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        "titulo" => "Enfermedad linfoproliferativa difusa postrasplante renal&#58; estudio longuitudinal de 21&#46;546 receptores durante 2 decadas en Espa&#241;a"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Post-transplant diffuse lymphoproliferative disease &#40;PLPD&#41; is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a proliferation of lymphocytes after solid transplantation&#44; with a spectrum ranging from hyperplasia to aggressive non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of PLPD is highly variable and depends on the transplanted organ&#59; renal transplantation has the lowest incidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> However&#44; because renal transplantation is the most common transplant performed each year&#44; most PLDP is diagnosed in renal transplant recipients&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This entity is more prevalent in solid organ transplant recipients than in the general population and its mortality rates is also higher&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These proliferations are mostly of B lymphocyte origin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> and the Epstein-Barr virus &#40;EBV&#41; has long been considered to be involved in their pathogenesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> The development of this disease is considered to be an iatrogenic complication of immunosuppressive treatment associated with solid organ transplantation&#44; which leads to reduced immune control of this virus by T-cells&#44; resulting in the proliferation of EBV-infected B-cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Classically there have been described several risk factors in the development of this entity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a>&#59; such factor are EBV seronegative recipients who receive grafts from seropositive donors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;9&#44;12</span></a> the burden of immunosuppression especially with the use of antilymphocyte antibodies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a> acute rejection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a> and cytomegalovirus infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have evaluated the incidence of PLDP over a 20-year period&#44; in a retrospective multicenter observational study that included a cohort of 21&#44;546 adult single kidney transplant recipients transplanted in Spain from 1990 to 2009&#46; The study collects demographic and clinical data and different risk factors involved in the development and prognosis of this entity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study is a multicenter&#44; nationwide&#44; retrospective&#44; observational&#44; multicenter study that included 21 Spanish tertiary hospitals&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study population included 21&#44;546 adult recipients who received a single kidney transplant from a cadaveric or living donor from January 1&#44; 1990 to December 31&#44; 2009&#46; The study period was 22 years&#44; from January 1&#44; 1990 to December 31&#44; 2012&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were&#58; recipients older than 18 years at the time of transplantation and with a functioning graft at the time of PLDP diagnosis&#46; The diagnosis of PLDP was made by histopathological analysis when biopsy was available or based on strong clinical suspicion when biopsy was not possible&#46; The histological study was performed by the pathologist of the corresponding center&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from the 21 participating hospitals were collected by means of a designed electronic questionnaire&#44; which included the different study variables&#46; Time to development of PLDP was defined as the period in months from organ transplantation to the date of PLDP diagnosis&#46; Follow-up ended when patient died or the end of the study&#44; December 31&#44; 2012&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis included sociodemographic variables such as age and gender&#44; clinical data such as date of transplantation&#44; type of donor &#40;cadaver or living&#41;&#44; number of transplants performed on the patient&#44; immunosuppression at the time of PLDP diagnosis&#44; date of diagnosis&#44; diagnostic method&#44; presence of EBV in the proliferative tissue&#44; type of proliferation &#40;B or T&#41;&#44; classical risk factors and evolution &#40;complete remission&#44; graft loss&#44; death&#44; loss to follow-up&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunosuppression treatments included the use of the following agents&#44; &#40;alone or in combination&#41;&#58; tacrolimus &#40;TAC&#41;&#44; cyclosporine A &#40;CsA&#41;&#44; azathioprine&#44; mycophenolate mofetil &#40;MMF&#41;&#44; everolimus&#44; sirolimus&#44; steroids and antibodies &#40;ATG&#44; ATGAM&#44; OKT3&#44; anti-CD 25&#44; thymoglobulin&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following risk factors were evaluated&#58; seronegative EBV recipients&#44; cytomegalovirus infection&#44; acute rejection&#44; and treatment with mono- or polyclonal antibodies at induction or in the treatment of acute rejection&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of PLDP was calculated as the number of cases observed over the total population at risk and the annual and 10-year cumulative incidence was assessed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19&#46;0 software for Windows &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Patient demographic characteristics were expressed as percentages for quantitative variables&#46; Independent qualitative variables were analyzed using contingency tables with the chi-square statistical method&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Means with standard deviation were determined for quantitative variables with normal distribution&#46; When the variables did not follow a normal distribution&#44; the median with interquartile range was used&#46; Survival of both recipients with PLDP and the grafts was analyzed using Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period there were a total of 21&#44;546 renal transplants performed and 275 recipients developed PLDP &#40;1&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the sex and mean age at the time of diagnosis of the disease&#44; the time after transplant of onset of the disease&#44; the percentages of first transplants&#44; type of donor&#44; B lineage proliferation and the presence of EBV in the proliferative tissue&#46; The percentages of patients with some classical risk factor in total and of the different factors individually are also expressed&#44; as well as the percentage of deaths and the cause of these deaths&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 182 of the 275 cases were transplanted between 1990 and 1999 and at the time of diagnosis a 77&#46;1&#37; of cases received CsA&#44; MMF was administered to 24&#46;7&#37; and FK to only 17&#46;1&#37; of cases&#46; The remaining 93 cases had been transplanted during the period 2000&#8211;2009&#44; with an evident change in immunosuppression&#44; TAC was used in 78&#46;1&#37; of the cases&#44; 76&#46;7&#37; received MMF and only 16&#46;4&#37; were treated with CsA&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of PLDP was made by histological analysis in 260&#47;275 recipients &#40;94&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; in 16 of them at necropsy and in the remaing 15 patients &#40;5&#46;5&#37;&#41; the diagnosis was made on clinical data and complementary examinations&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The annual incidence is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> and the cumulative incidence at 10 years post-transplantation in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> is the patient survival after diagnosis was 51&#37; at 1&#8239;year&#44; 44&#37; at 2 years and 39&#37; at 5 years and the graft survival 48&#37;&#44; 39&#37; and 33&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The minimum post-transplant follow-up of the recipients was 3 years and the maximum 22 years&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have conducted a longitudinal multicenter study in Spain over a long period of time&#44; from 1990 until 2012&#44; to evaluate the incidence and prognosis of PLDP&#46; This study has allowed to improve knowledge of the real impact of this potentially fatal complication&#46; The information available was based on previous single-center studies with rather low number of cases and therefore a limited statistical evidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In the present study we selected only adult recipients&#44; as the epidemiology of PLDP in pediatric patients is not the same as in adult population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall incidence observed in our study was 1&#46;2&#37;&#44; this is within the classic range for renal transplantation of 1&#8211;3&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;12&#44;19&#44;20</span></a> while the 10-year cumulative the incidence was 0&#46;98&#37;&#44; while Quinlan et al&#46; report 1&#46;4&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Opelz and D&#246;hler &#40;1&#46;6&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and Caillard et al&#46; 2&#46;1&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence seems to decrease with the time elapsed after transplantation&#46; Thus&#44; a study published by Caillard et al&#46; shows a reduction in incidence in the period from 2002 to 2005 compared to the period from 1998 to 2001&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> A national study from Sweden shows a decrease in incidence during the last decade&#44; but only among non-renal recipients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The authors consider that the more rational use of antibodies and the use of new immunosuppressive drugs are responsible for this change&#46; However&#44; other studies show no significant differences in the incidence of PLDP in the different time periods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;22</span></a> In our study we recorded a lower number of cases in the second decade&#44; but it must consider that the follow-up of this period of time has been shorter&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The different immunosuppressive agents and load of immunosuppression have been directly implicated in the development of PLDP and have been extensively studied by others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;16&#44;23&#8211;25</span></a> In general it is being considered that immunosuppression is a key factor in the development of PLDP in renal transplant recipients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The fact that patients with graft failure that need to restart dialysis have a lower risk of developing the disease confirms this hypothesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a> It is worth noting the trend towards a change in calcineurin inhibitors in the last decade&#44; a fact that was endorsed in our study and which could have changed the incidence of PLDP&#46; The most commonly used immunosuppressants in the second decade were TAC and MMF&#44; which according to several studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12&#44;27</span></a> are associated with a lower risk of developing the disease&#59; but&#44; the relationship between the use of FK and PLDP remains controversial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> although its impact seems to be less than that of CsA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> It should be noted that although CsA is a less potent immunosuppressant than TAC&#44; the more frequent concomitant use of mono- or polyclonal antibodies for induction with higher cumulative dose&#44; could explain the increased incidence of PLDP in that period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One third of the cases analyzed in our study did not present an associated classic risk factor &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; This observation highlights the lack of knowledge about all factors that could influence the development of PLDP&#44; as well as the heterogeneity of this type of disease&#44; which makes prediction strategies difficult&#46; Along these lines&#44; different studies have evaluated and proposed other risk factors&#44; such as recipient age&#44; ethnicity&#44; HLA incompatibility between donor and recipient&#44; serum creatinine&#44; LDH levels and the presence pre-transplant tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;30</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is controversy as to whether there are 2 different types of entities within PLDP depending on the time of their appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9&#44;21&#44;24</span></a> Thus&#44; if the study is long enough to represent a cumulative curve of incidence&#44; it is usually observed a bimodal curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;21&#44;25</span></a> The first elevation would correspond to proliferations during the first year&#44; related to EBV infection and responds well to a decrease in immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;25&#44;31&#8211;33</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second elevation appears long after transplantation&#44; even decades&#44; and it is rarely associated with EBV&#44; with a poor evolution and low sensitivity to a reduction in immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9&#44;21&#44;25</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Because both groups have a different origin&#44; as well as evolution&#44; their development could be influenced differently by risk factors&#44; which should be studied and treated differently&#46; Quinlan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> highlights the existence of the 2 entities and identify different risk factors for each one&#46; In our study we observed a higher incidence in the first year&#44; as also observed in other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12&#44;13&#44;21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;26&#44;35</span></a> and a stabilization during the rest of the follow-up&#44; with no evidence of a bimodal curve&#44; perhaps because the cumulative incidence was discontinued at 10 years&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median time of onset of PLDP in the post-transplant period in the different series is very variable due to the great dispersion of the cases over time&#44; as the period of time studied is very long&#46; In our study&#44; the median post-transplant period elapsed before the onset of the disease was 42 months&#44; and with cases of very late onset&#44; up to 240 months post-transplantation&#46; Other series present longer median time periods&#44; such as Morton et al&#46; of 74 months&#44; with 3 cases that developed the disease more than 20 years post-transplantation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> or Caillard et al&#46; of 89 months in the French registry&#44; with a range of one to 397 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> These very long periods are produced by compensating a higher early incidence with the inclusion of very late cases&#44; as the series mentioned have a very long post-transplant follow-up period&#46; At the other extreme&#44; we found shorter median time to onset&#44; as in the American registry&#44; of only 12 months&#44; when analyzing the series over a much shorter period of time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In conclusion&#44; the median time of onset of the disease seems to be proportional to the follow-up time of the series&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of PLDP is associated to EBV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8&#44;24</span></a> This association is related to an EBV-specific immune response resulting in uncontrolled reactivation of the virus or primary infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The etiology of EBV-negative PLDP appears to be due to age-related loss of immune surveillance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The PLDP-EBV relationship seems clear&#59; our study showed the presence of the virus in 60&#46;6&#37; of the cases in which it was analyzed in the proliferative tissue &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In their study&#44; Morton et al&#46; detected EBV in 68&#37; of the cases studied in their series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> values that are similar to ours&#44; which supports our data&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prognosis of patients with PLDP is poor&#44; much worse than in recipients who do not develop the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;16&#44;31&#44;35&#8211;37</span></a> In our study&#44; the actuarial survival of the recipient was low &#40;39&#37; at 5 years&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; similar to the range presented in other studies&#44; such as that of Faull et al&#46; who report the same 5-year survival<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> or that of Opelz and D&#246;hler&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> perhaps also marked by the presence of very old cases without access to current treatments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most extensive experience in PLDP in adult renal transplant recipients has been collected in the French registry&#44; which includes 500 patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2007&#44; with actuarial survival of 53 and 45&#37; at 5 and 10 years after diagnosis&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Data obtained from the American database show a somewhat better survival of 64&#37; at 5 years&#44; but significantly lower than that of recipients who do not develop PLDP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of PLDP significantly decreases patient survival&#44; mainly during the first year&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;22&#44;36</span></a> since in that period the immunosuppression burden is higher and the occurrence of opportunistic infections more frequent&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;16&#44;23&#8211;25</span></a> but graft survival is good if those patients that survive&#44; so most of the patients who did not die maintained their grafts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate analysis of the French registry revealed 5 variables at diagnosis that were independently associated with inferior survival&#58; older age &#40;&#62;55 years&#41;&#44; serum creatinine &#62;1&#46;5&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#44; elevated LDH&#44; disease location&#44; and monomorphic or T-cell histology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of our study is associated with its retrospective nature&#44; as well as the shortcomings inherent to large databases&#44; such as differences in clinical practice and the lack of some data especially in relation to EBV serostatus and its determination in proliferative tissue&#44; a practice that is routinely performed in recent years but not in the earlier years&#46; The collection of risk factors in the transplanted population that did not develop the disease would have been key for comparative purposes in order to draw conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strength of our study is the large number of patients included&#44; all adults&#44; recipients of single renal transplantation and with an extensive follow-up period&#46; In addition&#44; the diagnosis of the disease was made in more than 94&#37; of the series on histological grounds&#44; which gives reliability to the diagnosis of the cases&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this nationwide study shows a low incidence of PLDP in renal transplant recipients during a 20-year period&#46; Most proliferations are associated with B lymphocytes and present an important relationship with EBV&#46; The entity may develop in the absence of classical risk factors and its incidence is higher in the first post-transplant year&#44; presenting a poor prognosis mainly in the first months of the disease&#44; which conditions a poor survival of the patient who&#44; in case of survival can maintain his graft&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Post-transplant"
            2 => "Lymphoproliferative disorders"
            3 => "Epstein-Barr virus"
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            0 => "Trasplante renal"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders &#40;PTLD&#41; are heterogeneous lymphoid proliferations in recipients of solid organs which seem to be related to Epstein Barr Virus &#40;EBV&#41;&#46; The use of antilymphocyte antibodies&#44; EBV seronegativity in the recipient&#44;acute rejection and CMV infection have been identified as classical risk factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have studied in a retrospective observational study&#44; the incidence of PTLD in a period of 22 years&#44; its relationship with EBV&#44; presence of classical risk factors and outcome in 21546 simple adult renal transplant recipients from cadaveric and living donors&#44; transplanted in 21 hospitals from 1990 to 2009&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 275 recipients developed PTLD &#40;1&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44;195 males &#40;70&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 80 females &#40;29&#44;1&#37;&#41; aged 59&#46;2 &#40;p25 44&#46;7 p75 68&#41;years&#46; Two hundred forty-five &#40;89&#46;0&#37;&#41; were 1st transplant recipients and 269 &#40;97&#44;8&#37;&#41; from cadaveric donors&#46; EBV in the tissue was reported in 94 out of the 155 studied recipients &#40;60&#46;6&#37;&#41; and 86&#46;0&#37; of the proliferations were due to B lymphocytes&#46; PTLD median appearance after transplant were 42&#46;months &#40;p25&#44; 75&#44; 12&#44; 77&#44; 5&#41;&#46; One hundred eighty-eight recipients out of 275 patients &#40;68&#46;3&#37;&#41; had any classical risk factor and the use of antilymphocyte antibodies was the most frequent&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During the follow-up&#44; 172 patients died &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41; and 103 &#40;37&#44;5&#37;&#41; had a complete remission&#46; The main cause of death was PTLD progression &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;91&#44; 52&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by sepsis &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;24&#44; 13&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; The follow-up period post-transplant of the recipients was between 3 and 22 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The incidence was 0&#44;14&#37; during the first year post-trasplant and 0&#46;98&#37; the cumulative incidence at 10 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient survival after diagnosis was 51&#37;&#44; 44&#37; and 39&#37; after 1&#44; 2 and 5 years&#44; respectively&#46; Finally&#44; overall graft survival was 48&#37;&#44; 39&#37; and 33&#37; at the same periods&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PTLD has a low incidence in renal transplant recipients&#46; Most of the proliferations are due to B lymphocytes and seem to have a close relationship with EBV&#46; PTLD can develop in the absence of classical risk factors&#46; The prognosis is poor&#44; mainly due to PTLD progression&#44; but the survivors can even maintain their grafts&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduccion</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad linfoproliferativa difusa post &#8211; trasplante &#40;ELPD&#41; es un grupo heterog&#233;neo de enfermedades que se caracteriza por una proliferaci&#243;n de linfocitos despu&#233;s de un trasplante de &#243;rgano s&#243;lido y que presenta un espectro que comprende desde hiperplasias a agresivos linfomas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos evaluado&#44; en un estudio observacional multic&#233;ntrico retrospectivo que incluye 21&#46;546 receptores adultos de trasplante renal simple trasplantados en Espa&#241;a de 1990&#8239;al 2009&#44; la incidencia de ELPD durante un periodo de 22a&#241;os&#44;su relaci&#243;n con el Virus Epstein Barr&#40;VEB&#41;&#44; los factores de riesgo cl&#225;sico y su pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 275 receptores desarrollaron ELPD durante el seguimiento &#40;1&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; 195 varones &#40;70&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 80 mujeres &#40;29&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad al diagnostico de 59&#46;2 &#40;p25 44&#46;7 p75 68&#41; a&#241;os&#46; Doscientos cuarenta y cinco &#40;89&#46;0&#37;&#41; eran primeros trasplantes y 269 &#40;97&#44;8&#37;&#41; de donante cad&#225;ver&#46; Se objetivo VEB en el tejido proliferativo en 94 de 155 casos estudiados &#40;60&#46;6&#37;&#41; y el 86&#46;0&#37; de las proliferaciones eran linfocitos B&#46; La mediana del tiempo de desarrollo despu&#233;s del trasplante fue de 42&#46; meses &#40;p25&#44; 75&#44; 12&#44; 77&#44; 5&#41;&#46; Un total de 188 receptores de 275 &#40;68&#46;3&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an alg&#250;n factor de riesgo cl&#225;sico&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia anual fue 0&#44;14&#37; el primer a&#241;o y 0&#46;98 la acumulada en 10 a&#241;os post-trasplante&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El periodo de seguimiento post-trasplante de los receptores fue de 3 a 22 a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Durante el seguimiento 172 pacientes murieron &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41; y 103 &#40;37&#44;5&#37;&#41; tuvieron remisi&#243;n completa&#46; La causa de muerte m&#225;s frecuente fue la progresi&#243;n &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;91&#44; 52&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida de sepsis &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;24&#44; 13&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La supervivencia del paciente despu&#233;s del diagn&#243;stico fue del 51&#37; al a&#241;o&#44; del 44&#37; al 2&#186; a&#241;o y 39&#37; al 5&#186; a&#241;o&#46; La supervivencia del injerto fue de 48&#44;39 y 33&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio muestra una baja incidencia de ELPD en receptores de trasplante renal en un periodo de 22 a&#241;os&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las proliferaciones se asocian a Linfocitos B y presentan una importante relaci&#243;n con VEB&#46; La entidad puede desarrollarse en ausencia de factores de riesgo cl&#225;sicos y su incidencia es mayor en el 1&#186; a&#241;o post-trasplante&#44; presentando un mal pron&#243;stico principalmente en los primeros meses de la enfermedad que condiciona una mala supervivencia del paciente que si sobrevive puede mantener su injerto&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CMV&#44; cytomegalovirus&#59; PLDP&#44; diffuse lymphoproliferative disease&#59; EBV&#44; Epstein-Barr virus&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;p25&#44; 12&#44; 7&#44; p75&#44; 7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5&#44; 7</a>&#41;&#44; rango 1&#8211;240&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">First transplant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">245&#47;275 &#40;89&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B lymphocyte proliferations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172&#47;200 &#40;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EBV in tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#47;155 &#40;60&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Risk factors</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">None&#58; 84&#47;275 &#40;31&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Some&#58; 188&#47;275 &#40;68&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">EBV seronegative&#58; 46&#47;186 &#40;24&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMV infection&#58; 44&#47;275 &#40;16&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cause 172&#47;275 &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Progression&#58; 91&#47;172 &#40;52&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Infection&#58; 24&#47;172 &#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data of recipients who developed diffuse post-transplant diffuse lymphoproliferative disease&#46;</p>"
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Original article
Lymphoproliferative disorders after renal transplantation along 2 decades: a large longitudinal study of 21.546 recipients
Enfermedad linfoproliferativa difusa postrasplante renal: estudio longuitudinal de 21.546 receptores durante 2 decadas en España
Antonio Francoa,
Corresponding author
franco_ant@gva.es

Corresponding author.
, Domingo Hernandezb, Sofia Zarragac, Ana Sanchez Fructuosod, Marta Crespoe, Auxiliadora Mazuecosf, Carmen Diaz Corteg, Alberto Rodriguez Benoth, Juan Carlos Ruizi, Isabel Beneytoj, en representación del grupo GREAT
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
b Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain
c Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital de Cruces, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
d Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Clinico, Madrid, Spain
e Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
f Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain
g Servicio de Nefrologia Complejp Universitario Asturias, Spain
h Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
i Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Marque de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
j Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Enfermedad linfoproliferativa difusa postrasplante renal&#58; estudio longuitudinal de 21&#46;546 receptores durante 2 decadas en Espa&#241;a"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Post-transplant diffuse lymphoproliferative disease &#40;PLPD&#41; is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a proliferation of lymphocytes after solid transplantation&#44; with a spectrum ranging from hyperplasia to aggressive non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of PLPD is highly variable and depends on the transplanted organ&#59; renal transplantation has the lowest incidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> However&#44; because renal transplantation is the most common transplant performed each year&#44; most PLDP is diagnosed in renal transplant recipients&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This entity is more prevalent in solid organ transplant recipients than in the general population and its mortality rates is also higher&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These proliferations are mostly of B lymphocyte origin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> and the Epstein-Barr virus &#40;EBV&#41; has long been considered to be involved in their pathogenesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> The development of this disease is considered to be an iatrogenic complication of immunosuppressive treatment associated with solid organ transplantation&#44; which leads to reduced immune control of this virus by T-cells&#44; resulting in the proliferation of EBV-infected B-cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Classically there have been described several risk factors in the development of this entity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a>&#59; such factor are EBV seronegative recipients who receive grafts from seropositive donors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;9&#44;12</span></a> the burden of immunosuppression especially with the use of antilymphocyte antibodies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;11&#8211;13</span></a> acute rejection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a> and cytomegalovirus infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have evaluated the incidence of PLDP over a 20-year period&#44; in a retrospective multicenter observational study that included a cohort of 21&#44;546 adult single kidney transplant recipients transplanted in Spain from 1990 to 2009&#46; The study collects demographic and clinical data and different risk factors involved in the development and prognosis of this entity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study is a multicenter&#44; nationwide&#44; retrospective&#44; observational&#44; multicenter study that included 21 Spanish tertiary hospitals&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study population included 21&#44;546 adult recipients who received a single kidney transplant from a cadaveric or living donor from January 1&#44; 1990 to December 31&#44; 2009&#46; The study period was 22 years&#44; from January 1&#44; 1990 to December 31&#44; 2012&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were&#58; recipients older than 18 years at the time of transplantation and with a functioning graft at the time of PLDP diagnosis&#46; The diagnosis of PLDP was made by histopathological analysis when biopsy was available or based on strong clinical suspicion when biopsy was not possible&#46; The histological study was performed by the pathologist of the corresponding center&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from the 21 participating hospitals were collected by means of a designed electronic questionnaire&#44; which included the different study variables&#46; Time to development of PLDP was defined as the period in months from organ transplantation to the date of PLDP diagnosis&#46; Follow-up ended when patient died or the end of the study&#44; December 31&#44; 2012&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis included sociodemographic variables such as age and gender&#44; clinical data such as date of transplantation&#44; type of donor &#40;cadaver or living&#41;&#44; number of transplants performed on the patient&#44; immunosuppression at the time of PLDP diagnosis&#44; date of diagnosis&#44; diagnostic method&#44; presence of EBV in the proliferative tissue&#44; type of proliferation &#40;B or T&#41;&#44; classical risk factors and evolution &#40;complete remission&#44; graft loss&#44; death&#44; loss to follow-up&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunosuppression treatments included the use of the following agents&#44; &#40;alone or in combination&#41;&#58; tacrolimus &#40;TAC&#41;&#44; cyclosporine A &#40;CsA&#41;&#44; azathioprine&#44; mycophenolate mofetil &#40;MMF&#41;&#44; everolimus&#44; sirolimus&#44; steroids and antibodies &#40;ATG&#44; ATGAM&#44; OKT3&#44; anti-CD 25&#44; thymoglobulin&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following risk factors were evaluated&#58; seronegative EBV recipients&#44; cytomegalovirus infection&#44; acute rejection&#44; and treatment with mono- or polyclonal antibodies at induction or in the treatment of acute rejection&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of PLDP was calculated as the number of cases observed over the total population at risk and the annual and 10-year cumulative incidence was assessed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19&#46;0 software for Windows &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Patient demographic characteristics were expressed as percentages for quantitative variables&#46; Independent qualitative variables were analyzed using contingency tables with the chi-square statistical method&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Means with standard deviation were determined for quantitative variables with normal distribution&#46; When the variables did not follow a normal distribution&#44; the median with interquartile range was used&#46; Survival of both recipients with PLDP and the grafts was analyzed using Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period there were a total of 21&#44;546 renal transplants performed and 275 recipients developed PLDP &#40;1&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the sex and mean age at the time of diagnosis of the disease&#44; the time after transplant of onset of the disease&#44; the percentages of first transplants&#44; type of donor&#44; B lineage proliferation and the presence of EBV in the proliferative tissue&#46; The percentages of patients with some classical risk factor in total and of the different factors individually are also expressed&#44; as well as the percentage of deaths and the cause of these deaths&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 182 of the 275 cases were transplanted between 1990 and 1999 and at the time of diagnosis a 77&#46;1&#37; of cases received CsA&#44; MMF was administered to 24&#46;7&#37; and FK to only 17&#46;1&#37; of cases&#46; The remaining 93 cases had been transplanted during the period 2000&#8211;2009&#44; with an evident change in immunosuppression&#44; TAC was used in 78&#46;1&#37; of the cases&#44; 76&#46;7&#37; received MMF and only 16&#46;4&#37; were treated with CsA&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of PLDP was made by histological analysis in 260&#47;275 recipients &#40;94&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; in 16 of them at necropsy and in the remaing 15 patients &#40;5&#46;5&#37;&#41; the diagnosis was made on clinical data and complementary examinations&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The annual incidence is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> and the cumulative incidence at 10 years post-transplantation in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> is the patient survival after diagnosis was 51&#37; at 1&#8239;year&#44; 44&#37; at 2 years and 39&#37; at 5 years and the graft survival 48&#37;&#44; 39&#37; and 33&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The minimum post-transplant follow-up of the recipients was 3 years and the maximum 22 years&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have conducted a longitudinal multicenter study in Spain over a long period of time&#44; from 1990 until 2012&#44; to evaluate the incidence and prognosis of PLDP&#46; This study has allowed to improve knowledge of the real impact of this potentially fatal complication&#46; The information available was based on previous single-center studies with rather low number of cases and therefore a limited statistical evidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In the present study we selected only adult recipients&#44; as the epidemiology of PLDP in pediatric patients is not the same as in adult population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall incidence observed in our study was 1&#46;2&#37;&#44; this is within the classic range for renal transplantation of 1&#8211;3&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;12&#44;19&#44;20</span></a> while the 10-year cumulative the incidence was 0&#46;98&#37;&#44; while Quinlan et al&#46; report 1&#46;4&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Opelz and D&#246;hler &#40;1&#46;6&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and Caillard et al&#46; 2&#46;1&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence seems to decrease with the time elapsed after transplantation&#46; Thus&#44; a study published by Caillard et al&#46; shows a reduction in incidence in the period from 2002 to 2005 compared to the period from 1998 to 2001&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> A national study from Sweden shows a decrease in incidence during the last decade&#44; but only among non-renal recipients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The authors consider that the more rational use of antibodies and the use of new immunosuppressive drugs are responsible for this change&#46; However&#44; other studies show no significant differences in the incidence of PLDP in the different time periods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;22</span></a> In our study we recorded a lower number of cases in the second decade&#44; but it must consider that the follow-up of this period of time has been shorter&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The different immunosuppressive agents and load of immunosuppression have been directly implicated in the development of PLDP and have been extensively studied by others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;16&#44;23&#8211;25</span></a> In general it is being considered that immunosuppression is a key factor in the development of PLDP in renal transplant recipients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The fact that patients with graft failure that need to restart dialysis have a lower risk of developing the disease confirms this hypothesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a> It is worth noting the trend towards a change in calcineurin inhibitors in the last decade&#44; a fact that was endorsed in our study and which could have changed the incidence of PLDP&#46; The most commonly used immunosuppressants in the second decade were TAC and MMF&#44; which according to several studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12&#44;27</span></a> are associated with a lower risk of developing the disease&#59; but&#44; the relationship between the use of FK and PLDP remains controversial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> although its impact seems to be less than that of CsA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> It should be noted that although CsA is a less potent immunosuppressant than TAC&#44; the more frequent concomitant use of mono- or polyclonal antibodies for induction with higher cumulative dose&#44; could explain the increased incidence of PLDP in that period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One third of the cases analyzed in our study did not present an associated classic risk factor &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; This observation highlights the lack of knowledge about all factors that could influence the development of PLDP&#44; as well as the heterogeneity of this type of disease&#44; which makes prediction strategies difficult&#46; Along these lines&#44; different studies have evaluated and proposed other risk factors&#44; such as recipient age&#44; ethnicity&#44; HLA incompatibility between donor and recipient&#44; serum creatinine&#44; LDH levels and the presence pre-transplant tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;30</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is controversy as to whether there are 2 different types of entities within PLDP depending on the time of their appearance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9&#44;21&#44;24</span></a> Thus&#44; if the study is long enough to represent a cumulative curve of incidence&#44; it is usually observed a bimodal curve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;9&#44;21&#44;25</span></a> The first elevation would correspond to proliferations during the first year&#44; related to EBV infection and responds well to a decrease in immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;25&#44;31&#8211;33</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second elevation appears long after transplantation&#44; even decades&#44; and it is rarely associated with EBV&#44; with a poor evolution and low sensitivity to a reduction in immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9&#44;21&#44;25</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Because both groups have a different origin&#44; as well as evolution&#44; their development could be influenced differently by risk factors&#44; which should be studied and treated differently&#46; Quinlan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> highlights the existence of the 2 entities and identify different risk factors for each one&#46; In our study we observed a higher incidence in the first year&#44; as also observed in other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12&#44;13&#44;21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;26&#44;35</span></a> and a stabilization during the rest of the follow-up&#44; with no evidence of a bimodal curve&#44; perhaps because the cumulative incidence was discontinued at 10 years&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median time of onset of PLDP in the post-transplant period in the different series is very variable due to the great dispersion of the cases over time&#44; as the period of time studied is very long&#46; In our study&#44; the median post-transplant period elapsed before the onset of the disease was 42 months&#44; and with cases of very late onset&#44; up to 240 months post-transplantation&#46; Other series present longer median time periods&#44; such as Morton et al&#46; of 74 months&#44; with 3 cases that developed the disease more than 20 years post-transplantation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> or Caillard et al&#46; of 89 months in the French registry&#44; with a range of one to 397 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> These very long periods are produced by compensating a higher early incidence with the inclusion of very late cases&#44; as the series mentioned have a very long post-transplant follow-up period&#46; At the other extreme&#44; we found shorter median time to onset&#44; as in the American registry&#44; of only 12 months&#44; when analyzing the series over a much shorter period of time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In conclusion&#44; the median time of onset of the disease seems to be proportional to the follow-up time of the series&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of PLDP is associated to EBV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8&#44;24</span></a> This association is related to an EBV-specific immune response resulting in uncontrolled reactivation of the virus or primary infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The etiology of EBV-negative PLDP appears to be due to age-related loss of immune surveillance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The PLDP-EBV relationship seems clear&#59; our study showed the presence of the virus in 60&#46;6&#37; of the cases in which it was analyzed in the proliferative tissue &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In their study&#44; Morton et al&#46; detected EBV in 68&#37; of the cases studied in their series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> values that are similar to ours&#44; which supports our data&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prognosis of patients with PLDP is poor&#44; much worse than in recipients who do not develop the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;16&#44;31&#44;35&#8211;37</span></a> In our study&#44; the actuarial survival of the recipient was low &#40;39&#37; at 5 years&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; similar to the range presented in other studies&#44; such as that of Faull et al&#46; who report the same 5-year survival<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> or that of Opelz and D&#246;hler&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> perhaps also marked by the presence of very old cases without access to current treatments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most extensive experience in PLDP in adult renal transplant recipients has been collected in the French registry&#44; which includes 500 patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2007&#44; with actuarial survival of 53 and 45&#37; at 5 and 10 years after diagnosis&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Data obtained from the American database show a somewhat better survival of 64&#37; at 5 years&#44; but significantly lower than that of recipients who do not develop PLDP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of PLDP significantly decreases patient survival&#44; mainly during the first year&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;22&#44;36</span></a> since in that period the immunosuppression burden is higher and the occurrence of opportunistic infections more frequent&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;16&#44;23&#8211;25</span></a> but graft survival is good if those patients that survive&#44; so most of the patients who did not die maintained their grafts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate analysis of the French registry revealed 5 variables at diagnosis that were independently associated with inferior survival&#58; older age &#40;&#62;55 years&#41;&#44; serum creatinine &#62;1&#46;5&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#44; elevated LDH&#44; disease location&#44; and monomorphic or T-cell histology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of our study is associated with its retrospective nature&#44; as well as the shortcomings inherent to large databases&#44; such as differences in clinical practice and the lack of some data especially in relation to EBV serostatus and its determination in proliferative tissue&#44; a practice that is routinely performed in recent years but not in the earlier years&#46; The collection of risk factors in the transplanted population that did not develop the disease would have been key for comparative purposes in order to draw conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strength of our study is the large number of patients included&#44; all adults&#44; recipients of single renal transplantation and with an extensive follow-up period&#46; In addition&#44; the diagnosis of the disease was made in more than 94&#37; of the series on histological grounds&#44; which gives reliability to the diagnosis of the cases&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this nationwide study shows a low incidence of PLDP in renal transplant recipients during a 20-year period&#46; Most proliferations are associated with B lymphocytes and present an important relationship with EBV&#46; The entity may develop in the absence of classical risk factors and its incidence is higher in the first post-transplant year&#44; presenting a poor prognosis mainly in the first months of the disease&#44; which conditions a poor survival of the patient who&#44; in case of survival can maintain his graft&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            2 => "Lymphoproliferative disorders"
            3 => "Epstein-Barr virus"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders &#40;PTLD&#41; are heterogeneous lymphoid proliferations in recipients of solid organs which seem to be related to Epstein Barr Virus &#40;EBV&#41;&#46; The use of antilymphocyte antibodies&#44; EBV seronegativity in the recipient&#44;acute rejection and CMV infection have been identified as classical risk factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have studied in a retrospective observational study&#44; the incidence of PTLD in a period of 22 years&#44; its relationship with EBV&#44; presence of classical risk factors and outcome in 21546 simple adult renal transplant recipients from cadaveric and living donors&#44; transplanted in 21 hospitals from 1990 to 2009&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 275 recipients developed PTLD &#40;1&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44;195 males &#40;70&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 80 females &#40;29&#44;1&#37;&#41; aged 59&#46;2 &#40;p25 44&#46;7 p75 68&#41;years&#46; Two hundred forty-five &#40;89&#46;0&#37;&#41; were 1st transplant recipients and 269 &#40;97&#44;8&#37;&#41; from cadaveric donors&#46; EBV in the tissue was reported in 94 out of the 155 studied recipients &#40;60&#46;6&#37;&#41; and 86&#46;0&#37; of the proliferations were due to B lymphocytes&#46; PTLD median appearance after transplant were 42&#46;months &#40;p25&#44; 75&#44; 12&#44; 77&#44; 5&#41;&#46; One hundred eighty-eight recipients out of 275 patients &#40;68&#46;3&#37;&#41; had any classical risk factor and the use of antilymphocyte antibodies was the most frequent&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During the follow-up&#44; 172 patients died &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41; and 103 &#40;37&#44;5&#37;&#41; had a complete remission&#46; The main cause of death was PTLD progression &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;91&#44; 52&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by sepsis &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;24&#44; 13&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; The follow-up period post-transplant of the recipients was between 3 and 22 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The incidence was 0&#44;14&#37; during the first year post-trasplant and 0&#46;98&#37; the cumulative incidence at 10 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient survival after diagnosis was 51&#37;&#44; 44&#37; and 39&#37; after 1&#44; 2 and 5 years&#44; respectively&#46; Finally&#44; overall graft survival was 48&#37;&#44; 39&#37; and 33&#37; at the same periods&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PTLD has a low incidence in renal transplant recipients&#46; Most of the proliferations are due to B lymphocytes and seem to have a close relationship with EBV&#46; PTLD can develop in the absence of classical risk factors&#46; The prognosis is poor&#44; mainly due to PTLD progression&#44; but the survivors can even maintain their grafts&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduccion</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad linfoproliferativa difusa post &#8211; trasplante &#40;ELPD&#41; es un grupo heterog&#233;neo de enfermedades que se caracteriza por una proliferaci&#243;n de linfocitos despu&#233;s de un trasplante de &#243;rgano s&#243;lido y que presenta un espectro que comprende desde hiperplasias a agresivos linfomas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos evaluado&#44; en un estudio observacional multic&#233;ntrico retrospectivo que incluye 21&#46;546 receptores adultos de trasplante renal simple trasplantados en Espa&#241;a de 1990&#8239;al 2009&#44; la incidencia de ELPD durante un periodo de 22a&#241;os&#44;su relaci&#243;n con el Virus Epstein Barr&#40;VEB&#41;&#44; los factores de riesgo cl&#225;sico y su pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 275 receptores desarrollaron ELPD durante el seguimiento &#40;1&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; 195 varones &#40;70&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; 80 mujeres &#40;29&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad al diagnostico de 59&#46;2 &#40;p25 44&#46;7 p75 68&#41; a&#241;os&#46; Doscientos cuarenta y cinco &#40;89&#46;0&#37;&#41; eran primeros trasplantes y 269 &#40;97&#44;8&#37;&#41; de donante cad&#225;ver&#46; Se objetivo VEB en el tejido proliferativo en 94 de 155 casos estudiados &#40;60&#46;6&#37;&#41; y el 86&#46;0&#37; de las proliferaciones eran linfocitos B&#46; La mediana del tiempo de desarrollo despu&#233;s del trasplante fue de 42&#46; meses &#40;p25&#44; 75&#44; 12&#44; 77&#44; 5&#41;&#46; Un total de 188 receptores de 275 &#40;68&#46;3&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an alg&#250;n factor de riesgo cl&#225;sico&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia anual fue 0&#44;14&#37; el primer a&#241;o y 0&#46;98 la acumulada en 10 a&#241;os post-trasplante&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El periodo de seguimiento post-trasplante de los receptores fue de 3 a 22 a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Durante el seguimiento 172 pacientes murieron &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41; y 103 &#40;37&#44;5&#37;&#41; tuvieron remisi&#243;n completa&#46; La causa de muerte m&#225;s frecuente fue la progresi&#243;n &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;91&#44; 52&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida de sepsis &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;24&#44; 13&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La supervivencia del paciente despu&#233;s del diagn&#243;stico fue del 51&#37; al a&#241;o&#44; del 44&#37; al 2&#186; a&#241;o y 39&#37; al 5&#186; a&#241;o&#46; La supervivencia del injerto fue de 48&#44;39 y 33&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio muestra una baja incidencia de ELPD en receptores de trasplante renal en un periodo de 22 a&#241;os&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las proliferaciones se asocian a Linfocitos B y presentan una importante relaci&#243;n con VEB&#46; La entidad puede desarrollarse en ausencia de factores de riesgo cl&#225;sicos y su incidencia es mayor en el 1&#186; a&#241;o post-trasplante&#44; presentando un mal pron&#243;stico principalmente en los primeros meses de la enfermedad que condiciona una mala supervivencia del paciente que si sobrevive puede mantener su injerto&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#44;2 &#40;p25 44&#44;7&#59; p75 68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Varones&#58; 195 &#40;70&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mujeres&#58; 80 &#40;29&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cadaveric donor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">269&#47;275 &#40;97&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean time post-transplant of PLDP &#40;months&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;p25&#44; 12&#44; 7&#44; p75&#44; 7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5&#44; 7</a>&#41;&#44; rango 1&#8211;240&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">First transplant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">245&#47;275 &#40;89&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B lymphocyte proliferations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172&#47;200 &#40;86&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EBV in tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#47;155 &#40;60&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Risk factors</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Some&#58; 188&#47;275 &#40;68&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acute rejection&#58; 83&#47;275 &#40;30&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMV infection&#58; 44&#47;275 &#40;16&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cause 172&#47;275 &#40;62&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Progression&#58; 91&#47;172 &#40;52&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infection&#58; 24&#47;172 &#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data of recipients who developed diffuse post-transplant diffuse lymphoproliferative disease&#46;</p>"
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                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Evens"
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                          ]
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We would like to thank all the transplant nephrologists of the GREAT working group who provided the data for this study&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
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