurophysiological studies were normal&#44; but mental retardation was evident both in the patient as well as in the patient&#8217;s family members &#40;mother and sister&#41;&#46; Regarding the relationship between mental retardation &#40;or neurological disease&#41; and collapsing nephropathy&#44; at the moment we can only speculate&#46; On the one hand&#44; we are waiting for a muscle biopsy and the respiratory chain study in order to rule-out mitochondrial disease&#59; in some patients with CoQ2 nephropathy&#44; neurological disorders have been described &#40;encephalopathy&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; one could also speculate about the role of synaptopodin in mental retardation&#46; As you rightly mentioned&#44; synaptopodin is a cellular marker that is expressed exclusively in the mature podocyte and in the dendritic spines of telencephalic synapses&#46; In our case &#40;as with all collapsing nephropathies&#41; there is a loss of this podocyte marker&#46; Recently&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8 </span>a very close relationship has been shown between synaptopodin &#40;loss of expression&#41; and proteinuria&#46; It would be interesting if the neurological changes were caused by a loss of this neuronal marker&#46; Nevertheless&#44; as we said&#44; this is all speculation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Pilar Arrizabalaga &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; </span>This case makes the point of stressing the utility of checking synaptopodin in patients with idiopathic collapsing glomerulonephritis&#44; especially if it presents in patients with mental retardation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; V&#237;ctor Guti&#233;rrez-Millet &#40;Madrid&#41;&#46; </span>The visceral epithelial hyperplasia is the cause of the appearance of the shapes called pseudo-crescents&#46; It is a shame that this concept does not continue to be used to differentiate these abnormalities from the true <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">crescents </span>in other extracapillary types of glomerulonephritis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Montserrat D&#237;az &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; </span>The fact of Ki67 being positive does not allow for differentiation between a pseudo-crescent and an epithelial crescent since it is a marker of proliferation and not a difference between epithelial cell and podocyte&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In fact&#44; Ki67 only indicates proliferative activity of the epithelium&#59; it is the location of this nuclear staining&#44; combined with the rest of the podocyte markers&#44; which determines that this proliferation is linked&#44; in our case&#44; to the visceral epithelium and not to the parietal epithelium&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; Miguel &#193;ngel Frutos &#40;M&#225;laga&#41;</span>&#46; Podocyte apoptosis or the loss of anchoring proteins to the GBM is the cause of podocyturia in some types of glomerulonephritis and usually in the collapsing forms&#46; What current utility is there in the evaluation of podocyturia in the urine in the diagnosis or follow-up of certain types of glomerulonephritis&#63; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In fact&#44; several studies have shown podocyturia in a large variety of glomerular diseases in humans and in experimental nephropathies&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10 </span>This loss of podocytes in the urine with the resulting baring of the GBM is probably the cause of synechiae and&#44; in short&#44; of glomerulosclerosis&#46; We believe that it could be very useful in the follow-up of glomerular diseases&#44; although we have not studied that aspect&#46; Regarding your question&#44; some authors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11 </span>have shown that it is a marker&#44; more specific than proteinuria&#44; of glomerular damage&#46; For years it has been thought that it was a highly differentiated terminal cell and that it did not proliferate&#46; Today&#44; we know that it can enter the cell cycle and that it can have a potential regenerative role&#46; Therefore&#44; theoretically&#44; the normal number of podocytes could be restored in diseases with progressive loss of podocytes&#44; thus preventing the progression of chronic renal failure&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Pedro Aljama &#40;C&#243;rdoba&#41;&#46; </span>Under normal conditions&#44; a considerable number of podocytes can be isolated from the urine&#44; and their quantification may have diagnostic value in certain glomerular processes&#46; When 60&#37; of the podocytes are lost is when glomerular sclerosis&#47;hyalinosis first appears&#46; There is growing experimental evidence that the podocyte can regenerate from renal stem cells located selectively at the vascular pole of the glomerulus&#46; These renal stem cells progress via the parietal layer of Bowman&#8217;s capsule to the visceral layer and when they arrive at the capillary tuft they are already &#8220;adult&#8221; or differentiated podocytes that can replace those lost in urine or those destroyed by pathologic processes &#40;inflammation&#44; apoptosis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; Eduardo V&#225;zquez-Martull &#40;La Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; </span>I think I remember that in congenital nephrotic syndrome &#40;NS&#41;&#44; the hyperplastic podocytes show hyperplasia that is reminiscent of the foetal glomerulus&#46; Is that so&#63; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>There are some cases relating to this dedifferentiation in atypical focal and segmental forms and&#44; as Dr&#46; V&#225;zquez Martull mentions&#44; in congenital NS and in diffuse mesangial sclerosis&#44; the podocyte phenotype may resemble early glomerular forms from nephrogenesis&#46; But&#44; in addition to dedifferentiation&#44; the proliferative nature of the podocytes in collapsing glomerulopathy must be added&#44; which is different from the established mechanisms of podocyte lesion in minimal change disease and in other forms of idiopathic focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis&#44; with the exception of the cellular type&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; Eduardo V&#225;zquez-Martull &#40;La Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; </span>It matters little whether it is mesenchymal or epithelial cellularity&#46; The later transformation is what is responsible for the cell becoming laden with actin and starting its transformation into a fibroblast&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In fact&#44; glomerulosclerosis is thus a predictable result&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;Acknowledgements </span>To Novartis Pharma for the facilities for presentation and discussion of this case at the meeting of the Nephropathology Club and GLOSEN&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5919&#95;en&#95;figure1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5919_en_figure1.jpg" alt="Pseudo-crescents&#58; hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the visceral epithelium&#46; PAS 40x&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Pseudo-crescents&#58; hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the visceral epithelium&#46; PAS 40x&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5920&#95;en&#95;figure2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5920_en_figure2.jpg" alt="Collapse of glomerular capillaries&#46; Silver Methenamine 40x&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Collapse of glomerular capillaries&#46; Silver Methenamine 40x&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5921&#95;en&#95;figure3&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5921_en_figure3.jpg" alt="Necrosis and tubular dilation&#46; HE 20x&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 3&#46; Necrosis and tubular dilation&#46; HE 20x&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5922&#95;en&#95;figure4&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5922_en_figure4.jpg" alt="Markers of maturation&#58; synaptopodin&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 4&#46; Markers of maturation&#58; synaptopodin&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5924&#95;en&#95;figure5&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5924_en_figure5.jpg" alt="Markers of proliferation&#58; Ki67&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 5&#46; Markers of proliferation&#58; Ki67&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5925&#95;en&#95;figure6&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5925_en_figure6.jpg" alt="Markers of differentiation&#58; cytokeratins &#40;AE1&#47;AE3&#41;&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 6&#46; Markers of differentiation&#58; cytokeratins &#40;AE1&#47;AE3&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5926&#95;en&#95;figure7&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5926_en_figure7.jpg" alt="Markers of trans-differentiation&#58; CD68&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 7&#46; Markers of trans-differentiation&#58; CD68&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5927&#95;en&#95;table1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5927_en_table1.gif" alt="Podocyte phenotype in collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Podocyte phenotype in collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5928&#95;en&#95;table2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5928_en_table2.gif" alt="Classification of collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Classification of collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;</p>"
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Markers of podocyte dedifferentiation in a patient with collapsing glomerulonephritis
MARCADORES DE DESDIFERENCIACIÓN PODOCITARIA EN PACIENTE CON GLOMERULONEFRITIS COLAPSANTE
M Dolores Redondo Pachóna, Rosa Ortega Salasb, Cayetana Moyano Peregrína, María López Andreua, Mario Espinosa Hernándeza, Ana Romera Segorbea, Alberto González Menchénb, Carlos Pérez-Seoaneb, Fernando López Rubiob, Pedro Aljama Garcíaa
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España,
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41; is a relatively new and little known entity of glomerular disease&#46; It was first described in the 1980s&#44; and defined at that point as HIV-associated nephropathy&#46; Subsequently&#44; there have been cases of this renal disease in HIV-negative patients&#44; and it has been renamed as CG&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;It has been considered a collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis &#40;FSGS&#41;&#46; However&#44; the podocyte lesions are different&#58; the pathogenesis of typical FSGS is marked by podocytopoenia&#44; while CG is characterised by podocyte proliferation&#46; In recent classifications of podocytopathies&#44; it is described as a primary glomerular disease&#44; independent of FSGS&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1 </span>In CG&#44; podocyte involvement implies phenotypic dedifferentiation&#44; reflected in the loss of expression of markers of podocyte maturity and a &#8220;re-expression&#8221; of proliferation markers common in the immature podocyte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;We present a case of a patient with CG&#44; with the relationship of markers of podocyte dedifferentiation as part of the study of this type of glomerulopathy&#46;&#160; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CASE REPORT </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">25-year-old patient who was admitted for work-up of advanced renal failure and proteinuria in the nephrotic range&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The patient&#8217;s history was notable for mild-moderate mental retardation since infancy&#46; The patient denied medication or illicit drug use&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The patient&#8217;s family history included a mother and sister with mental retardation&#44; also since birth&#46; Renal disease screening was performed &#40;sediment&#44; proteinuria&#44; and renal function&#41; on the family members&#44; with negative results&#46; At the time of admission&#44; the patient was asymptomatic&#44; without oedema or clinical uraemia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The physical examination was unremarkable&#44; except for high blood pressure that was controlled with low doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACE-I&#41;&#46; Relevant laboratory data included&#58; creatinine 5&#46;6mg&#47;dl&#44; urea 112mg&#47;dl&#44; total protein 5&#46;2g&#47;dl&#44; albumin 3&#46;30g&#47;dl&#44; total cholesterol 117mg&#47;dl &#40;HDL 29mg&#47;dl&#44; LDL 57mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; as well as normocytic normochromic anaemia&#44; with haemoglobin value of 9&#46;7g&#47;dl and haematocrit of 27&#46;8&#37;&#46; On urinalysis&#44; proteinuria in the nephrotic range was detected&#44; with a protein to creatinine ratio of 5&#46;3mg&#47;mg and microhaematuria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Viral serologies for hepatitis B and C and for HIV were negative&#46; Other serologies performed for parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41;&#44; including PCR&#44; were negative&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Blood immunoglobulins &#40;IgG&#44; IgM&#44; and IgA&#41; were within normal limits&#46; Complement testing was also normal&#46; Autoimmunity studies&#44; including ANA&#44; ANCA&#44; and anti- DNA&#44; were negative&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;On renal ultrasound&#44; symmetric kidneys were observed&#44; normal in size &#40;right kidney 11&#46;5cm&#44; left kidney 11&#46;7cm&#41;&#44; both with moderately hyperechogenic parenchyma and decreased corticomedullary differentiation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;A renal biopsy was performed&#44; showing 9 glomeruli&#44; five of which were completely sclerosed and four with lesions of segmental sclerosis&#59; the latter were notable for hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the visceral epithelium &#40;pseudo-crescents&#41; &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#44; at times vacuolised &#40;PAS&#43;&#41;&#44; occupying Bowman&#8217;s space but with unaffected parietal epithelium&#46; The capillaries of these glomeruli had areas of collapse and luminal occlusion &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46; The interstitium was oedematous&#44; with moderate mixed inflammatory infiltration and markedly abnormal tubules&#44; with dilated lumens and epithelium that was at times necrotic or degenerated&#44; with sloughed cells in its lumen &#40;Figure 3&#41;&#46; The vascular component showed no lesions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The histological examination was performed with immunohistochemical markers&#58; the hyperplastic visceral epithelium expressed a phenotype not found in other forms of podocyte lesion &#40;minimum change disease&#44; membranous glomerulonephritis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; only found in the foetal kidney &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46; In our case there is&#44; therefore&#44; a loss of maturation markers &#40;vimentin&#44; CALLA&#44; or synaptopodin&#41; &#40;Figure 4&#41; with re-expression of proliferation markers &#40;Ki 67&#41; &#40;Figure 5&#41; or dedifferentiation &#40;cytokeratins&#44; Cam 5&#46;2&#41; &#40;Figure 6&#41;&#44; including acquisition of a macrophagic immunophenotype &#40;Figure 7&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The patient progressed rapidly to end-stage renal disease&#44; and was included in a chronic haemodialysis programme&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We present here a patient with CG and expressed markers of podocyte dedifferentiation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;CG is an aggressive form of kidney disease characterised by nephrotic proteinuria&#44; severe renal failure&#44; and poor outcome&#44; with minimal response to treatment leading quickly to end-stage renal disease&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;This glomerulopathy is a relatively new and little known entity&#44; so much so that it still does not appear in the most recent textbooks of Spanish nephrology as a clinically independent disease&#46; In the first descriptions that were made in the 1970s&#44; it was known as &#8220;malignant&#8221; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis&#46; Subsequently&#44; in the 1980s&#44; it was defined as an HIV-associated nephropathy&#46; In 1986&#44; Weiss et al&#46; described a similar renal lesion in HIV-negative patients that was called CG&#46; Since then&#44; it has been considered a variant of FSGS&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>In recent years we have witnessed significant progress in knowledge of this glomerulopathy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;It is considered a new clinical-pathological disease&#44; separate from FSGS&#44; in recent taxonomic classifications of podocytopathies&#46; This is based on the mechanism through which the podocyte is damaged is completely different in these two diseases&#46; While CG is associated with podocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation&#44; podocytopoenia is the characteristic lesion in FSGS&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Morphologically&#44; CG is characterised by global or segmental collapse of the capillary lumens&#44; hyperplasia&#44; and podocyte proliferation &#40;pseudo-crescents&#41;&#46; In addition there is an important tubulo-interstitial lesion with microcysts&#44; acute injury&#44; and tubular atrophy&#44; as in variable interstitial inflammatory infiltrates&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>The immunofluorescence study is negative or non-specific&#46; On electron microscopy&#44; it is typical to find podocyte fusion and hyperplasia&#46; According to its aetiology&#44; tubulo-reticular lesions can be seen &#40;virus&#44; lupus&#41; or mitochondrial abnormalities &#40;CoQ2 nephropathy&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Without a doubt&#44; the finding that is most characteristic of this disease is &#8220;deregulation&#8221; of the podocyte phenotype&#58; markers of differentiation are lost and others of podocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation are gained&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5 </span>For example&#44; as in our case&#44; markers of glomerular maturation&#44; such as vimentin&#44; VT1&#44; CALLA &#40;CD10&#41; and synaptopodin were lost &#40;down-regulation&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; markers of proliferation &#40;Ki67&#41; and dedifferentiation such as various cytokeratins &#40;CK&#44; Cam 5&#46;2&#41;&#44; present in the foetal glomerulus and absent in the normal adult&#44; were expressed &#40;up-regulation&#41;&#46; Even the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo </span>expression of macrophagic markers such as CD68 in this glomerulopathy may indicate podocyte &#8220;transdedifferentiation&#8221; &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;Regarding the aetiology&#44; various forms of this disease have been described&#58; idiopathic forms&#44; genetic forms&#44; and secondary forms &#40;Table 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;In our case&#44; possible secondary causes involved with this glomerulopathy were examined&#58; there was no history of taking drugs such as pamidronate or valproic acid&#44; nor were viral infections such as HIV&#44; CMV&#44; or parvovirus B<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19 </span>detected&#46; There were no signs or symptoms of autoimmune diseases&#44; which are occasionally associated with this disease&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span>Our patient&#44; as is characteristic in CG&#44; progressed rapidly to end-stage renal disease and became dependent on dialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The clinical presentation &#40;nephrotic syndrome and rapid progression to renal failure&#41;&#44; the histological findings &#40;capillary collapse&#44; pseudo-crescents with podocyte hypertrophy and tubulo-interstitial involvement&#41; and the markers of podocyte dedifferentiation &#40;CALLA&#44; Ki67&#44; CD68&#44; CAM5&#46;2&#44; and others&#41; were consistent with the diagnosis of CG&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;The family and personal history of mental retardation in our patient keeps us from ruling out&#44; for the moment&#44; a genetic disease based primarily on a CoQ2 mitochondrial dysfunction&#44; as a cause of this disease&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7 </span>As a result&#44; our current diagnosis is idiopathic CG&#46; We therefore believe that&#44; in addition to the clinical and histological features&#44; these markers of podocyte phenotype dysregulation are a useful and valuable tool for the study of CG&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;Questions and responses </span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Eduardo V&#225;zquez-Martull &#40;La Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; </span>Congratulations on the magnificently presented case&#46; I do not have personal experience with this&#44; but I recognise the excellent differential diagnosis and the techniques that were used to reach the diagnosis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Response&#58; </span>In daily practice&#44; it is not uncommon to find&#44; as in this case&#44; lesions that are quite welldeveloped at the time of biopsy evaluation&#46; For that reason&#44; it may be useful to determine certain differential markers&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Pilar Arrizabalaga &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; </span>Collapsing glomerulonephritis&#44; in contrast to other types of glomerulonephritis&#44; is characterised by the irreversible loss of podocytes&#44; the loss of differentiation antigens&#44; and&#44; paradoxically&#44; podocyte proliferation&#44; demonstrated by the strength of Ki67&#46; The mature podocyte and the neuron share a cellular differentiation antigen in synaptopodin&#46; Given that this patient and two of the patient&#8217;s family members had mental retardation&#44; do you believe that there may be some kind of relationship&#63; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In this patient&#44; physical examination and neurophysiological studies were normal&#44; but mental retardation was evident both in the patient as well as in the patient&#8217;s family members &#40;mother and sister&#41;&#46; Regarding the relationship between mental retardation &#40;or neurological disease&#41; and collapsing nephropathy&#44; at the moment we can only speculate&#46; On the one hand&#44; we are waiting for a muscle biopsy and the respiratory chain study in order to rule-out mitochondrial disease&#59; in some patients with CoQ2 nephropathy&#44; neurological disorders have been described &#40;encephalopathy&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; one could also speculate about the role of synaptopodin in mental retardation&#46; As you rightly mentioned&#44; synaptopodin is a cellular marker that is expressed exclusively in the mature podocyte and in the dendritic spines of telencephalic synapses&#46; In our case &#40;as with all collapsing nephropathies&#41; there is a loss of this podocyte marker&#46; Recently&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8 </span>a very close relationship has been shown between synaptopodin &#40;loss of expression&#41; and proteinuria&#46; It would be interesting if the neurological changes were caused by a loss of this neuronal marker&#46; Nevertheless&#44; as we said&#44; this is all speculation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Pilar Arrizabalaga &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; </span>This case makes the point of stressing the utility of checking synaptopodin in patients with idiopathic collapsing glomerulonephritis&#44; especially if it presents in patients with mental retardation&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; V&#237;ctor Guti&#233;rrez-Millet &#40;Madrid&#41;&#46; </span>The visceral epithelial hyperplasia is the cause of the appearance of the shapes called pseudo-crescents&#46; It is a shame that this concept does not continue to be used to differentiate these abnormalities from the true <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">crescents </span>in other extracapillary types of glomerulonephritis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Montserrat D&#237;az &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; </span>The fact of Ki67 being positive does not allow for differentiation between a pseudo-crescent and an epithelial crescent since it is a marker of proliferation and not a difference between epithelial cell and podocyte&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In fact&#44; Ki67 only indicates proliferative activity of the epithelium&#59; it is the location of this nuclear staining&#44; combined with the rest of the podocyte markers&#44; which determines that this proliferation is linked&#44; in our case&#44; to the visceral epithelium and not to the parietal epithelium&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; Miguel &#193;ngel Frutos &#40;M&#225;laga&#41;</span>&#46; Podocyte apoptosis or the loss of anchoring proteins to the GBM is the cause of podocyturia in some types of glomerulonephritis and usually in the collapsing forms&#46; What current utility is there in the evaluation of podocyturia in the urine in the diagnosis or follow-up of certain types of glomerulonephritis&#63; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In fact&#44; several studies have shown podocyturia in a large variety of glomerular diseases in humans and in experimental nephropathies&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10 </span>This loss of podocytes in the urine with the resulting baring of the GBM is probably the cause of synechiae and&#44; in short&#44; of glomerulosclerosis&#46; We believe that it could be very useful in the follow-up of glomerular diseases&#44; although we have not studied that aspect&#46; Regarding your question&#44; some authors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11 </span>have shown that it is a marker&#44; more specific than proteinuria&#44; of glomerular damage&#46; For years it has been thought that it was a highly differentiated terminal cell and that it did not proliferate&#46; Today&#44; we know that it can enter the cell cycle and that it can have a potential regenerative role&#46; Therefore&#44; theoretically&#44; the normal number of podocytes could be restored in diseases with progressive loss of podocytes&#44; thus preventing the progression of chronic renal failure&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- Dr&#46; Pedro Aljama &#40;C&#243;rdoba&#41;&#46; </span>Under normal conditions&#44; a considerable number of podocytes can be isolated from the urine&#44; and their quantification may have diagnostic value in certain glomerular processes&#46; When 60&#37; of the podocytes are lost is when glomerular sclerosis&#47;hyalinosis first appears&#46; There is growing experimental evidence that the podocyte can regenerate from renal stem cells located selectively at the vascular pole of the glomerulus&#46; These renal stem cells progress via the parietal layer of Bowman&#8217;s capsule to the visceral layer and when they arrive at the capillary tuft they are already &#8220;adult&#8221; or differentiated podocytes that can replace those lost in urine or those destroyed by pathologic processes &#40;inflammation&#44; apoptosis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; Eduardo V&#225;zquez-Martull &#40;La Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; </span>I think I remember that in congenital nephrotic syndrome &#40;NS&#41;&#44; the hyperplastic podocytes show hyperplasia that is reminiscent of the foetal glomerulus&#46; Is that so&#63; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>There are some cases relating to this dedifferentiation in atypical focal and segmental forms and&#44; as Dr&#46; V&#225;zquez Martull mentions&#44; in congenital NS and in diffuse mesangial sclerosis&#44; the podocyte phenotype may resemble early glomerular forms from nephrogenesis&#46; But&#44; in addition to dedifferentiation&#44; the proliferative nature of the podocytes in collapsing glomerulopathy must be added&#44; which is different from the established mechanisms of podocyte lesion in minimal change disease and in other forms of idiopathic focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis&#44; with the exception of the cellular type&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">- Dr&#46; Eduardo V&#225;zquez-Martull &#40;La Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; </span>It matters little whether it is mesenchymal or epithelial cellularity&#46; The later transformation is what is responsible for the cell becoming laden with actin and starting its transformation into a fibroblast&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#160;- </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">R&#58; </span>In fact&#44; glomerulosclerosis is thus a predictable result&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;Acknowledgements </span>To Novartis Pharma for the facilities for presentation and discussion of this case at the meeting of the Nephropathology Club and GLOSEN&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5919&#95;en&#95;figure1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5919_en_figure1.jpg" alt="Pseudo-crescents&#58; hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the visceral epithelium&#46; PAS 40x&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Pseudo-crescents&#58; hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the visceral epithelium&#46; PAS 40x&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5920&#95;en&#95;figure2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5920_en_figure2.jpg" alt="Collapse of glomerular capillaries&#46; Silver Methenamine 40x&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Collapse of glomerular capillaries&#46; Silver Methenamine 40x&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5921&#95;en&#95;figure3&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5921_en_figure3.jpg" alt="Necrosis and tubular dilation&#46; HE 20x&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 3&#46; Necrosis and tubular dilation&#46; HE 20x&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5922&#95;en&#95;figure4&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5922_en_figure4.jpg" alt="Markers of maturation&#58; synaptopodin&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 4&#46; Markers of maturation&#58; synaptopodin&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5924&#95;en&#95;figure5&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5924_en_figure5.jpg" alt="Markers of proliferation&#58; Ki67&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 5&#46; Markers of proliferation&#58; Ki67&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5925&#95;en&#95;figure6&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5925_en_figure6.jpg" alt="Markers of differentiation&#58; cytokeratins &#40;AE1&#47;AE3&#41;&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 6&#46; Markers of differentiation&#58; cytokeratins &#40;AE1&#47;AE3&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5926&#95;en&#95;figure7&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5926_en_figure7.jpg" alt="Markers of trans-differentiation&#58; CD68&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 7&#46; Markers of trans-differentiation&#58; CD68&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5927&#95;en&#95;table1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5927_en_table1.gif" alt="Podocyte phenotype in collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Podocyte phenotype in collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10325&#95;18030&#95;5928&#95;en&#95;table2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10325_18030_5928_en_table2.gif" alt="Classification of collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Classification of collapsing glomerulonephritis &#40;CG&#41;</p>"
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