Letter to the Editor
Arterial thrombosis in a patient with nephrotic syndrome and antithrombin Cambrigde II
Trombosis arteriales en un paciente con síndrome nefrótico y antitrombina Cambrigde II
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"Fernández-Reyes-Luis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Asistencial de Segovia, Segovia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial de Segovia, Segovia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Trombosis arteriales en un paciente con síndrome nefrótico y antitrombina Cambrigde II" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1269 "Ancho" => 1514 "Tamanyo" => 133713 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aortic thrombosis.</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Axial computed tomography of the abdomen following administration of arterial-phase intravenous contrast, showing a 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27-mm dilation of the infrarenal aorta, with a small 6-mm-thick intramural thrombus on the posterior left aspect (arrow).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thromboembolic phenomena are a serious complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS) with a general incidence of 20%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However, arterial thromboses (AT) are rare in adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> In this document, we describe multiple AT in an adult with NS. The genetic study pointed to an antithrombin Cambridge II (ACII) mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first case of NS with AT associated with this genetic thrombophilia.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient is a 73-year-old male who consulted for oedemas coursing for two to three weeks and re-exacerbation of dyspnoea in the previous few hours. Four weeks before he presented a right parietal lobe stroke (albuminaemia 2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL). In terms of personal background, he was a smoker of 50 pack-years and had dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension of several months’ evolution. His daily treatment included enalapril 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg, atorvastatin 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg, acetylsalicylic acid 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and furosemide 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg. The following results were obtained in the physical exploration: blood pressure 120/73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg, oxygen saturation 97%, pitting oedema as far as the knee.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analytical results were normal haemogram, fibrinogen 706<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, D-dimer 1.7 microg/mL (nv [normal value]: 0.3–0.5), rest of coagulation normal; creatinine 1.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, urea 39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, albumin 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL, cholesterol 191<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, triglycerides 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, ions normal. IgG 389<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, the other immunoglobulins were normal with no monoclonal component; complements, autoimmunity including anti-PLA2R, thyroid hormones, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), hepatitis markers, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and normal or negative lues serology. Proteinuria 6.59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h without a monoclonal component; sediment with one to three red blood cells per field. The electrocardiogram (ECG) and the echocardiogram were normal. The computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the pulmonary arteries/computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed a defect in the lateral segmental artery of the right basal pyramid consistent with pulmonary thromboembolism, whereby anticoagulation was initiated (suspended transiently as necessary); a nodular opacity of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm was also identified in the left upper lobe. The lower extremity (LE) Doppler ultrasound identified an aneurysm of the left femoral/popliteal arteries 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter, partially thrombosed but no signs of deep vein thrombosis. The renal artery abdominal ultrasound/Doppler ultrasound showed no pathological findings in the renal echostructure, nor renal artery thrombosis. The thoracic-abdominal CT scan showed a 6-mm-thick mural thrombus in the infrarenal segment of the aorta (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Ten glomeruli were identified by renal biopsy; by optical microscopy and immunofluorescence lesions were compatible with membranous glomerulonephritis. The gastroscopy was normal; adenomas with low-grade dysplasia were identified in the colonoscopy and were resected. A polypectomy of several low-grade dysplasia adenomas was performed. In the thrombophilia study, the results for anticardiolipin antibodies (Ab), lupus anticoagulant, Factor V Leiden, protein C and S and the prothrombin gene were negative or normal, while antithrombin was 66% (NV 80%–100%), and the ACII (A384S) heterozygous mutation was identified by means of the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay followed by restriction analysis.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pulmonary nodule was removed, and the histological study showed an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> bronchogenic carcinoma. At discharge, anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin was maintained; factor Xa levels showed adequate anticoagulation. After one year of follow-up, proteinuria of 6.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h persisted, with hypoalbuminaemia and preserved renal function, negative anti-PLA2R, with no tumour recurrence data, and rituximab 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 was subsequently given.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antithrombin is the body’s most important physiological anticoagulant factor with a molecular weight similar to that of albumin and both levels are correlated in NS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> Antithrombin deficiency is present in 70% of cases of NS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and promotes the multifactorial hypercoagulability status of this syndrome (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) which usually induces venous thrombosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a> On the other hand, in NS, AT is described in children and is usually in the lower extremities and coronary location; aortic involvement is very rare and potentially catastrophic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Some authors point to severe hypoalbuminaemia (1.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL) and the use of diuretics and corticosteroids as risk factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5</span></a> Membranous nephropathy is not necessarily the most frequent cause of NS associated with AT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> Our patient with popliteal vein, femoral artery and aortic thrombosis and ischaemic stroke had risk factors for AT such as dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure and smoking, and other thrombogenic diatheses involved in AT such as protein C and S deficiency or antiphospholipid syndrome were ruled out.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover, ACII is due to a mutation in the antithrombin gene, which is of autosomal dominant inheritance and has variable penetrance. This mutation provokes a local functional and non-circulating deficiency of antithrombin and its prevalence is probably underestimated with routine diagnostic methods since it does not affect activity on the levels of the coagulation parameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> ACII is a moderate venous and arterial thrombotic risk factor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a>; in this latter territory, it appears to alter thrombin regulation capacity at the endothelial level. This dysfunction would be boosted in situations of hypercoagulability,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> such as NS and it could feasibly have played some kind of a role in this patient’s thromboses. From the therapeutic standpoint, in the presence of ACII, unfractionated heparin has apparently less anticoagulant efficacy than low molecular weight heparin.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of arterial disease involves multiple genetic and environmental phenomena, which is why, in the presence of AT in NS, diagnostic possibilities permitting, the presence of pro-thrombotic genetic factors should be ruled out on account of their potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they received no funding.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack658014" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1269 "Ancho" => 1514 "Tamanyo" => 133713 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aortic thrombosis.</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Axial computed tomography of the abdomen following administration of arterial-phase intravenous contrast, showing a 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27-mm dilation of the infrarenal aorta, with a small 6-mm-thick intramural thrombus on the posterior left aspect (arrow).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NS: nephrotic syndrome; DVT LE: deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mechanisms</span>:</span> increase of factors: V, VII, von Willebrand, alpha-2 plasmin inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor, fibrinogen \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urinary losses: antithrombin, possibly protein C and S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Increased platelet aggregation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reduction in plasminogen \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nephropathies involved</span>:</span> membranous, membrano-proliferative, minimal changes, sclerosing and focal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Risk factors</span>:</span> membranous<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>, diuretics, steroids, repeated venepuncture, neoplasms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Venous location</span></span>: renal vein (35%), pulmonary thromboembolism (8%), DVT LE (10%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arterial location:</span></span> renal, aortic, femoral, cerebral, mesenteric, coronary \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prophylactic anticoagulation:</span></span> in case of albuminuria <2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">They favour preferentially venous thromboses.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypercoagulability of NS.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hypercoagulability, renal vein thrombosis, and other thrombotic complications of nephrotic syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. 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Miñano" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thromb Haemost" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "483" "paginaFinal" => "486" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277409" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack658014" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our thanks to Dr Jaime Corral, who performed the antithrombin genetic study, and to Dr Ricardo Enríquez for his collaboration.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000004200000006/v1_202303262115/S2013251423000330/v1_202303262115/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35436" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000004200000006/v1_202303262115/S2013251423000330/v1_202303262115/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251423000330?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
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