Short Original
Mortality of hemodialysis patients is associated with their clinical situation at the start of treatment
La mortalidad de los pacientes en hemodiálisis está asociada con su situación clínica al comienzo del tratamiento
Gabriel de Arribaa,b,i,
, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Avilac,i, Marta Torres Guinead,i, Inmaculada Moreno Aliac,i, José Antonio Herruzoe,i, Begoña Rincón Ruizf,i, Rafael Díaz Tejeirod,i, Maria Esperanza López Rubiog,i, Carmen Vozmediano Poyatosh,i, Carmina Gómez Roldáng,i
Corresponding author
a Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
b Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas de la Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
c Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
d Hospital Virgen de la Salud de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
e Centros de Diálisis Asyter, Toledo, Spain
f Hospital Virgen de la Luz de Cuenca, Cuenca, Spain
g Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
h Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
i Registro de Enfermos Renales de Castilla-La Mancha (RERCLM), Spain
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=> "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Virgen de la Salud de Toledo, Toledo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centros de Diálisis Asyter, Toledo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Virgen de la Luz de Cuenca, Cuenca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Registro de Enfermos Renales de Castilla-La Mancha (RERCLM), Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La mortalidad de los pacientes en hemodiálisis está asociada con su situación clínica al comienzo del tratamiento" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1332 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 192461 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Selection of study patients.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis replacement therapy have a high mortality rate, which is higher than that of other pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure or stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> According to the Spanish Dialysis and Transplantation Registry, global annual mortality was 8.2% in 2016, being higher in hemodialysis (15.2%) than in peritoneal dialysis (9.5%) or transplantation (2, 3%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> An analysis on 60,615 patients between 2004 and 2015 showed that the 5-year overall survival was 57%, being similar in women and men and worse in diabetic patients, in those on hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis or transplant, and in patients with advanced age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The 2016 ERA-EDTA Registry showed that the adjusted 5 years probability of survival of patients that started dialysis between 2007 and 2011 was 45.5%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In short, the data from registries carried out in the past decade confirm that mortality is high, especially in prevalent hemodialysis patients compared to those on peritoneal dialysis or transplants. Several studies have analyzed the factors that can influence on this increased mortality; those studies must take into account the risk factors existing before starting the treatment and also the morbidity and mortality caused by hemodialysis. Among the former, there are non-modifiable factors such as age, sex and previous pathologies of the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> From the point of view of prevention and treatment it is important is the study of modifiable factors, among which stand out the presence of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, obesity, vascular calcifications, anemia, low adherence to treatment or type of vascular access.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> It is very important to take these into account these conditions since their treatment could reduce morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data from the registries, although very useful in evaluating survival, have some limitations, among which is the possibility that the patient, throughout his life, may change the modality of replacement treatment. Thus, it is common to observe that a kidney transplant patient returns to hemodialysis and the exchange between both dialysis techniques is also frequent. For these reasons, it is very interesting to analyze the survival of those who remain on the same treatment. It should also be taken into account that transplant patients or patients on peritoneal dialysis generally have different clinical characteristics from those who remain on hemodialysis, who tend to be older and have more comorbidities.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our objective was to analyze through data obtained from the Registry of Renal Patients of Castilla-La Mancha (RERCLM) if certain factors present at the beginning of treatment are associated with higher mortality, limiting ourselves to those treated exclusively with hemodialysis.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods patients</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study included the cohort of patients who started hemodialysis from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012 and remained on hemodialysis. Patients were followed until December 31, 2017. Patients transferred from other communities or who began in our community and moved to others were excluded. Those who were in treatment for less than a month or those who were lost to follow-up were also excluded.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following variables were studied:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age (categorized into the following groups: 15–44 years, 45–64, 65–74 and over 75 years).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sex.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary kidney disease (classified according to EDTA codes).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous risk factors.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial indication for starting hemodialysis categorized as urgent in patient of wth unknown kidney pathology, urgent in patient with exacerbated chronic kidney disease or patient who starts hemodialysis on a scheduled basis.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type of vascular access at baseline: arteriovenous fistula, prothesis, indwelling tunnelled catheter or transient central catheter.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemoglobin at the beginning of treatment (categorized as greater than or equal or less than 10 g/dl).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum albumin at the start of treatment (categorized if it is greater than or equal or less than 3.5 g/dl).</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistics</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed the probabilities of 96-month survival. The calculations are presented as life tables (actuarial method) and the graphs are presented using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hypothesis contrasts were performed with the log-rank test. A proportional hazards (Cox) regression model was performed to analyze the effect of albumin before starting treatment on the the variables included in the model: age, sex, vascular access, initial indication of treatment, primary kidney disease and index Charlson. An alpha error of 5% and a significance level of 95% were accepted in all tests.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have used the statistical programs SPSS/PC + (version 22) and Stata (version 14).</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the years 2010–2012, 646 subjects began replacement treatment in the community (region) of Castilla-La Mancha. Of these, 535 began hemodialysis, 108 peritoneal dialysis, and 3 received an early kidney transplant. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> shows the selection of study patients shown.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were 333 patients included (212 men and 121 women). The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The risk factors were arterial hypertension in 299 (89.8%), dyslipidemia in 184 (55.3%), diabetes mellitus in 172 (51.7%), heart disease in 151 (45.3%), vascular disease in 104 (31.2%) and neoplasia in 59 cases (17.7%). Regarding the type of vascular access at baseline, 131 had an arteriovenous fistula, 14 had a vascular prosthesis, 76 had an indwelling catheter, and 109 had a temporal catheter.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mortality was 63.4% at 5 years and 76% at the end of the follow-up period. Throughout the study, 162 men (76% of the total) and 91 women (75% of the total) died. The mortality by age group was: 40% (age group 15−44 years), 67.1% (group 45−64 years), 72.2% (age group 65−74 years) and 85% (age group over 75 years). No differences were observed between male and female mortality. The main causes of death were infectious in 51 cases (19.5%), cardiac in 46 (17.6%), exclusion of dialysis in 36 (13.8%), vascular in 29 (11.1%), cancer in 20 (7.7%) and not clearly determined in 45 patients (17.2%).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a> presents the observed survival in relation to the situation at the beginning of the hemodialysis treatment. Those who start hemodialysis urgently and their pathology was unknown or those who have exacerbated chronic kidney disease have higher mortality than those who start treatment on a scheduled basis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < .05).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding vascular access at the beginning of the technique <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> shows that patients with a fistula or prosthesis have a better survival than those who start treatment with a permanent or temporary catheter (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < .05).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to baseline hemoglobin level, there were no differences in survival between patients who had hemoglobin lower (141 subjects) or higher (192 subjects) than 10 g/dl (data not shown).</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The survival of patients according to initial serum albumin concentration is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>. Patients with serum albumin lower than 3.5 g/dl have a more mortality than those with the higher albumin (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < .05).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the analysis of the multivariate regression model are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show that the mortality of patients who remained on hemodialysis treatment is very high. These data confirm the reports by other authors based mainly on registries and observational studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However, in some countries it has been observed that in recent years there has been a decrease in mortality despite the fact that patients are older and have more comorbidities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Thus, according to the USRDS registry, the 5-year adjusted survival in patients who started hemodialysis in 2003 was 36.6%, while in the cohort that started in 2011 it was 42%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It has also been observed that mortality decreases in the second year and increase later, with the highest mortality 5 years after the start of treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the factors that condition higher mortality are not well known, there are some non-modifiable factors such as race, age, sex, or primary kidney disease. The age at which patients begin dialysis has progressively increased.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In our series, 46% of the patients were over 75 years of age. When life expectancy has been compared between the general population and patients on dialysis, the differences are very significant: thus, as compared with subjects without kidney disease, dialysis patients under 80 years of age have a life expectancy one third lower and considering those over 80 the survival is reduced to half (that is, it falls from 7–8 to 2.7–3 years in the American population).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our interest has focused mainly on a series of modifiable factors that can be associated with higher mortality. Numerous studies have shown factors on which we can act that influence survival.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> Thus, renal function at the beginning of hemodialysis, the hemodialysis technique, avoiding hypotensive episodes, maintaining an optimal time and an adequacy of analytical parameters clearly influence the prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,14</span></a> In addition, other factors such as control of risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, etc.), adherence to prescribed drug treatments and control of different parameters (secondary hyperparathyroidism, anemia, lipids, etc.) also influence morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,15,16</span></a> Finally, the quality of life, socioeconomic situation or tendency to depression should also be considered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study analyzes the possible association between the clinical situation of patients when starting replacement therapy with hemodialysis and mortality. We found no differences regarding sex or hemoglobin. It is likely that the use of erythropoiesis stimulating factors prevent a severe anemia at the initiation of hemodialysis. However, we observed that patients who started hemodialysis urgently or with exacerbation of their chronic kidney disease had higher mortality. This fact has been confirmed in other studies and should make us work even more on the early detection and scheduled referral of patients with chronic kidney disease to Nephrology consultations.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data reflect that patients who start hemodialysis with catheter have higher mortality. It has been confirmed by several authors that the use of catheters carries an increased risk of complications, both infectious and non-infectious and this is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However, Ravani et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> using data from the DOPPS study between 1996 and 2011, postulated that complications related to the catheter do not justify the increase in mortality and advanced the plausible hypothesis that patients with catheters have other unrelated confounding factors that denote greater severity or associated comorbidities. This hypothesis has also been suggested in other studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In any case, the “fistula first” initiative has been widely accepted to reduce the risk of complications related to vascular access, the number of hospitalizations and the cost.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, we show that plasma albumin less than 3.5 g/dl at the beginning of hemodialysis treatment is associated with higher mortality. Although it has its limitations, albumin has been considered a simple and reproducible nutritional marker and our data could suggest that patients with a worse prognosis have initial malnutrition. Several studies have also demonstrated this association in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Thus, Chen et al. evaluated 781 hemodialysis patients and observed that those with an albumin lower than 3.5 g/dl had a higher mortality and that the risk was higher as the albumin level decreased.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> It has also been suggested that a decrease in albumin may be associated with other pathologies that increase mortality, such as sarcopenia, chronic inflammation, or volume overload.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has the strength that the patients in the cohort remained on hemodialysis throughout the follow-up time, unlike others that analyzed mortality taking into account only the last form of treatment. However, we recognize that it also has some limitations since we have not analyzed other factors that may influence mortality, including the hemodialysis technique used, the psychosocial situation, adherence to treatment or the presence of other comorbidities such as inflammation. chronic or vascular calcifications.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusions</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In short, patients who remain in hemodialysis treatment have a high mortality, and this is associated with factors that can be treated, such as the type of vascular access at the beginning or the serum albumin level.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1609776" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1439802" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1609775" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1439801" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods patients" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Statistics" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack567462" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-02-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-11-09" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1439802" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Hemodialysis" 1 => "Mortality" 2 => "Albumin" 3 => "Vascular access" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1439801" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Hemodiálisis" 1 => "Mortalidad" 2 => "Acceso vascular" 3 => "Albúmina" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Previous reports have shown very high mortality among hemodialyisis patients. Our goal was to analyze the mortality of patients in the Renal Registry of Patients who remained exclusively on hemodialysis treatment.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The cohort of patients who started treatment in the community of Castilla-La Mancha between 2010 and 2012 and remained on hemodialysis treatment was analysed until the end of 2017. Age, sex, primary kidney disease, vascular access, hemoglobin, Charlson index and serum albumin were included.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortality rate was 63,4% after 5 years and 76% at the end of the study, with no difference between males and females, and was linked to an older age, urgent onset or in those with acute deterioration of chronic kidney disease, the use of catheters or albumin less than 3.5 g/dl.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortality in patients who remain on hemodialysis is very high and is associated with non-modifiable factors such as age but also others that we can prevent or treat such as type of vascular access or nutrition status at the beginning of treatment.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios previos han demostrado una elevada mortalidad de los pacientes en tratamiento con hemodiálisis aunque en pocos de ellos se analiza la supervivencia de los que reciben exclusivamente este tratamiento. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la mortalidad de los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con hemodiálisis.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizó la cohorte de pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento sustitutivo entre los años 2010 y 2012 en la comunidad de Castilla-La Mancha y permanecieron en tratamiento con hemodiálisis. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, enfermedad renal primaria, acceso vascular, hemoglobina, índice de Charlson y albúmina sérica al comienzo del tratamiento y se realizó un seguimiento hasta final de 2017.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad fue del 63,4% a los 5 años y del 76% al final del periodo de seguimiento, sin diferencias entre varones y mujeres, y se relacionó con una mayor edad, el comienzo urgente o en aquellos con enfermedad renal reagudizada, la utilización de catéteres o una albúmina inferior a 3,5 g/dl.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad en los pacientes que permanecen en diálisis es muy elevada y se asocia a factores no modificables como la edad pero también a otros que podemos prevenir o tratar como el tipo de acceso vascular o el estado de nutrición al comienzo del tratamiento.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: de Arriba G, Avila GG, Guinea MT, Alia IM, Herruzo JA, Ruiz BR, et al. La mortalidad de los pacientes en hemodiálisis está asociada con su situación clínica al comienzo del tratamiento. Nefrologia. 2021;41:461–466.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1332 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 192461 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Selection of study patients.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1102 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 107588 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves in relation to the situation at the beginning of hemodialysis treatment.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1108 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 118404 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves in relation to the type of vascular access at the start of hemodialysis treatment.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1108 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 96178 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves according to the serum level of albumin at the beginning of hemodialysis treatment.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Males (n = 121) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women (n = 212) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (n = 333) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age group</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15−44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45−64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 (21.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65−74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 (29.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">153 (45.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary kidney disease</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3. 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 (29.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetic nephropathy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 (29.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vascular \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (11.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pyelonephritis/interstitial nephritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (9.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glomerulonephritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (7.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Systemic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Polycystic Kidney Disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (4.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (3.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Charlson Index</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0−5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 (10.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6−10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">258 (77.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>> 10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 (11.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2744932.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of the patients.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; 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"fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727891" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fistula first breakthrough initiative: targeting catheter last in fistula first" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.A. Vassalotti" 1 => "W.C. Jennings" 2 => "G.A. Beathard" 3 => "M. Neumann" 4 => "S. Caponi" 5 => "C.H. Fox" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1525-139X.2012.01069.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Semin Dial." "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "303" "paginaFinal" => "310" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22487024" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack567462" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are grateful for the participation of all the professionals who have sent the data to the Castilla-La Mancha Registry of Renal Patients, as well as the collaboration of the Castilla-La Mancha Department of Health. We also appreciate the pioneering role in the registry of Dr. Tomás Sierra Yébenes and Dr. Isabel Ferreras García.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000004100000004/v1_202111140627/S2013251421000961/v1_202111140627/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "42660" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000004100000004/v1_202111140627/S2013251421000961/v1_202111140627/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251421000961?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 119 | 87 | 206 |
| 2024 September | 150 | 57 | 207 |
| 2024 August | 150 | 97 | 247 |
| 2024 July | 194 | 68 | 262 |
| 2024 June | 188 | 78 | 266 |
| 2024 May | 194 | 68 | 262 |
| 2024 April | 181 | 81 | 262 |
| 2024 March | 170 | 55 | 225 |
| 2024 February | 164 | 58 | 222 |
| 2024 January | 180 | 54 | 234 |
| 2023 December | 132 | 53 | 185 |
| 2023 November | 153 | 79 | 232 |
| 2023 October | 183 | 59 | 242 |
| 2023 September | 191 | 63 | 254 |
| 2023 August | 194 | 52 | 246 |
| 2023 July | 192 | 64 | 256 |
| 2023 June | 170 | 46 | 216 |
| 2023 May | 171 | 67 | 238 |
| 2023 April | 139 | 67 | 206 |
| 2023 March | 183 | 52 | 235 |
| 2023 February | 115 | 39 | 154 |
| 2023 January | 130 | 48 | 178 |
| 2022 December | 155 | 62 | 217 |
| 2022 November | 168 | 76 | 244 |
| 2022 October | 150 | 106 | 256 |
| 2022 September | 113 | 59 | 172 |
| 2022 August | 143 | 62 | 205 |
| 2022 July | 176 | 86 | 262 |
| 2022 June | 124 | 83 | 207 |
| 2022 May | 119 | 64 | 183 |
| 2022 April | 102 | 66 | 168 |
| 2022 March | 102 | 71 | 173 |
| 2022 February | 87 | 56 | 143 |
| 2022 January | 78 | 59 | 137 |
| 2021 December | 79 | 53 | 132 |
| 2021 November | 75 | 54 | 129 |
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