Original article
Do we overestimate intravenous fluid therapy needs? Adverse effects related to isotonic solutions during pediatric hospital admissions
¿Sobreestimamos las necesidades de líquidos? Complicaciones del uso de sueros isotónicos de mantenimiento en plantas de hospitalización pediátrica
Jimena Pérez-Moreno
, Ana Gutiérrez-Vélez, Laura Torres Soblechero, Felipe González Martínez, Blanca Toledo del Castillo, Eva Vierge Hernán, Rosa Rodríguez-Fernández
Corresponding author
Hospitalización de Pediatría, Servicio de Pediatría y sus Áreas Específicas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
Read
2171
Timeswas read the article
921
Total PDF
1250
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:25 [ "pii" => "S2013251423000408" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.02.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "974" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Nefrología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2021" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2022;42:688-95" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S0211699521002137" "issn" => "02116995" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefro.2021.06.013" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "974" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Nefrología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia. 2022;42:688-95" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "¿Sobreestimamos las necesidades de líquidos? Complicaciones del uso de sueros isotónicos de mantenimiento en plantas de hospitalización pediátrica" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "688" "paginaFinal" => "695" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Do we overestimate intravenous fluid therapy needs? Adverse effects related to isotonic solutions during paediatric hospital admissions" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3801 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 365928 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama del diseño del estudio.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jimena Pérez-Moreno, Ana Gutiérrez-Vélez, Laura Torres Soblechero, Felipe González Martínez, Blanca Toledo del Castillo, Eva Vierge Hernán, Rosa Rodríguez-Fernández" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jimena" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Moreno" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Gutiérrez-Vélez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Torres Soblechero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Felipe" "apellidos" => "González Martínez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Blanca" "apellidos" => "Toledo del Castillo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva" "apellidos" => "Vierge Hernán" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rosa" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Fernández" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2013251423000408" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.02.006" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251423000408?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0211699521002137?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/02116995/0000004200000006/v1_202211260546/S0211699521002137/v1_202211260546/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2013251422001201" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.11.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "962" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2022;42:696-703" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio is related to the severity of coronary artery disease in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing coronary angiography" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "696" "paginaFinal" => "703" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La relación fibrinógeno/albúmina está relacionada con la gravedad de la enfermedad arterial coronaria en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica tratados mediante a angiografía coronaria" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 833 "Ancho" => 2091 "Tamanyo" => 71127 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The eGFR and the presence of CAD among FAR quartiles. Quartiles for total patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>978): Quartile 1: 0.045–0.082; Quartile 2: 0.083–0.096; Quartile 3: 0.097–0.111; Quartile 4: 0.112–0.212. Data were reported as the percent or median (interquartile range). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FAR, fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio; CAD, coronary artery disease.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Li-Hua Lin, Hong Liu, Dong-Hua Jin, Jun Zou, Yu-Xian Xie, Hong Qiu, Miao Jia, Da-Mei Li, Bi-Cheng Liu" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Li-Hua" "apellidos" => "Lin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hong" "apellidos" => "Liu" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dong-Hua" "apellidos" => "Jin" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jun" "apellidos" => "Zou" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yu-Xian" "apellidos" => "Xie" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hong" "apellidos" => "Qiu" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miao" "apellidos" => "Jia" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Da-Mei" "apellidos" => "Li" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Bi-Cheng" "apellidos" => "Liu" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251422001201?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000004200000006/v1_202303262115/S2013251422001201/v1_202303262115/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S201325142300041X" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.02.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "975" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Nefrología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2022;42:680-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "The big data era: The usefulness of folksonomy for natural language processing" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "680" "paginaFinal" => "687" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La era del big data: análisis del lenguaje natural mediante la aplicación de folksonomía" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 889 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 168934 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0105" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The solution proposed by Bismart is based on a flow of data that begins with the incorporation into the database knowledge of the PDF documents provided by Hospital del Mar. On these documents we apply OCR processes and the definition of the fields that we want to import from each document. Once the fields are stored in the database and the fields have been identified, the system starts the folksonomy process, detecting important words or groups of words in the collection of documents. Once the Folksonomy tool has extracted the information that is needed to work, it is presented in a Web so that it can be consulted, modified or to execute the process again upon request.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Laia Sans, Ismael Vallvé, Joan Teixidó, Josep Manel Picas, Jordi Martínez-Roldán, Julio Pascual" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laia" "apellidos" => "Sans" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ismael" "apellidos" => "Vallvé" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joan" "apellidos" => "Teixidó" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Josep Manel" "apellidos" => "Picas" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jordi" "apellidos" => "Martínez-Roldán" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Julio" "apellidos" => "Pascual" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0211699521002149" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefro.2021.09.006" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0211699521002149?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S201325142300041X?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000004200000006/v1_202303262115/S201325142300041X/v1_202303262115/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Do we overestimate intravenous fluid therapy needs? Adverse effects related to isotonic solutions during pediatric hospital admissions" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "688" "paginaFinal" => "695" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Jimena Pérez-Moreno, Ana Gutiérrez-Vélez, Laura Torres Soblechero, Felipe González Martínez, Blanca Toledo del Castillo, Eva Vierge Hernán, Rosa Rodríguez-Fernández" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jimena" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Moreno" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jimena.perez@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Gutiérrez-Vélez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Torres Soblechero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Felipe" "apellidos" => "González Martínez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Blanca" "apellidos" => "Toledo del Castillo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva" "apellidos" => "Vierge Hernán" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rosa" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Fernández" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Hospitalización de Pediatría, Servicio de Pediatría y sus Áreas Específicas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Sobreestimamos las necesidades de líquidos? Complicaciones del uso de sueros isotónicos de mantenimiento en plantas de hospitalización pediátrica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3809 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 422404 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study design diagram.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intravenous fluid therapy is a frequent treatment in pediatric hospitalization wards, both for intravenous rehydration and for maintaining hydroelectrolyte needs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> It must be used with caution and be considered as a medication, in which both the composition of the serum (isotonic or hypotonic) and the volume or rhythm in which it is administered must be adjusted to the characteristics of each individual patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Most of the studies focus on recommending an adequate tonicity for the fluids, but there are very few articles that evaluate the adequate rhythm of administration of maintenance replacement fluids.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical practice guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics of 2018 recommend the use of isotonic fluids for maintenance fluid therapy with the appropriate addition of potassium and glucose in general for patients between 28 days and 18 years of age, thus changing the previous paradigm of the use of hypotonic fluids in pediatrics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The main reason for this change was to avoid the complications associated with the use of hypotonic fluid, mainly iatrogenic hyponatremia, with associated risk of cerebral edema with the associated morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> However, there is limited amount of publications on the safety of the widespread use of isotonic fluids in pediatric wards, in stable non-post-surgical patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to analyze the complications associated with the use of maintenance isotonic fluids in patients admitted to pediatric hospitalization wards and to compare whether or not the complications were related to the rate of administration.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was designed an observational and prospective study between October 2018 and September 2019.The study included patients admitted to the Pediatric Hospitalization ward of a tertiary hospital with maintenance intravenous fluid therapy with isotonic saline solution (0.9%) with 5% glucose (glucosaline 5%). This fluid contains 154 mEq/L sodium chloride and 50 g/L glucose with a calculated osmolarity of 586 mOsm/L.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients were divided into two cohorts based on the rate of fluid therapy: a first cohort with patients with restricted rate and a second cohort with an unrestricted rate close to 100% of their BFN calculated according to the Holliday and Segar formula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The decision of the rate of fluid therapy was made according to the usual clinical practice of the doctor who attended the patient at the time of admission.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria were: age between three months and 15 years, treatment with 5% glucose saline solution without changes in the rate of administration during the first 24 h, and signed an informed consent for anonymous data collection.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients excluded were those who presented, before IV fluid therapy, dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis, edema, hypertension, alterations in serum sodium concentration in the analysis on admission, patients with underlying pathologies that made fluid management difficult (cardiac, renal, hepatic, oncological and adrenal insufficiency) and patients in critical condition or post-surgery. Patients younger than three months were also excluded since in these patients some authors recommend the use of hypotonic fluids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were recorded the diagnosis on admission and the intake shown by the patient before and during the time that he received fluid therapy.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two study times were considered: T0 at the time of admission (prior to the start of fluid therapy) and T1 24 h after IV fluid therapy.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were documented the clinical variables (diuresis, intake, hydration, edema, weight) and analytical variables at both times of the study: venous blood gases (pH, bicarbonate), renal function, ions, plasma osmolarity, urinalysis (osmolarity, urine electrolytes). The patient's renal function was assessed according to the glomerular filtration rate estimated with the Schwartz formula adjusted for the height<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and renal damage was considered when the patient had a creatinine greater than 1.5 times the normal value for his age, according to the classification of pRIFFLE.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Complications presented during the first 24 h of fluid therapy were collected, as well as the evolution of the patient until discharge (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical program (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) version 25.0. Quantitative variables were expressed as median and interquartile range. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. The Fisher test was used to compare the qualitative variables and the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskall Wallis test were used for the quantitative variables. To assess the factors that could be associated to the presence of complications (edema), several probabilistic logistic regression models were built including all the variables close to statistical significance (p < 0.2) and clinically relevant ones. The results were expressed in the logistic regression model as OR and CI 95%. The Akaike indices (AIC) and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bayesian information criteria</span> (BIC) were used as selection and comparison criteria between the logistic regression models. The model chosen was the one with the lowest value of AIC and BIC.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the presence of hyperchloremia, a linear regression study was performed whose dependent variable was chloremia on T1 and the independent variables were age, drip rate, glomerular filtration rate, and blood glucose at the start of fluid therapy. The results were expressed as t coefficients, β and p value. Collinearity was ruled out in all models. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Gregorio Marañón (Code 266/18) and all patients or their families signed the informed consent.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Global sample analysis</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Descriptive analysis of the sample</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study there were 84 patients included. The median age was 4.5 (1–13) years and 56% were male. The mean length of stay was 4 (2.2−6.5) days. Twenty-three percent of the sample had a personal history of interest, mostly neurological history (infantile cerebral palsy, psychomotor retardation, etc.). Regarding the clinical diagnosis on admission, 31% were patients had gastro-intestinal pathology who required a total intake restriction (abdominal pain without digestive losses), 31% infectious pathology and 18% respiratory pathology that prevented oral intake.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Analysis according to the rhythm of fluid therapy</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 84 enrolled patients, 39.3% received fluid therapy restricted to less than 100% of BFN and the rest (60.7%) had rhythms close to 100% of their BFN. Patients with <100% BFN had a median rhythm of 75% (50–80%) of BFN and the unrestricted group had a median 100% (90–100%) of BFN. The distribution of patients according to rhythm is shown in Appendix B graph A of the supplementary material.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical and analytical variables of the patients were analyzed according to the rhythm of fluid therapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Both groups were comparable at the time of fluid therapy indication (T0) in terms of age, personal history, diagnosis, renal function, and laboratory results on admission.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At T1, after the first 24 h of fluid therapy, the median plasma chloride concentrations was significant higher in patients with unrestricted fluids (100% NNBB) (107 (106−110) mmol/L) as compared with the group of restricted infusion rates (105 (103−107) mmol/L, (p < 0.01). (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Complications</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main complications of the administration of isotonic fluid therapy 24 h after admission were edema in 19% of patients and hyperchloremia in 16.6%. None developed hypernatremia >145 mmol/L and only 2.3% had mild hyponatremia <135 mmol/L. Hyperglycemia was present in 40% and plasma hyperosmolarity (>290 mosm/L) occured in 38% of patients.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 16.6% of the patients presented hyperchloremia >110 mEq/L (range 111–119 mEq/L). 17.8% had acidosis (pH < 7.35) with no correlation with a decrease in bicarbonate. In T1 there was a reduction in anion GAP (p = 0.04) probably related to the hyperchloremia (p < 0.01). (Appendix B table A of the supplementary material).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients who developed edemas were younger as compared to those who did not develop edemas (1.1 vs. 4.5 years [p = 0.01]), with higher potassium concentrations at T0 (4.6 vs. 4.2 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and lower serum creatinine values both at T0 (0.25 vs. 0.41 mg/dL, p < 0.01) and at T1 (0.20 vs. 0.31 mg/dL, p < 0.01). Analisis of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) corrected by height, showed that there were no significant differences in the presence of edema (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no differences in the development of edema, in the those children with acute kidney injury at the start of fluid therapy in both groups; furthermore no differences were observed in chloride, sodium, osmolarity, glycemia, patient intake or percentage of weight gain after 24 h after fluid therapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The patients who had kidney damage had an average GFR of 50.8 (mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) with a range from 23 to 80 (mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) resolved in the following 24 h, thus the low GFR was probably of pre-renal origen due related to low oral intake.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A logistic regression study was performed whose dependent variable was the development of edema as a complication. We found that higher values of chloride in T1, after the first 24 h of fluid therapy were associated with the development of edema (OR 1.73 [1.0−3.8], p = 0.06) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>), as well as higher GFR values before initiation of fluid therapy (OR 1.20 [1.1–1.5], p = 0.02).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the linear regression analysis, neither the drip rate nor age were associated with higher levels of chlorine 24 h after fluid therapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this study was to describe the complications associated with the widespread use of isotonic fluids in pediatric hospitalization wards in stable patients. Almost 20% of the patients who received IV isotonic maintenance fluids presented edema and 16.6% hyperchloremia, these figures being much higher than those published in previous studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> These two main complications are probably related to the excessive administration of isotonic fluids, as discussed later.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding age, there is controversy in the literature about the age at which the use of isotonic fluids is safe. The 2015 NICE guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> permit its use since birth, but the American pediatric guidelines recommend its use since one month of life onwards.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Other authors yet recommend the use of hypotonic intravenous fluids in infants under three months of age or under 10 kg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> probably related to immature renal function. In our study, edema appeared more frequently in younger children. The lower creatinine values in patients with edema are correlated with younger age and not with renal function, as confirmed in the multivariate study.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the rate of fluid administration, most of the previous studies on maintenance fluid therapy do not specify the amount of fluid administered or they use the Holliday and Segar formula. This formula calculates the fluid needs to metabolize daily calories, thus covering insensible losses (35%), diuresis (60%), and feces (5%) under normal conditions, that is, healthy children with normal weight and height.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,13</span></a> During hospitalization, all body losses can vary, so this formula may not reflect accurately the fluid requirements of a sick child. There are no previous studies evaluating the appropriate rate of administration in patients admitted for an acute intercurrent process, although a growing numbe of authors are wondering whether the Holliday and Segar formula could be overestimating fluid needs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,16,17</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">19% of our patients presented edema after the administration of isotonic fluids. Most edemas were palpebral and on the back of the hands, without major clinical consequences, resolving in the following 24 h after the change in composition and rate of fluid therapy. The American guidelines refer to the lack of studies evaluating fluid overload, although they warn that there is a risk of fluid overload, mainly in critically ill patients, with fewer studies in patients on general pediatric wards.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,16,18</span></a> Therefore, edemas are rarely referenced in the literature, only in 3.7%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isotonic fluids are distributed throughout the extracellular compartment (plasma and interstice), so an excessive supply causes an increase in interstitial fluid (edema) or arterial hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,19–21</span></a> Hypotonic fluids, having a tonicity of 70 mEq/L are distributed throughout the interstitial fluid, but also in the intracellular compartment, thus having a greater risk of hyponatremia and cellular edema.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,22,23</span></a> In this sense, if we use the same formula to calculate the fluid therapy rhythm but with isotonic fluids, we will be able to avoid iatrogenic hyponatremia but with a greater risk of producing edema and hyperchloremia probably due to an overload of sodium and chloride.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hyperchloremia secondary to the administration of isotonic fluids has been documented in previous publications, mainly in adults admitted to intensive care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24–26</span></a> This complication has been solved with the use of balanced solutions (Plasmalyte®, Ringer®) used in surgical patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> but more studies are needed to analyze its safety in general pediatrics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,28</span></a> Hyperchloremic acidosis has a risk of renal vasoconstriction and a decrease in glomerular filtration, as well as an increase in proinflammatory cytokines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29,30</span></a> In our study, hyperchloremia within the first 24 h of starting fluid therapy is a risk factor in the development of edema. Patients who presented hyperchloremia showed clinical symptoms of malaise, refusal to eat, and decreased diuresis, fundamentally, without evidence of alteration in the respiratory pattern or arrhythmias.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series, it is notable the high percentage of patients with hyperglycemia (46%) and hyperosmolarity (35%), probably related to the excessive administration of glucose and the administration of hyperosmolar fluids. These complications are related to the use of 5% glucose saline solution without being able to generalize to other isotonic solutions such as 0.9% saline solution. The osmolarity of these 5% glucosaline fluid s is 586 mOsm/L, but theoretically the osmolarity provided by glucose should be subtracted since it will be metabolized in the tissues (especially liver, muscle, and fat tissue), so it would not influence tonicity according to the manufacturers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> However, this process requires time, and while it meanwhile, an osmotic release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occurs, which may explain the tendency to save free water and the appearance of edema, and also depends on the metabolism of the hospitalized patient. In our study, hyperosmolarity has not been associated with the risk of edema, but at least in theory, it could be playing a role given that plasma osmolarity is the main regulator of total body water, producing an osmotic release of ADH that would justify the appearance of edema.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> It is probable that patients who are admitted, due to their stressful situation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> have lower needs of glucose, so we believe that these intakes should be adjusted not only to the patient's age but also to their clinical situation.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Less frequent complications were sodium changes such as hyponatremia (2.3%) in percentages similar to previous studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Regarding the risk of hyponatremia due to fluids, it does not completely disappear with the use of isotonic fuids, and it could be related to an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secondary to stress, pain, respiratory problems or infections that are usually present during hospitalization, so we once again recommend the use of restricted isotonic maintenance fluids on admissions to general wards of pediatry.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has some limitations because of it is a single-center, observational study based on routine clinical practice and patients were not randomized; however, it reflects our “real life” experience. Other limitations are related to the measurement of diuresis, which was estimated subjectively by the nursing staff. The ADH values were not collected since it is not part of routine clinical practice, so their value is unknown. Finally, it should be noted that the samples collected are venous, in accordance with clinical practice in the pediatric population, but with a greater dispersion in pCO2, unlike blood samples from artery extraction, so it is possible that some acidosis are false respiratory acidosis. However, we emphasize that it is the first prospective study carried out on patients admitted to pediatric hospitalization wards.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The administration of isotonic fluids is not free of complications, and they are probably related to the rhythm of administration. The youngest children have higher risks of developing edema. Close monitoring of patients receiving fluid therapy is necessary, including analytical controls in the first 24 h and adjustment of the patient's intake rate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,11,12</span></a> Studies are needed to review fluid requirements to calculate rhythms of infusion in maintenance fluid therapy. Meanwhile, we recommendthe use of more restricted rhythms when using isotonic maintenance intravenous fluids, especially in infants.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Financing</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The realization of this work has not had funding sources from public or private entities, research or foundations.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">With conflict of interest</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1867210" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1622169" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1622170" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1867209" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1622171" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Global sample analysis" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Descriptive analysis of the sample" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Analysis according to the rhythm of fluid therapy" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Complications" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Financing" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "With conflict of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-04" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-06-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1622169" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Intravenous infusions" 1 => "Isotonic solutions" 2 => "Adverse effects" 3 => "Oedema" 4 => "Paediatrics" 5 => "Paediatric hospitalization" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "abr" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1622170" "palabras" => array:2 [ 0 => "BFN" 1 => "GFR" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1622171" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Fluidoterapia intravenosa" 1 => "Fluidoterapia isotónica" 2 => "Efecto adverso" 3 => "Edema" 4 => "Pediatría" 5 => "Hospitalización pediátrica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Maintenance intravenous fluids are frequently used in hospitalised pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to describe the adverse effects of isotonic fluid therapy in hospitalised patients, and its prevalence based on the rate of infusion.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective clinical observational study was designed. We included hospitalised patients between 3 months-old and 15-years-old were included with 0,9% isotonic solutions with 5% glucose within the first 24 h of administration. They were divided into two groups, depending on the quantity of liquid they received (restricted <100% vs 100% maintenance needs). Clinical data and laboratory findings were recorded in two different times (T0 when they were admitted to hospital and T1 within the first 24 h of administration).</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 84 patients, 33 received <100% maintenance needs and 51 patients received around 100%. The main adverse effects notified in the first 24 h of administration were hyperchloremia >110 mEq/L (16.6%) and oedema (19%). Oedema was more frequent in patients with lower age (p < 0,01). The hyperchloremia at 24 h of intravenous fluids was an independent risk factor of developing oedema (OR 1,73 (1,0–3,8), p = 0,06).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of isotonic fluids is not free from adverse effects, probably related to the rate of infusion and more likely to appear in infants. It`s necessary more studies that review the correct estimation of intravenous fluid needs in hospitalized children.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La fluidoterapia intravenosa es un tratamiento ampliamente utilizado en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las complicaciones asociadas al uso de sueros isotónicos de mantenimiento en pacientes hospitalizados y comparar la frecuencia de aparición de estas complicaciones con distintos ritmos de administración.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y métodos</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó un estudio observacional y prospectivo, en el que se incluyeron pacientes hospitalizados de entre 3 meses y 15 años de edad que recibieron tratamiento con fluidoterapia isotónica 0,9% con glucosa al 5% durante las primeras 24 horas de ingreso. Se dividieron en dos cohortes según el ritmo de fluidoterapia: restringido <100% vs no restringido cercano al 100% NNBB, calculadas según la regla de Holliday y Segar. Se recogieron variables clínicas y analíticas en dos tiempos de estudio (T0 al ingreso y T1 a las 24 horas de la fluidoterapia). Se realizó un estudio uni y multivariante para identificar factores de riesgo de complicaciones.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 84 pacientes, de los cuales 33 recibieron fluidoterapia restringida y 51 pacientes con 100% NNBB. Las principales complicaciones desarrolladas en las primeras 24 horas fueron hipercloremia >110 mEq/L (16,6%) y edemas (19%). La aparición de edemas fue más frecuente en pacientes de menor edad (p < 0,01) y la hipercloremia se asoció con el desarrollo de edemas (OR 1,73 (1,0–3,8), p = 0,06.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La administración de sueros isotónicos no está exenta de complicaciones, probablemente relacionadas con el ritmo de administración y más frecuentes en lactantes. Son necesarios estudios que revisen las necesidades de líquidos en niños hospitalizados.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3809 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 422404 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study design diagram.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BFN: basal fluid needs calculated according to Holliday-Segars.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed in medians with interquantile range (p25–p75).</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate using the 2009 updated Schwartz equation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">100%-BFN rhythm (n = 51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Restricted rhythm <100% BFN (n = 33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (0.9−7.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (0.5−13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Average stay (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (2.5−6.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (2−5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH T0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.36 (7.30−7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.36 (7.33−7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HCO3 T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (20.5−24.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (20−24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Na T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136 (134−138) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">137 (135−139) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">K T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5 (3.9−5.35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2 (3.8−4.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cl T0 (mEq/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">102 (100−105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">102 (100−103) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blood glucose T0 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (85−118) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (88−103) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urea T0 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (17−31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (15−32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Creatinine T0 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.36 (0.28−0.50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.37 (0.25−0.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">eGFR at T0 (mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97.12 (24.5−110.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100.6 (100.6−114) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.38 (7.33−7.41) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.39 (7.35−7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HCO3 T1(mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (22−25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (21−24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Na T1 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">139 (138−141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">138 (136−140) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">K T1 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2 (3.8−4.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2 (3.9−4.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cl T1 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">107 (106−110) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">105 (103−107) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T1 blood glucose (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98 (90−108) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">101 (90−114) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urea T1 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (10−19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (7−21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T1 creatinine (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 (0.21−0.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25 (0.20−0.50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">eGFR at T1 (mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125 (108.6−156) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">128 (98−148) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male gender (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis on admission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G.I. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infectious \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-underlying pathologies (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Edema (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Statistically significant values.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bivariate comparative study of clinical and analytical variables of the patients according to the rhythm of intravenous fluid therapy.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">-BFN: basal fluid needs calculated according to Holliday-Segar formula.</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate using the 2009 updated Schwartz equation.</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed in medians with interquantile range (p25–p75).</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edema No (n = 68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edema Yes (n = 16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5 (0.9−13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.1 (0.5−3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Average stay (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.0 (2−5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.0 (2.2−6.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH T0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.36 (7.33−7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.34 (7.27−7.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HCO3 T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (20−25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (20−24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Na T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136 (134−138) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">137 (136−139) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">K T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.20 (3.80−4.80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6 (4.3−5.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cl T0 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">102 (100−104) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">101 (100−105) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blood glucose T0 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (88−106) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 (85−129) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urea T0 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (17.7−32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (13−27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Creatinine T0 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.41 (0.31−0.61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25 (0.21−0.31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">eGFR at T0 (mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">110 (97.3−125) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122.1 (99.8−171) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kidney damage pRIFLE % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">N = 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">N = 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">% weight gain in T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.3 (0−2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1 (0−5.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.39 (7.36−7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.36 (7.33−7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HCO3 T1 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (21−25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (20−23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Na T1 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">138 (137−140) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">139 (137.5−141) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KT1 (mmol/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.1 (3.9−4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6 (3.8−4.67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cl T1 (mEq/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">106 (104−109) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">108 (106−110) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T1 blood glucose (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 (90−113) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99 (91−126) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urea T1 (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (9−20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (4−23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T1 creatinine (mg/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.31 (0.22−0.49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20 (0.19−0.22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">plasma T1 osmolarity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">287 (280−293) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">291 (284−296) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">eGFR at T1 (mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125 (101−148) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140 (94.4−171) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male gender (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis at admission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G.I. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infectious \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">underlying pathologies (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DRIP RATE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 100% of BFN _ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> Less than 100% of BFN \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Statistically significant values.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bivariate analysis of the general cohort of patients based on the development or not of edema in the first 24 h of admission.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0040" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>: 0.66.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edema OR (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glomerular filtration rate T0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.20 (1.1−1.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T0 rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 (0.86−1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chloride T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.73 (1.0−3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.06<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bicarbonate T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.31 (0.87−2.77) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Statistically significant values.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate study for the analysis of independent risk factors in the development of edema in the first 24 h of fluid therapy. Logistic regression (dependent variable: edema).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0045" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>: 0.30.</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anova of the model. p < 0.01.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chloremia (Coefficient t) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">dripping rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">glomerular filtration rate T0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blood glucose T0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−3.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Statistically significant values.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate study for the analysis of independent risk factors that influence the chloremia analyzed 24 h after fluid therapy. Linear regression (dependent variable: Chloremia at T1).</p>" ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Key concepts<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main complications of the administration of isotonic fluids in maintenance fluid therapy are edema and hyperchloremia.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These complications are mainly due to the rate of administration.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infants are the patients with the highest risk of presenting complications associated with the use of isotonic fluids.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intravenous fluid therapy for hospitalized and critically ill children: rationale, available drugs and possible side effects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "T. Langer" 1 => "R. Limuti" 2 => "C. Tommasino" 3 => "N. van Regenmortel" 4 => "E.L.I.M. Duval" 5 => "P. Caironi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5603/AIT.a2017.0058" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "49" "paginaFinal" => "58" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29151001" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical practice guideline: maintenance intravenous fluids in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Feld" 1 => "D. Neuspiel" 2 => "B. Foster" 3 => "M. Leu" 4 => "M. Garber" 5 => "K. Austin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "142" "numero" => "6" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Controversies in fluid therapy: type, dose and toxicity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. McDermid" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5492/wjccm.v3.i1.24" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "World J Crit Care Med." "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "3" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "24" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24834399" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isotonic versus hypotonic solutions for maintenance intravenous fluid administration in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. McNab" 1 => "R.S. Ware" 2 => "K.A. Neville" 3 => "K. Choong" 4 => "M.G. Coulthard" 5 => "T. Duke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev" "fecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of isotonic and hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluids" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Friedman" 1 => "C. Beck" 2 => "J. DeGroot" 3 => "D. Geary" 4 => "D. Sklansky" 5 => "S. Freedman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3809" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA Pediatr." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "169" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "445" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25751673" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isotonic versus hypotonic parenteral maintenance fluids in very severe pneumonia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. Ramanathan" 1 => "P. Kumar" 2 => "K. Mishra" 3 => "A. Dutta" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12098-015-1791-6" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Pediatr." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "83" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "27" "paginaFinal" => "32" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26027555" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A randomized controlled trial of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance intravenous fluids in hospitalized children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T. Saba" 1 => "J. Fairbairn" 2 => "F. Houghton" 3 => "D. Laforte" 4 => "B. Foster" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Pediatr." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "IV Fluids in Children: Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Children and Young People in Hospital" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2019" "editorial" => "NICE" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isotonic is better than hypotonic saline for intravenous rehydration of children with gastroenteritis: a prospective randomised study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Neville" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/adc.2005.084103" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dis Child." "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "91" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "226" "paginaFinal" => "232" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352625" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intravenous fluid management for the acutely ill child" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Moritz" 1 => "J. Ayus" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283440fd9" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Pediatr." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "23" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "186" "paginaFinal" => "193" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415832" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Maintenance Fluid Therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K. Marcdante" 1 => "R. Kliegman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "edicion" => "8th ed." "titulo" => "Nelson essentials of pediatrics" "fecha" => "2019" "paginaInicial" => "125" "paginaFinal" => "126" "editorial" => "Elsevier" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dehydration and Replacement Therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K. Marcdante" 1 => "R. Kliegman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "edicion" => "8th ed." "titulo" => "Nelson essentials of pediatrics" "fecha" => "2019" "paginaInicial" => "126" "paginaFinal" => "130" "editorial" => "Elsevier" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.A. Holliday" 1 => "W.E. Segar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics" "fecha" => "1957" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "823" "paginaFinal" => "832" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13431307" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Measurement and estimation of glomerular filtration rate in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A.N. Mian" 1 => "G.J. Schwartz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1053/j.ackd.2017.09.011" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Chronic Kidney Dis." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "24" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "348" "paginaFinal" => "356" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29229165" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease score identifies acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in critically ill children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Y. Soler" 1 => "M. Nieves-Plaza" 2 => "M. Prieto" 3 => "R. García-De Jesús" 4 => "M. Suárez-Rivera" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182745675" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Crit Care Med." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "14" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "e189" "paginaFinal" => "e195" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23439463" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluids after surgery for children: a randomized controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Choong" 1 => "S. Arora" 2 => "J. Cheng" 3 => "F. Farrokhyar" 4 => "D. Reddy" 5 => "L. Thabane" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2011-0415" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "128" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "857" "paginaFinal" => "866" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22007013" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Association between maintenance fluid tonicity and hospital-acquired hyponatremia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F. Carandang" 1 => "A. Anglemyer" 2 => "C. Longhurst" 3 => "G. Krishnan" 4 => "S. Alexander" 5 => "M. Kahana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.020" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "163" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1646" "paginaFinal" => "1651" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23998517" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Randomised controlled trial of intravenous maintenance fluids" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Yung" 1 => "S. Keeley" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01254.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Paediatr Child Health." "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "45" "numero" => "1–2" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "14" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036144" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "European consensus statement for intraoperative fluid therapy in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Sümpelmann" 1 => "K. Becke" 2 => "P. Crean" 3 => "M. Jöhr" 4 => "P. Lönnqvist" 5 => "J. Strauss" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/EJA.0b013e3283446bb8" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Anaesthesiol." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "28" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "637" "paginaFinal" => "639" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21654319" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance fluid therapy on urine output, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis: a crossover study in fasting adult volunteers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Van Regenmortel" 1 => "T. De Weerdt" 2 => "A. Van Craenenbroeck" 3 => "E. Roelant" 4 => "W. Verbrugghe" 5 => "K. Dams" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Anaesth." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "118" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "892" "paginaFinal" => "900" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dilution and redistribution effects of rapid 2-litre infusions of 0.9% saline and 5% dextrose on haematological parameters and serum biochemistry in normal subjects: a double-blind crossover study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.N. Lobo" 1 => "Z. Stanga" 2 => "J.A.D. Simpson" 3 => "J.A. Anderson" 4 => "B.J. Rowlands" 5 => "S.P. Allison" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Sci (Lond)" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "101" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "173" "paginaFinal" => "179" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11473492" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Chesney" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics." "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "102" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "229" "paginaFinal" => "230" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9651436" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hyponatraemia and death or permanent brain damage in healthy children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Arieff" 1 => "J. Ayus" 2 => "C. Fraser" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.304.6836.1218" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMJ." "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "304" "numero" => "6836" "paginaInicial" => "1218" "paginaFinal" => "1222" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1515791" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fluid resuscitation and hyperchloremic acidosis in experimental sepsis: Improved short-term survival and acid-base balance with Hextend compared with saline" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Kellum" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00003246-200202000-00006" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care Med." "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "30" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "300" "paginaFinal" => "305" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889298" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sodium acetate infusion in critically ill trauma patients for hyperchloremic acidosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. McCague" 1 => "M. Dermendjieva" 2 => "R. Hutchinson" 3 => "D. Wong" 4 => "N. Dao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Scan J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "19" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "24" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Physicochemical characterization of metabolic acidosis induced by normal saline resuscitation of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Park" 1 => "A. Calabrich" 2 => "A. Maciel Toleado" 3 => "F.G. Zampieri" 4 => "L.U. Taniguchi" 5 => "C.E. De Souza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Bras Ter Intensive" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "23" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "176" "paginaFinal" => "182" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Balanced electrolyte solutions or normal saline? Resuscitative fluid administration practice in swiss pediatric acute care" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Huber" 1 => "S. Berger" 2 => "R. Löllgen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Emerg Care." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Balanced crystalloids versus saline for perioperative intravenous fluid administration in children undergoing neurosurgery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Lima" 1 => "I. Neville" 2 => "S. Cavalheiro" 3 => "D. Bourguignon" 4 => "P. Pelosi" 5 => "L. Malbouisson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/ANA.0000000000000515" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Neurosurg Anesthesiol." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "30" "paginaFinal" => "35" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29912723" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chloride anion concentration as a determinant of renal vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictor agents" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Quilley" 1 => "Y. Lin" 2 => "J. McGiff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Pharmacol." "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "108" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "106" "paginaFinal" => "110" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chloride regulates afferent arteriolar contraction in response to depolarization" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Hansen" 1 => "B. Jensen" 2 => "O. Skøtt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/01.hyp.32.6.1066" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Hypertension." "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "32" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1066" "paginaFinal" => "1070" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856975" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000004200000006/v1_202303262115/S2013251423000408/v1_202303262115/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "42660" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000004200000006/v1_202303262115/S2013251423000408/v1_202303262115/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251423000408?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2024 October | 70 | 66 | 136 |
| 2024 September | 82 | 47 | 129 |
| 2024 August | 86 | 67 | 153 |
| 2024 July | 89 | 36 | 125 |
| 2024 June | 74 | 41 | 115 |
| 2024 May | 65 | 64 | 129 |
| 2024 April | 61 | 56 | 117 |
| 2024 March | 65 | 23 | 88 |
| 2024 February | 64 | 43 | 107 |
| 2024 January | 31 | 24 | 55 |
| 2023 December | 33 | 29 | 62 |
| 2023 November | 37 | 27 | 64 |
| 2023 October | 77 | 60 | 137 |
| 2023 September | 58 | 41 | 99 |
| 2023 August | 47 | 29 | 76 |
| 2023 July | 60 | 51 | 111 |
| 2023 June | 62 | 47 | 109 |
| 2023 May | 59 | 57 | 116 |
| 2023 April | 71 | 61 | 132 |
| 2023 March | 52 | 47 | 99 |
Show all
