Nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from hemodialysis wastewater to use as an agricultural fertilizer

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(A) WB analysis demonstrated the expression levels of ACSL1 in HK-2 cells. (B) Quantitation of the arbitrary ratios of ACSL1 to GAPDH. (C) WB analysis demonstrated the expression levels of EMT-related proteins in HK-2 cells. (D) Quantitation of the arbitrary ratios of EMT-related proteins to GAPDH. HG: cells treated with 60mmol/L glucose; HG+NC: cells treated with HG and transfected with NC lentivirus; and HG+ACSL1-shRNA: cells treated with HG and transfected with ACSL1-shRNA lentivirus. Data information: all values are shown as the means±SEMs of at least three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, mean HG+ACSL1-shRNA compared with HG." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Zhonghui Cao, Xiao Gao, Jing Meng, Xiaoli Guo, Jiahao Xu, Junchao Cui, Xueyan Zhou" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zhonghui" "apellidos" => "Cao" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xiao" "apellidos" => "Gao" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jing" "apellidos" => "Meng" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xiaoli" "apellidos" => "Guo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jiahao" "apellidos" => "Xu" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Junchao" "apellidos" => "Cui" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xueyan" "apellidos" => "Zhou" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251423000834?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/00000043000000S2/v2_202402210544/S2013251423000834/v2_202402210544/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2013251423000809" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.05.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-12-01" "aid" => "1145" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Nefrología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2023;43 Supl 2:21-31" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Upregulation of miR-200a improves ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis via GAB1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "21" "paginaFinal" => "31" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La regulación positiva de miR-200a mejora la fibrosis renal inducida por obstrucción ureteral a través de la señalización GAB1/ Wnt / β-catenin" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1861 "Ancho" => 3306 "Tamanyo" => 357471 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The regulation of miR-200a to GAB1 expression and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (A, B) The relative levels of GAB1 mRNA and protein in renal tissues was analyzed utilizing qRT-PCR and Western blot after the 7 days and 14 days of UUO surgery, respectively. After that, (C) the relative expression level of GAB1 mRNA in renal tissues of the rats, which injected with miR-200a mimics- or mimics negative control-expressed lentivirus, was determined at the 14 days post-UUO. (D) After the 14 days of UUO surgery, the relative expression levels of GAB1, GSK3β, and β-catenin proteins, and the phosphorylation of GSK3β and β-catenin in renal tissues were analyzed through Western blot." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "XuKai Liu, GeXin Liu, YuZhen Tan, Pan Liu, Le Li" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "XuKai" "apellidos" => "Liu" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "GeXin" "apellidos" => "Liu" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "YuZhen" "apellidos" => "Tan" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pan" "apellidos" => "Liu" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Le" "apellidos" => "Li" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251423000809?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/00000043000000S2/v2_202402210544/S2013251423000809/v2_202402210544/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from hemodialysis wastewater to use as an agricultural fertilizer" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "32" "paginaFinal" => "37" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Faissal Tarrass, Hamza Benjelloun, Meryem Benjelloun" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Faissal" "apellidos" => "Tarrass" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "hemodialysis2mars@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hamza" "apellidos" => "Benjelloun" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Meryem" "apellidos" => "Benjelloun" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Center of Hemodialysis 2 Mars, Casablanca, Morocco" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sustainability Engineer, Casablanca, Morocco" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recuperación de nitrógeno y fósforo del agua residual de la hemodiálisis para utilizar como fertilizante agrícola" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1368 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 199847 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of pH and temperature on phosphorus and nitrogen removal." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionHemodialysis consumes huge volumes of water and produce large quantities of wastewater containing many potential resources like organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">1</a> Therefore, recovery and reuse of these nutrients as agricultural fertilizers is highly desirable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">1,2</a> We have previously demonstrated that hemodialysis wastewater is a valuable resource that can provide fit-for-purpose water,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">3</a> energy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">4</a> nutrients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">1,2</a> and carbon emission savings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">5</a>The discharge of wastewater in hemodialysis is high and could be estimated annually at approximately 98 million cubic meters over the world and 18 million cubic meters in United States.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">6,7</a> In our country, Morocco the discharge is estimated at 1 million cubic meters each year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">6,7</a> In a world where demands for freshwater are ever growing, and where limited water resources are increasingly stressed by over-abstraction, pollution and climate change, neglecting the opportunities arising from improved wastewater management is nothing less than unthinkable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">5,8,9</a>Hemodialysis wastewater which contains a high amount of phosphorus and nitrogen would be a good source of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O – magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">10</a> This precipitate, due to its chemical characteristics, represents an effective alternative source of rock phosphate fertilizer for vegetables and plants growth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">11</a> Nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters are also a burning environmental issue. Recovering these elements from wastewater can also help reducing the amount of phosphorus entering the environment and thus lowering the environmental impact.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">11</a>To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to study the recovery of this naturally occurring mineral from hemodialysis wastewater. This offers great potential for the valorization of this type of wastewater.Materials and methodsSampling and analysesWater samples were obtained from a single dialysis facility. Wastewater was collected from the outflow pipe that drains hemodialysis effluent (spent dialysate) directly into the municipal sewage line. Samples were stored at 4°C soon after sampling until used in struvite precipitation tests.Samples were analyzed for the concentration of cations, anions, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ortho-phosphate (PO43−-P) and total ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). The cation concentrations were determined using an ICP-OES, type Perkin Elmer Optima 3000 DV (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). The anion concentrations were determined using an ion chromatography system, type Metrohm IC Compact 761 (Schiedam, The Netherlands). NH4+-N was analyzed using test kit LCK 303. PO43−-P was analyzed using test kit LCK 348 and COD was analyzed using test kit LCK 314 (all Dr. Lange, HACH, Loveland, Colorado, USA) in a spectrophotometer HACH XION 500 (HACH, Loveland, Colorado, USA). The biological oxygen demand (BOD) was determined using the OxiTop® system (WTW, Germany) over a period of 5 days at 20°C.Crystallizations experimentsA 5l laboratory-scale, single-cell electrochemical batch reactor was used for struvite production (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The pH and temperature values were monitored through online probes. In all experiments, magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O) was added to meet a molar ratio [Mg2+: Ca2+>2] and [Mg2+: PO43−>1], which were selected based on data reported by Li et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">12</a> and Liu et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">13</a> who found struvite crystals with high purity and high phosphorus recovery when using these molar ratios. Crystallization was attained at electric current density of 55Am−2. The obtained struvite cake from the process was dried at room temperature to form a powder.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Struvite precipitate characterizationThe crystalline nature and the semi quantitative composition were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD; Bruker D2 Phaser), using struvite standard X-ray diffraction patterns. Phosphorus precipitation in the crystallizer was assessed using “The percentage of precipitated phosphorus as struvite” (PMAP, %).PMAP was calculated as the ratio of the number of precipitated mmoles of struvite (n(MAP)) (mmol), which was assumed to be the lowest value between the precipitated mmoles of Mg2+, PO43−-P and NH4+-N and the precipitated mmoles of PO43−-P in the solution, as shown in the equation below<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">14</a>:PMAP (%)=n (MAP)preciptitated(PO43−-P)preciptitated×100ResultsCharacterization of hemodialysis wastewaterThe characteristics of the wastewater are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>; the average concentration of PO43−-P and NH4+-N was 13.2mgL−1 and 4.2mgL−1 respectively. The samples had an average pH of 7.53. The BOD was found to be approximately 8.13mgL−1, and the COD was 1053mgL−1.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Evaluation of phosphorus and nitrogen recoveryUnder optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies of PO43−-P and NH4+-N in struvite precipitation were analyzed as approximately 95% and 23%, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The phosphorus removal as struvite was similar at the three pH conditions evaluated (i.e., pH 8, 9 and 10). Although, the removal of NH4+-N increased as the pH value increased (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The nitrogen removal can be explained as a combination of the precipitation and volatilization processes, the latter favored under well-mixing conditions at higher pH levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">15</a> Temperature has a relatively less significant effect on struvite precipitation than the pH level. However, the temperature strongly influences the efficiency of phosphate removal.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Precipitates formed in the crystallization processThe X-ray diffractogram obtained in the analysis of the solids precipitated shows a good correlation between the peaks of the diffractogram obtained for the solid collected in the reactor and the peak of the struvite pattern which confirms that the solid formed was mainly struvite. Phosphorus precipitation in the crystallizer was higher at a pH of 9 and 10 than at a pH of 8, and the mean PMAP was 82.8%.Economic efficiency of struvite productionWe did an estimate of the financial efficiency of struvite production based on a tailor-designed system for a medium sized dialysis facility working with 20 machines filled to capacity and 2shifts/day and generating approximately 3000l of wastewater (150l of waste dialysate is being generated during each dialysis session: assuming a DFR of 500ml/min, 120L of dialysate is produced during a typical 4H hemodialysis session+30L of water needed for chemical disinfection of the hemodialysis monitor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">5</a>). The system was designed to produce struvite on a regular basis (2.4kg of struvite can be produced daily). The system consists of wastewater collection tank; a struvite reactor for struvite precipitation and a pilot scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) to treat a small fraction of the effluent from struvite production before disposing it to the environment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). Data on costs and benefits are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionRecognition that hemodialysis wastewater is an economic resource capable of supplying water,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">3</a> nutrients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">1,2</a> energy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">4</a> and other valuable materials and services<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">4,5</a> has become a major driving force to improve effective wastewater management.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">5</a> Each year, for instance, approximately 98 million cubic meters of hemodialysis wastewater are generated globally.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">6,7</a> Theoretically, the resources embedded in this wastewater would be enough to irrigate and fertilize hundreds of thousands of hectares of crops.This effluent can also maintain considerable thermal energy quantities, which is discharged to the sewer system with temperature ranging from 20 to 25°C. It is estimated that 1698GWh per year of thermal energy is lost in sewers in dialysis units all over the world and 314GWh in the US (the specific thermal capacity of wastewater is: 1.16kWh/m3×K; the wastewater in the effluent will be cooled down to 5°C, so that 15K can be extracted).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">19</a>Globally, hemodialysis wastewater is estimated to contain enough energy to heat 141,500 homes (the average home requires around 12,000kWh of heat/year),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">20</a> with an annual fuel cost savings of 118 million Euros if recovered by using technologies like heat exchangers and reused to satisfy heating demands (12,000kWh heat demand/3kW heat production per unit of electricity=4000kWh of electricity. Average residential electricity price in Europe is 0.21 euros).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">21</a>Hemodialysis wastewater maintains good amount of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, of which have large impacts on the environment. Wastewater from hemodialysis can disrupt aquatic ecosystems with deleterious impacts on aquatic biodiversity, landscapes and recreational opportunities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">22</a> Recovery of nutrients from wastewater can alleviate major environmental problems related to nutrient pollution in ground and surface water sources.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">21</a> In this pilot study, recovery rates of 95% of PO43−-P and 23% of NH4+-N were achieved.Application of struvite in the agricultural sector promises to be a profitable investment. It has been demonstrated that generating 1kg of struvite per day is enough to fertilize 2.6ha of arable land by applying phosphorus (as P2O5) at a rate of 40kg/ha year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">20</a> In this study we were able to demonstrate that an hemodialysis facility with 20 chairs and 2shifts/day could generate approximately 2.4kg of struvite per working day with a profit, and a possibility to fertilize 5.2ha of arable land (estimation based on 6 working days/week). Regarding the environmental cost, the use of wastewater in lieu of synthetic fertilizers can results in an important carbon emissions saving. De Vries et al., have estimated that the use of struvite as fertilizer can results in saving of −0.35kg CO2 eq.kg−1 of struvite.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">23</a>ConclusionThe recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater is a model for sustainable innovation in hemodialysis. Removing nutrients from where they should not be and using them to create a new generation of enhanced-efficiency fertilizer is the smart thing to do economically and the right thing to do environmentally.Conflict of interestsThe authors declare they have no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2093827" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1784623" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2093826" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1784622" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Sampling and analyses" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Crystallizations experiments" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Struvite precipitate characterization" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Characterization of hemodialysis wastewater" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Evaluation of phosphorus and nitrogen recovery" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Precipitates formed in the crystallization process" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Economic efficiency of struvite production" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-10-05" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-02-16" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1784623" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Hemodialysis wastewater" 1 => "Wastewater valorization" 2 => "Phosphorus" 3 => "Nitrogen" 4 => "Eco-recycling" 5 => "Struvite" 6 => "Cost evaluation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1784622" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Agua residual de la hemodiálisis" 1 => "Valorización del agua residual" 2 => "Fósforo" 3 => "Nitrógeno" 4 => "Eco-reciclado" 5 => "Estruvita" 6 => "Evaluación de costes" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionHemodialysis wastewater contains high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. Recovery of these nutrients as soil fertilizers represents an interesting opportunity to ensure a sustainable fertilizer supply. MethodsIn this paper, a simple method for recovering phosphorous and nitrogen as crystalline struvite [MgNH4PO4·6H2O] is presented. An integrated cost model is also presented in order to create a positive business case. ResultsRecovery rates in form of struvite of 95% of PO43−-P and 23% of NH4+-N were achieved with a profit. ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to study the recovery of these naturally occurring minerals from hemodialysis wastewater. This offers great potential for the valorization of this type of wastewater." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónEl agua residual de la hemodiálisis contiene altas concentraciones de nitrógeno amoniacal y fósforo. La recuperación de dichos nutrientes como fertilizantes del suelo representa una oportunidad interesante para garantizar un suministro de fertilizantes sostenible. MétodosEn este documento se presenta un método simple de recuperar fósforo y nitrógeno en forma de cristales de estruvita [MgNH4PO4·6H2O]. También se presenta un modelo de costes integrado para crear un caso de negocio positivo. ResultadosSe lograron unas tasas de recuperación en forma de estruvita del 95% de PO4 3−-P y el 23% de NH4 +-N, con beneficio. ConclusiónSegún nuestros conocimientos, este documento es el primero que estudia la recuperación de estos minerales de origen natural del agua residual de la hemodiálisis, lo cual ofrece un gran potencial para la valorización de este tipo de aguas residuales." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1744 "Ancho" => 1405 "Tamanyo" => 205816 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Experimental equipment for struvite crystallization." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1368 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 199847 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Effect of pH and temperature on phosphorus and nitrogen removal." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "COD (chemical oxygen demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen that must be present in water to oxidize chemical organic materials.BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biological process of metabolizing organic matter in water." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Composition \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Average \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22–25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.91–8.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">COD (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1053 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">986–1120 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BOD (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.98–8.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NH4+-N (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.05–5.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PO43−-P (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.32–14.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sodium (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3289 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3243.4–3334.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Potassium (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88–99.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Magnesium (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49.8–54.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Calcium (mgL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">86.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">81.9–90.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alkalinity (mgL−1 as CaCO3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1715 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1667–1763 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3465223.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of physico-chemical characterization of effluents from hemodialysis. The average was obtained from four different samples obtained on different days." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "PMAP: the percentage of phosphate as struvite." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">T (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Removal efficiency (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PO43−-P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.5±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92.6±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91.9±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97.5±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98.6±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98.2±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NH4+-N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.6±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.3±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.1±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.3±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.5±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.4±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MAP precipitates</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PMAP (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70.4±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">83.4±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82.8±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92.5±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77.3±1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90.1±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mass (g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.9±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.7±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.4±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.1±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.1±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3465224.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Removal efficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Yearly required MgSO4 evaluation was performed according to the method by Agudosi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">16</a>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reactor size (l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">500 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cycles per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Struvite recovery efficiency (%) (PO43−-P/NH4+-N) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90/20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Daily struvite production (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yearly struvite production (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">760 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Molar Mg:P ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yearly required MgSO4 (kg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">16</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3465222.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Operating parameters for economic evaluation of struvite production from hemodialysis wastewater." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Prices were calculated according to Refs. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">16</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">17</a>." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Operations parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Equipment cost (USD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1350 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wastewater storage tank: 3m3 (USD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">180 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Additional costs (fittings, pipes, etc.) (USD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Estimated total investment (USD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1610 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Required MgSO4 price (USD/kg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">17</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Operations costs (USD/year) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Maintenance costs (USD/year) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Operating duration (year) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Struvite market price (USD/kg)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">18</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Annual cash inflow (USD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">608 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Payback period (month) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3465225.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Estimating cost of nutrients recovery as struvite." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recycling wastewater after hemodialysis: an environmental analysis for alternative water sources in arid regions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Tarrass" 1 => "M. Benjelloun" 2 => "O. Benjelloun" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.03.022" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Kidney Dis" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "52" "paginaInicial" => "154" "paginaFinal" => "158" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589217" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Research needs: treatment of hemodialysis wastewater for agricultural reuse" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. 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Recuperación de nitrógeno y fósforo del agua residual de la hemodiálisis para utilizar como fertilizante agrícola

Faissal Tarrassa,

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hemodialysis2mars@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Hamza Benjellounb, Meryem Benjellouna

a Center of Hemodialysis 2 Mars, Casablanca, Morocco

b Sustainability Engineer, Casablanca, Morocco

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      "titulo" => "Upregulation of miR-200a improves ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis via GAB1&#47;Wnt&#47;&#946;-catenin signaling"
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            "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The regulation of miR-200a to GAB1 expression and activation of Wnt&#47;&#946;-catenin signaling&#46; &#40;A&#44; B&#41; The relative levels of GAB1 mRNA and protein in renal tissues was analyzed utilizing qRT-PCR and Western blot after the 7 days and 14 days of UUO surgery&#44; respectively&#46; After that&#44; &#40;C&#41; the relative expression level of GAB1 mRNA in renal tissues of the rats&#44; which injected with miR-200a mimics- or mimics negative control-expressed lentivirus&#44; was determined at the 14 days post-UUO&#46; &#40;D&#41; After the 14 days of UUO surgery&#44; the relative expression levels of GAB1&#44; GSK3&#946;&#44; and &#946;-catenin proteins&#44; and the phosphorylation of GSK3&#946; and &#946;-catenin in renal tissues were analyzed through Western blot&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemodialysis consumes huge volumes of water and produce large quantities of wastewater containing many potential resources like organic matter&#44; nitrogen&#44; and phosphorus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Therefore&#44; recovery and reuse of these nutrients as agricultural fertilizers is highly desirable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> We have previously demonstrated that hemodialysis wastewater is a valuable resource that can provide fit-for-purpose water&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> energy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> nutrients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> and carbon emission savings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The discharge of wastewater in hemodialysis is high and could be estimated annually at approximately 98 million cubic meters over the world and 18 million cubic meters in United States&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In our country&#44; Morocco the discharge is estimated at 1 million cubic meters each year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In a world where demands for freshwater are ever growing&#44; and where limited water resources are increasingly stressed by over-abstraction&#44; pollution and climate change&#44; neglecting the opportunities arising from improved wastewater management is nothing less than unthinkable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemodialysis wastewater which contains a high amount of phosphorus and nitrogen would be a good source of struvite &#40;MgNH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;6H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#8211; magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This precipitate&#44; due to its chemical characteristics&#44; represents an effective alternative source of rock phosphate fertilizer for vegetables and plants growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewaters are also a burning environmental issue&#46; Recovering these elements from wastewater can also help reducing the amount of phosphorus entering the environment and thus lowering the environmental impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; this paper is the first to study the recovery of this naturally occurring mineral from hemodialysis wastewater&#46; This offers great potential for the valorization of this type of wastewater&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Sampling and analyses</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Water samples were obtained from a single dialysis facility&#46; Wastewater was collected from the outflow pipe that drains hemodialysis effluent &#40;spent dialysate&#41; directly into the municipal sewage line&#46; Samples were stored at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C soon after sampling until used in struvite precipitation tests&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Samples were analyzed for the concentration of cations&#44; anions&#44; chemical oxygen demand &#40;COD&#41;&#44; ortho-phosphate &#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P&#41; and total ammonium nitrogen &#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N&#41;&#46; The cation concentrations were determined using an ICP-OES&#44; type Perkin Elmer Optima 3000 DV &#40;Waltham&#44; Massachusetts&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The anion concentrations were determined using an ion chromatography system&#44; type Metrohm IC Compact 761 &#40;Schiedam&#44; The Netherlands&#41;&#46; NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N was analyzed using test kit LCK 303&#46; PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P was analyzed using test kit LCK 348 and COD was analyzed using test kit LCK 314 &#40;all Dr&#46; Lange&#44; HACH&#44; Loveland&#44; Colorado&#44; USA&#41; in a spectrophotometer HACH XION 500 &#40;HACH&#44; Loveland&#44; Colorado&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The biological oxygen demand &#40;BOD&#41; was determined using the OxiTop&#174; system &#40;WTW&#44; Germany&#41; over a period of 5 days at 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Crystallizations experiments</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l laboratory-scale&#44; single-cell electrochemical batch reactor was used for struvite production &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The pH and temperature values were monitored through online probes&#46; In all experiments&#44; magnesium chloride hexahydrate &#40;MgCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#183;6H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; was added to meet a molar ratio &#91;Mg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#58; Ca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#93; and &#91;Mg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#58; PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#93;&#44; which were selected based on data reported by Li et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and Liu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> who found struvite crystals with high purity and high phosphorus recovery when using these molar ratios&#46; Crystallization was attained at electric current density of 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#46; The obtained struvite cake from the process was dried at room temperature to form a powder&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Struvite precipitate characterization</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The crystalline nature and the semi quantitative composition were determined by X-ray diffraction &#40;XRD&#59; Bruker D2 Phaser&#41;&#44; using struvite standard X-ray diffraction patterns&#46; Phosphorus precipitation in the crystallizer was assessed using &#8220;The percentage of precipitated phosphorus as struvite&#8221; &#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">MAP</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">MAP</span> was calculated as the ratio of the number of precipitated mmoles of struvite &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#40;MAP&#41;&#41; &#40;mmol&#41;&#44; which was assumed to be the lowest value between the precipitated mmoles of Mg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#44; PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P and NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N and the precipitated mmoles of PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P in the solution&#44; as shown in the equation below<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#58;PMAP&#8201;&#40;&#37;&#41;&#61;n&#8201;&#40;MAP&#41;preciptitated&#40;PO43&#8722;-P&#41;preciptitated&#215;100</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Characterization of hemodialysis wastewater</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of the wastewater are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#59; the average concentration of PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P and NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N was 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> and 4&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> respectively&#46; The samples had an average pH of 7&#46;53&#46; The BOD was found to be approximately 8&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; and the COD was 1053<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Evaluation of phosphorus and nitrogen recovery</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Under optimal conditions&#44; the removal efficiencies of PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P and NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N in struvite precipitation were analyzed as approximately 95&#37; and 23&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The phosphorus removal as struvite was similar at the three pH conditions evaluated &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; pH 8&#44; 9 and 10&#41;&#46; Although&#44; the removal of NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N increased as the pH value increased &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The nitrogen removal can be explained as a combination of the precipitation and volatilization processes&#44; the latter favored under well-mixing conditions at higher pH levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Temperature has a relatively less significant effect on struvite precipitation than the pH level&#46; However&#44; the temperature strongly influences the efficiency of phosphate removal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Precipitates formed in the crystallization process</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The X-ray diffractogram obtained in the analysis of the solids precipitated shows a good correlation between the peaks of the diffractogram obtained for the solid collected in the reactor and the peak of the struvite pattern which confirms that the solid formed was mainly struvite&#46; Phosphorus precipitation in the crystallizer was higher at a pH of 9 and 10 than at a pH of 8&#44; and the mean PMAP was 82&#46;8&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Economic efficiency of struvite production</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did an estimate of the financial efficiency of struvite production based on a tailor-designed system for a medium sized dialysis facility working with 20 machines filled to capacity and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>shifts&#47;day and generating approximately 3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l of wastewater &#40;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l of waste dialysate is being generated during each dialysis session&#58; assuming a DFR of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#44; 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L of dialysate is produced during a typical 4H hemodialysis session<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L of water needed for chemical disinfection of the hemodialysis monitor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#41;&#46; The system was designed to produce struvite on a regular basis &#40;2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg of struvite can be produced daily&#41;&#46; The system consists of wastewater collection tank&#59; a struvite reactor for struvite precipitation and a pilot scale rotating biological contactor &#40;RBC&#41; to treat a small fraction of the effluent from struvite production before disposing it to the environment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Data on costs and benefits are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recognition that hemodialysis wastewater is an economic resource capable of supplying water&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> nutrients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> energy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and other valuable materials and services<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> has become a major driving force to improve effective wastewater management&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Each year&#44; for instance&#44; approximately 98 million cubic meters of hemodialysis wastewater are generated globally&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Theoretically&#44; the resources embedded in this wastewater would be enough to irrigate and fertilize hundreds of thousands of hectares of crops&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This effluent can also maintain considerable thermal energy quantities&#44; which is discharged to the sewer system with temperature ranging from 20 to 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; It is estimated that 1698<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GWh per year of thermal energy is lost in sewers in dialysis units all over the world and 314<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GWh in the US &#40;the specific thermal capacity of wastewater is&#58; 1&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kWh&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#59; the wastewater in the effluent will be cooled down to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; so that 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K can be extracted&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally&#44; hemodialysis wastewater is estimated to contain enough energy to heat 141&#44;500 homes &#40;the average home requires around 12&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kWh of heat&#47;year&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> with an annual fuel cost savings of 118 million Euros if recovered by using technologies like heat exchangers and reused to satisfy heating demands &#40;12&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kWh heat demand&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kW heat production per unit of electricity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kWh of electricity&#46; Average residential electricity price in Europe is 0&#46;21 euros&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemodialysis wastewater maintains good amount of carbon&#44; nitrogen and phosphorus&#44; of which have large impacts on the environment&#46; Wastewater from hemodialysis can disrupt aquatic ecosystems with deleterious impacts on aquatic biodiversity&#44; landscapes and recreational opportunities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Recovery of nutrients from wastewater can alleviate major environmental problems related to nutrient pollution in ground and surface water sources&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> In this pilot study&#44; recovery rates of 95&#37; of PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P and 23&#37; of NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N were achieved&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Application of struvite in the agricultural sector promises to be a profitable investment&#46; It has been demonstrated that generating 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg of struvite per day is enough to fertilize 2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha of arable land by applying phosphorus &#40;as P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#41; at a rate of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;ha year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In this study we were able to demonstrate that an hemodialysis facility with 20 chairs and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>shifts&#47;day could generate approximately 2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg of struvite per working day with a profit&#44; and a possibility to fertilize 5&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha of arable land &#40;estimation based on 6 working days&#47;week&#41;&#46; Regarding the environmental cost&#44; the use of wastewater in lieu of synthetic fertilizers can results in an important carbon emissions saving&#46; De Vries et al&#46;&#44; have estimated that the use of struvite as fertilizer can results in saving of &#8722;0&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> eq&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> of struvite&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conclusion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater is a model for sustainable innovation in hemodialysis&#46; Removing nutrients from where they should not be and using them to create a new generation of enhanced-efficiency fertilizer is the smart thing to do economically and the right thing to do environmentally&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Characterization of hemodialysis wastewater"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-10-05"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2023-02-16"
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            0 => "Hemodialysis wastewater"
            1 => "Wastewater valorization"
            2 => "Phosphorus"
            3 => "Nitrogen"
            4 => "Eco-recycling"
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            0 => "Agua residual de la hemodi&#225;lisis"
            1 => "Valorizaci&#243;n del agua residual"
            2 => "F&#243;sforo"
            3 => "Nitr&#243;geno"
            4 => "Eco-reciclado"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemodialysis wastewater contains high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus&#46; Recovery of these nutrients as soil fertilizers represents an interesting opportunity to ensure a sustainable fertilizer supply&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this paper&#44; a simple method for recovering phosphorous and nitrogen as crystalline struvite &#91;MgNH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#183;6H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#93; is presented&#46; An integrated cost model is also presented in order to create a positive business case&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recovery rates in form of struvite of 95&#37; of PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P and 23&#37; of NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N were achieved with a profit&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; this paper is the first to study the recovery of these naturally occurring minerals from hemodialysis wastewater&#46; This offers great potential for the valorization of this type of wastewater&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El agua residual de la hemodi&#225;lisis contiene altas concentraciones de nitr&#243;geno amoniacal y f&#243;sforo&#46; La recuperaci&#243;n de dichos nutrientes como fertilizantes del suelo representa una oportunidad interesante para garantizar un suministro de fertilizantes sostenible&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este documento se presenta un m&#233;todo simple de recuperar f&#243;sforo y nitr&#243;geno en forma de cristales de estruvita &#91;MgNH4PO4&#183;6H2O&#93;&#46; Tambi&#233;n se presenta un modelo de costes integrado para crear un caso de negocio positivo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se lograron unas tasas de recuperaci&#243;n en forma de estruvita del 95&#37; de PO4 3&#8722;-P y el 23&#37; de NH4 &#43;-N&#44; con beneficio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n nuestros conocimientos&#44; este documento es el primero que estudia la recuperaci&#243;n de estos minerales de origen natural del agua residual de la hemodi&#225;lisis&#44; lo cual ofrece un gran potencial para la valorizaci&#243;n de este tipo de aguas residuales&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">COD &#40;chemical oxygen demand&#41; is the amount of dissolved oxygen that must be present in water to oxidize chemical organic materials&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BOD &#40;biochemical oxygen demand&#41; is the amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biological process of metabolizing organic matter in water&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Temperature &#40;&#176;C&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">986&#8211;1120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab3465224.png"
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          ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Removal efficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Yearly required MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> evaluation was performed according to the method by Agudosi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reactor size &#40;l&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cycles per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Struvite recovery efficiency &#40;&#37;&#41; &#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span>-P&#47;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>-N&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Daily struvite production &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yearly struvite production &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">760&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Molar Mg&#58;P ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yearly required MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;kg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3465222.png"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Operating parameters for economic evaluation of struvite production from hemodialysis wastewater&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prices were calculated according to Refs&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">16</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">17</a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Operations parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Equipment cost &#40;USD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wastewater storage tank&#58; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> &#40;USD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">180&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Additional costs &#40;fittings&#44; pipes&#44; etc&#46;&#41; &#40;USD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estimated total investment &#40;USD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Required MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> price &#40;USD&#47;kg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Operations costs &#40;USD&#47;year&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Maintenance costs &#40;USD&#47;year&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Operating duration &#40;year&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Struvite market price &#40;USD&#47;kg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Annual cash inflow &#40;USD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">608&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Payback period &#40;month&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3465225.png"
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            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estimating cost of nutrients recovery as struvite&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recycling wastewater after hemodialysis&#58; an environmental analysis for alternative water sources in arid regions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Tarrass"
                            1 => "M&#46; Benjelloun"
                            2 => "O&#46; Benjelloun"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.03.022"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Kidney Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "154"
                        "paginaFinal" => "158"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18589217"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Research needs&#58; treatment of hemodialysis wastewater for agricultural reuse"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Tarrass"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Water Environ Res"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "82"
                        "paginaInicial" => "291"
                        "paginaFinal" => "293"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Water conservation&#58; an emerging but vital issue in hemodialysis therapy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Tarrass"
                            1 => "M&#46; Benjelloun"
                            2 => "O&#46; Benjelloun"
                            3 => "T&#46; Bensaha"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1159/000321485"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Blood Purif"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "181"
                        "paginaFinal" => "185"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20924173"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Power from the sewer&#58; renewable generation of electricity from hemodialysis effluent water"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Tarrass"
                            1 => "M&#46; Benjelloun"
                            2 => "O&#46; Benjelloun"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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Article information

ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.05.007

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