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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of chronic kidney disease according to clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with no established cardiovascular disease&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk factors considered were&#58; age&#44; hypertension&#44; obesity&#44; abdominal obesity&#44; smoking&#44; high LDL-cholesterol&#44; low HDL-cholesterol&#44; high triglycerides&#44; diabetes&#44; and sedentary habit&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past two decades&#44; chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; has become a leading public health problem worldwide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The burden of CKD basically results from two components&#46; First&#44; treatment of advanced CKD&#44; also termed as chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease &#40;ESRD&#41;&#44; which requires dialysis and&#47;or kidney transplantation&#59; it affects to only 1&#37; of subjects with CKD&#44; but dramatically reduces life expectancy and constitutes one of the most expensive treatment for chronic disease&#46; In fact&#44; this account for 5&#37; of the annual health budget&#44; which is spent on less than 1&#37; of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Second&#44; CKD&#44; even in early stages&#44; is closely associated with higher total and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the general population and in subjects with increased risk of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#59; thus it affects to a large number of individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early identification of CKD is considered a priority in public health to slow progression to ESRD and to prevent CVD morbidity and mortality&#46; Reduction of burden and costs of CKD should be included in national health programs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and estimation of CKD prevalence in the population is of key importance to support prevention and management of CKD in healthcare systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An analysis of worldwide data has shown that nearly 500 million adults suffer from CKD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Several studies have reported a wide variation in the prevalence of CKD across European and non-European countries&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> which might be due to clinical&#44; environmental&#44; geographic&#44; and even socio-economic variables&#44; but also to methodological issues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;10</span></a> A recent report of the European CKD Burden Consortium recommended methodological standards to harmonize reporting of CKD prevalence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Furthermore&#44; CKD is usually associated with major CVD risk factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> but few studies have delved into this aspect that is promising for prevention&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous European studies do not reflect the actual prevalence of CKD in European countries such as Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Thus&#44; we used a population-based&#44; nationally representative survey of the adult population of Spain &#40;i&#41; to estimate the prevalence of CKD according to currents definition of CKD and reporting methodology&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a> and &#40;ii&#41; to examine the impact of the increasing number of CVD risk factors on the prevalence of CKD&#46; All these aspects could have important clinical and public health implications for planning care and prevention of CKD at the population level&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design and participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were taken from the ENRICA &#40;Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain&#41;&#44; whose methods have been reported previously&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;17</span></a> Briefly&#44; this is a cross-sectional study conducted from June 2008 to October 2010 with 12&#44;948 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population of Spain aged &#8805;18 years&#46; Participants were selected by multistage clustered random sampling&#46; The sample was first stratified by province and by size of municipality&#46; Clusters were then selected randomly in 2 stages&#44; municipalities and census sections&#46; Finally&#44; the households within each section were selected by random landline telephone dialing&#46; Subjects in the households were selected proportionally to sex- and age-distribution of the population of Spain&#46; Information was collected by telephone interview&#44; face-to-face interview&#44; physical examination&#44; and by taking blood and urine samples in the households&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study protocol was approved by the clinical research ethics committees of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Universitario La Paz</span> in Madrid and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Cl&#237;nic</span> in Barcelona&#46; All study participants gave written informed consent for the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data collection and variable definition</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Weight&#44; height&#44; and waist circumference were measured twice in each subject under standardized conditions using electronic scales &#40;model Seca 841&#44; precision to 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#41;&#44; portable extendable stadiometers &#40;model Ka We 44 444Seca&#41;&#44; and flexible&#44; inelastic belt-type tapes&#46; Body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; was calculated as weight in kg divided by squared height in m&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; measurement was performed by certified trained personnel&#44; using standardized procedures with validated automatic devices &#40;model Omron M6&#41; and cuffs of three sizes according to arm circumference&#46; Two sets of BP readings were made separated by 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; In each set&#44; BP was measured 3 times at 1&#8211;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min intervals&#44; after a 3&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min resting period&#46; For analyses&#44; BP was calculated as the mean of the last five readings&#46; Study participants reported their smoking status&#46; Physical activity was assessed with the questionnaire from the EPIC &#40;European Prospective Investigation into Cancer&#41; study in Spain&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> which combines physical activity at work and during leisure time into 4 levels &#40;very active&#44; moderately active&#44; moderately inactive&#44; and inactive&#41;&#46; Individuals also reported physician-diagnosed CVD&#46; All variables were defined according to international guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Laboratory and kidney function measurements</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants provided 12-hour fasting blood and spot urine samples at their homes&#46; Laboratory determinations were performed centrally at the Center of Biological Diagnosis of the Hospital Cl&#237;nic in Barcelona&#44; using standard procedures and appropriate quality controls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;17</span></a> Serum glucose&#44; hemoglobin A1c&#44; total cholesterol&#44; high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41; cholesterol&#44; and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic methods&#44; and low-density lipoprotein &#40;LDL&#41; cholesterol by the Friedewald formula&#46; Creatinine was determined by Jaff&#233;&#44; alcalin picrate by kinetic reaction&#44; and microalbumin by polyethylene glycol-enhanced immunoturbidimetry&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CKD was defined according to current Kidney Disease&#58; Improving Global Outcomes &#40;KDIGO&#41; guidelines using estimated glomerular filtration rate &#40;eGFR&#41; calculated with the CKD &#8211; Epidemiology Collaboration &#40;CKD-EPI&#41; equation&#44; and albuminuria measured by the albumin-to-creatinine ratio &#40;ACR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> CKD was defined as either a low eGFR &#40;&#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; or an increased ACR &#40;&#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#41;&#46; Subjects were classified according the KDIGO GFR 6-category staging &#40;grades G1&#44; G2&#44; G3a&#44; G3b&#44; G4&#44; and G5 corresponding to eGFR &#8805;90&#44; 60&#8211;89&#44; 45&#8211;59&#44; 30&#8211;44&#44; 15&#8211;29&#44; and &#60;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; and albuminuria 3-category staging &#40;A1&#44; A2&#44; and A3 corresponding to ACR &#60;30&#44; 30&#8211;300&#44; and &#62;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Then&#44; 6 CKD grades were established &#40;G1 CKD for G1 eGFR with increased albuminuria A2 or A3&#44; G2 CKD for G2 eGFR with increased albuminuria A2 or A3&#44; G3a CKD for G3a eGFR with either normoalbuminuria A1 or increased albuminuria A2 or A3&#44; G3b CKD for G3b eGFR with either normoalbuminuria A1 or increased albuminuria A2 or A3&#44; G4 CKD for G4 eGFR with either normoalbuminuria A1 or increased albuminuria A2 or A3&#44; and G5 CKD for G5 eGFR with either normoalbuminuria A1 or increased albuminuria A2 or A3&#46; Subjects were also classified according the prognostic KDIGO 6 &#215; 3 table &#40;6 eGFR categories &#215; 3 albuminuria categories&#41; to estimate percentages of subjects at moderately increased risk&#44; high risk&#44; and very high risk of complications from CKD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Cardiovascular risk definitions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 10 classic CVD risk factors were assessed&#58; age&#44; hypertension&#44; general obesity&#44; abdominal obesity&#44; current smoking&#44; diabetes&#44; increased LDL cholesterol&#44; low HDL-cholesterol&#44; hypertriglyceridemia&#44; and sedentary habit&#46; Risk age was considered &#62;65 years for women and &#62;55 years for men&#46; Hypertension was defined as systolic BP &#8805;140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; and&#47;or diastolic BP &#8805;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; and&#47;or on current antihypertensive drug treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Obesity was defined as BMI was &#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; and abdominal obesity as waist circumference was &#62;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in women and &#62;102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in men&#46; Diabetes was defined as glucose &#8805;126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL or glycosylated hemoglobin &#8805;6&#46;5&#37;&#44; or using oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Increased LDL cholesterol was &#62;115<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; low HDL-cholesterol was &#60;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL in women and &#60;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL in men&#44; and hypertriglyceridemia was &#62;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; and hypercholesterolemia was total cholesterol &#62;190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; or receiving lipid-lowering drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Sedentary habit was considered when physical activity was less than moderate&#46; In participants with no previous CVD&#44; the 10-year risk of CVD death was estimated using the SCORE &#40;Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation&#41; equation for low-risk European regions&#44; which includes Spain&#44; being high risk considered when risk was &#8805;5&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analyses</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 12&#44;948 study participants&#44; the following were excluded because lacking data&#58; 1251 on BP&#44; sociodemographic or clinical variables&#44; or laboratory values other than kidney-related parameters&#44; and 192 on serum creatinine or albuminuria&#46; Thus&#44; 11&#44;505 individuals were valid for the analyses &#40;88&#46;9&#37; of the total sample&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analyses accounted for the complex sampling design&#44; so individual observations were weighted to reconstruct the Spanish population&#44; and the variances were corrected to obtain appropriate 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CI&#41; for the main results&#46; The Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test and ANOVA were used to compare means and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test was used to compare proportions&#46; Trends in prevalence of CKD across stage&#44; age&#44; and number of CV risk factors were also calculated &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> for trend&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; we performed multivariate logistic regression of factors associated with CKD&#46; Sociodemographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors that were statistically significant in univariate analyses or considered a priori clinically relevant were selected for multivariable analyses&#46; Results were summarized with odds ratios and their 95&#37; confidence intervals &#91;CI&#93;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical significance was set at 2-sided <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; The analyses were performed with the SPSS package 18&#46;0 &#40;IBM&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows main characteristics of study participants&#46; They had a mean age of 47 years&#44; 20&#46;3&#37; were older than 65 years&#44; and 50&#46;7&#37; were women&#46; About 23&#37; of individuals had obesity and 35&#46;4&#37; abdominal obesity&#46; Moderated to severe sedentary habit affected more than 60&#37; of study participants&#46; One out of three individuals showed hypertension&#44; being the prevalence of diabetes&#44; smoking habit&#44; and hypercholesterolemia 6&#46;7&#37;&#44; 27&#46;2&#37;&#44; and 54&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; CVD was present in 2&#46;2&#37; of subjects&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CKD was present in 15&#46;1&#37; of individuals &#40;95&#37; confidence interval 14&#46;3&#8211;16&#46;3&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Stage 3a was the more frequent grade of CKD affecting 10&#46;0&#37; of subjects&#46; Prevalences of stages 1&#44; 2&#44; 3b&#44; 4&#44; and 5 were 1&#46;5&#37;&#44; 1&#46;8&#37;&#44; 1&#46;6&#37;&#44; 0&#46;2&#37;&#44; and 0&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Prevalence of CKD was more than 3-fold higher in men than in women &#40;23&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 7&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; and sharply increased with age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; In every age strata&#44; CKD was more frequent in men than in women&#44; being these differences particularly wider in the middle age group &#40;4&#46;6 times higher&#41;&#44; and in the older age group &#40;3&#46;6 times higher&#41;&#46; Also&#44; CKD prevalence was more frequent among those with than without CVD &#40;39&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 14&#46;6&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the distribution of CKD by GFR and albuminuria categories of the KDIGO guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The majority of subjects with CKD &#40;80&#46;6&#37; of those with CKD&#44; and 12&#46;2&#37; of the total sample&#41; corresponded to cases at moderate risk of CKD complications&#46; About 2&#46;1&#37; of subjects &#40;13&#46;9&#37; of those with CKD&#41; had high risk of CKD complications&#44; and 0&#46;9&#37; &#40;5&#46;5&#37; of those were at very high risk&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals with CKD were older than subjects with normal renal parameters &#40;61&#46;5 vs&#46; 44&#46;4 years&#41;&#44; and were predominantly men &#40;75&#46;4&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; Every clinical and analytical variable related to cardiovascular risk was more prevalent within CKD subjects&#44; in particular obesity&#44; hypertension&#44; and diabetes&#46; The exception was smoking&#44; being more frequent within subjects with no CKD&#44; probably due to reverse causality&#46; As a result&#44; cardiovascular risk SCORE was 3 times higher in subjects with CKD&#46; Prevalence of established CVD was nearly 4 times higher in individuals with CKD&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> shows that in multivariable analysis&#44; age&#44; male gender&#44; physically inactivity&#44; hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; low HDL-cholesterol and CVD&#44; were independently associated with CKD&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The impact of clustering of up to 10 CVD risk factors on the prevalence of CKD in subjects without CVD is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; CKD affected 4&#46;5&#37; of subjects with 0&#8211;1 CV risk factors&#44; and then increased from 10&#46;4&#37; to 52&#46;3&#37; in those with 2 to 8&#8211;10 CV risk factors &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> trend &#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The prevalence of CKD in subjects with 3 CVD risk factors &#40;16&#46;6&#37;&#41; was similar to that of the total sample &#40;15&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; Up to one of three subjects had 4 or more CV risk factors&#59; in this subgroup of individuals prevalence of CKD raised from 21&#37; to more than 50&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This nationwide study&#44; using recent recommendations about methodology for reporting CKD prevalence&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> showed that CKD affected one in seven adults in Spain&#46; Stage 3a CKD was the main responsible of CKD in the population&#46; Prevalence of CKD sharply increased with age&#44; being younger women the subgroup with the lowest prevalence&#44; and older men the subgroup with the highest prevalence&#46; Importantly&#44; the prevalence of CKD increased continuously with the number of CVD risk factors&#46; This is additional evidence consistent with the concept that CKD could be considered as a cardiovascular condition in the population&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Comparison of CKD prevalence with other studies</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CKD worldwide is 11&#46;8&#37; in women and 0&#46;4&#37; in men&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> There are huge geographic differences &#40;from 4&#46;1&#37; in Saudi-Arabian women to 25&#46;7&#37; in men from El Salvador&#41;&#44; and by income status &#40;8&#46;6&#37; in men and 9&#46;6&#37; in women in high-income countries vs&#46; 10&#46;6&#37; in men and 12&#46;5&#37; in women in low- and middle-income countries&#41;&#46; In China the estimated CKD prevalence in adults was 10&#46;8&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Europe CKD prevalence ranges from 3&#46;3&#37; in Norway to 17&#46;3&#37; in northeast Germany&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In Spain&#44; the prevalence of CKD in the present study was higher than in a previous and much smaller study conducted in 42 municipalities &#40;9&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> probably reflecting changes over time and methodological differences between studies&#46; In the United States&#44; stage 1&#8211;4 CKD prevalence in adults &#62;20 years was 13&#46;1&#37; in the early 2000s&#44; and 13&#46;7&#37; in US Hispanics&#47;Latinos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a> From the data available&#44; we can derive that&#44; methodological differences aside&#44; the prevalence of CKD in Spain is comparable to that in the United States and higher than in many European countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Impact of cardiovascular risk factor clustering on CKD prevalence&#58; clinical and population implications</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CVD is common in patients with CKD&#44; and frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Current European guidelines on CVD prevention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> indicate that &#8216;microalbuminuria&#8217; and&#47;or a moderately reduced eGFR &#40;30&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; confers high risk for CVD&#44; and proteinuria and&#47;or a severely reduced eGFR &#40;&#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; should to be considered as very high risk situations&#46; CKD is associated with an increased risk of CVD&#44; independent of conventional CVD risk factors&#44; which are known to be more common in patients with CKD&#46; In addition&#44; inflammatory mediators and promoters of calcification induce vascular damage and may explain the association CKD&#8211;CVD even after adjustment for conventional risk factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In agreement with previous population-based studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;9</span></a> prevalence of situations at high or very high risk according to KDIGO score where low&#46; In our study the prevalence of an eGFR &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> was 0&#46;20&#37;&#44; and that of proteinuria was 0&#46;30&#37;&#46; Thus&#44; most of adults showing CKD had situations at moderate risk of cardio-renal complications&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CKD was higher as the number of CVD risk factors increased&#46; Most subjects had 2&#8211;6 CVD risk factors and a relatively moderate risk of having CKD&#46; That&#39;s where lies the potential for prevention of CKD and its complications using both high-risk individual and moderate-risk population strategies&#46; In particular&#44; as in some other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;9&#44;24</span></a> people who are older&#44; men&#44; with hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; low HDL-cholesterol&#44; sedentary&#44; or with CVD are at high risk and should be screened for CKD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Strengths and limitations</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Main strengths of this study are the representativeness of adults at the countrywide level&#44; large sample size&#44; and the use of international methodological standards&#46; This study has also some limitations&#46; As most population-based surveys&#44; we did not follow patients for 3 months to confirm CKD&#46; This is necessary to diagnose CKD in the individual patient&#44; but the implications of using a single determination for eGFR and albuminuria in epidemiological studies remain to be assessed&#46; In addition&#44; we did not include institutionalized population&#44; who is usually old and sick&#59; it may have underestimate the prevalence of CKD&#46; Also&#44; some selection bias cannot be ruled out&#44; as the main reason for not participating in the study was to avoid a blood draw&#46; Lastly&#44; the cross-sectional design impeded to obtain causal conclusions on CKD correlates&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CKD in Spain was around 15&#37;&#44; a percentage far higher than previously reported in our country and comparable with figures in the United States&#46; Also&#44; there was a continuously increasing prevalence of CKD with the rising clustering of CVD risk factors&#44; which suggests that CKD may be regarded as a quantifiable metric of cardiovascular risk&#46; In addition&#44; CKD could be considered as a cardiovascular condition in the population&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Funding</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study received funding from Fondo de Investigaci&#243;n Sanitaria &#40;FIS&#41; &#40;Instituto de Salud Carlos III and FEDER&#47;FSE&#41; grants number 13&#47;02321&#44; PI16&#47;01460&#46; The funding agencies had no role in the design and conduct of the study&#59; collection&#44; management&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of the data&#59; preparation&#44; review&#44; or approval of the manuscript&#59; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; is a public health problem worldwide&#46; We aimed to estimate the CKD prevalence in Spain and to examine the impact of the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors &#40;CVRF&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a nationwide&#44; population-based survey evaluating 11&#44;505 individuals representative of the Spanish adult population&#46; Information was collected through standardized questionnaires&#44; physical examination&#44; and analysis of blood and urine samples in a central laboratory&#46; CKD was graded according to current KDIGO definitions&#46; The relationship between CKD and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CVRF was assessed &#40;age&#44; hypertension&#44; general obesity&#44; abdominal obesity&#44; smoking&#44; high LDL-cholesterol&#44; low HDL-cholesterol&#44; hypertriglyceridemia&#44; diabetes and sedentary lifestyle&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of CKD was 15&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 14&#46;3&#8211;16&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; CKD was more common in men &#40;23&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 7&#46;3&#37; in women&#41;&#44; increased with age &#40;4&#46;8&#37; in 18&#8211;44 age group&#44; 17&#46;4&#37; in 45&#8211;64 age group&#44; and 37&#46;3&#37; in &#8805;65&#41;&#44; and was more common in those with than those without cardiovascular disease &#40;39&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 14&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#59; all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#46; CKD affected 4&#46;5&#37; of subjects with 0&#8211;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CVRF&#44; and then progressively increased from 10&#46;4&#37; to 52&#46;3&#37; in subjects with 2 to 8&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CVRF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> trend &#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CKD affects one in seven adults in Spain&#46; The prevalence is higher than previously reported and similar to that in the United States&#46; CKD was particularly prevalent in men&#44; older people and people with cardiovascular disease&#46; Prevalence of CKD increased considerably with the accumulation of CVRF&#44; suggesting that CKD could be considered as a cardiovascular condition&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Background"
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            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41; constituye un problema de salud p&#250;blica a nivel mundial&#46; Los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia de ERC en Espa&#241;a y evaluar el impacto de la acumulaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo cardiovascular &#40;FRCV&#41; en la prevalencia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis del Estudio de Nutrici&#243;n y Riesgo Cardiovascular en Espa&#241;a &#40;ENRICA&#41;&#44; estudio epidemiol&#243;gico de &#225;mbito nacional&#44; de base poblacional&#44; con una muestra de 11&#46;505 sujetos representativos de la poblaci&#243;n adulta espa&#241;ola&#46; La informaci&#243;n se recogi&#243; mediante cuestionarios estandarizados&#44; exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica y colecci&#243;n de muestras de sangre y orina que se analizaron en un laboratorio centralizado&#46; La ERC se defini&#243; seg&#250;n las gu&#237;as KDIGO en curso&#46; Se analiz&#243; la relaci&#243;n de la ERC con 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FRCV &#40;edad&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; obesidad&#44; obesidad abdominal&#44; tabaquismo&#44; colesterol LDL elevado&#44; colesterol HDL disminuido&#44; hipertrigliceridemia&#44; diabetes y sedentarismo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de ERC fue del 15&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 14&#44;3-16&#44;0&#41;&#46; La ERC fue m&#225;s frecuente en varones &#40;23&#44;1&#37; vs&#46; 7&#44;3&#37; en mujeres&#41;&#44; seg&#250;n aumentaba la edad &#40;4&#44;8&#37; en sujetos de 18-44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; 17&#44;4&#37; en sujetos de 45-64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y 37&#44;3&#37; en sujetos &#8805;65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; y en sujetos con enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;39&#44;8&#37; vs&#46; 14&#44;6&#37; en sujetos sin enfermedad cardiovascular&#41;&#59; todas las comparaciones con p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#46; La ERC afect&#243; al 4&#44;5&#37; de los sujetos con 0-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FRCV&#44; con un aumento progresivo desde el 10&#44;4 al 52&#44;3&#37; en sujetos con 2 a 8-10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FRCV &#40;p de tendencia &#60;0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ERC afecta a uno de cada 7 adultos en Espa&#241;a&#44; una prevalencia m&#225;s elevada que la estimada en estudios previos en nuestro pa&#237;s y similar a la observada en Estados Unidos&#46; La ERC afecta particularmente a los varones&#44; a sujetos de edad avanzada o con enfermedad cardiovascular&#46; La prevalencia de ERC aumenta de forma marcada con la acumulaci&#243;n de FRCV&#44; lo que sugiere que la ERC en la poblaci&#243;n podr&#237;a considerarse como un trastorno cardiovascular&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0006">Please cite this article as&#58; Gorostidi M&#44; S&#225;nchez-Mart&#237;nez M&#44; Ruilope LM&#44; Graciani A&#44; de la Cruz JJ&#44; Santamar&#237;a R&#44; et al&#46; Prevalencia de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica en Espa&#241;a&#58; impacto de la acumulaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo cardiovascular&#46; Nefrologia&#46; 2018&#59;38&#58;606&#8211;615&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence and number of subjects at different levels of cardio-renal risk by estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria according the CKD 2012 KDIGO guidelines risk stratification score&#46;</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">eGFR in mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; albuminuria in mg&#47;g &#40;albumin&#47;creatinine ratio&#41;&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; CKD&#44; chronic kidney disease&#59; KDIGO&#44; Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes&#59; eGFR&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of chronic kidney disease according to clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with no established cardiovascular disease&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk factors considered were&#58; age&#44; hypertension&#44; obesity&#44; abdominal obesity&#44; smoking&#44; high LDL-cholesterol&#44; low HDL-cholesterol&#44; high triglycerides&#44; diabetes&#44; and sedentary habit&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#59; DBP&#44; diastolic blood pressure&#59; GFR&#44; glomerular filtration rate&#59; CKD-EPI&#44; Chronic Kidney Disease &#8211; Epidemiology Collaboration&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;505&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Men&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5675 &#40;49&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; years&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age 18&#8211;44 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5745 &#40;49&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age 45&#8211;64 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3426 &#40;29&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age &#8805;65&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2334 &#40;20&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Level of education</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No studies or primary studies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3451 &#40;30&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Secondary studies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4807 &#40;41&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University studies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3247 &#40;28&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#46;8 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal weight&#44; BMI &#60;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4364 &#40;37&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Overweight&#44; BMI 25 to &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4542 &#40;39&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Obesity&#44; BMI &#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2599 &#40;22&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abdominal obesity &#40;in men&#44; waist circumference &#62;102</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cm&#59; in women&#44; waist circumference &#62;88</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cm&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4067 &#40;35&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical activity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active or moderately active&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4452 &#40;38&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inactive or moderately inactive&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7058 &#40;61&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SBP&#44; mmHg&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">128&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DBP&#44; mmHg&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypertension &#40;SBP &#8805;140 or DBP &#8805;90</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mmHg or treatment&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3787 &#40;32&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Current smoking&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3126 &#40;27&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">768 &#40;6&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypercholesterolemia &#40;total cholesterol &#62;190</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6207 &#40;54&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Low HDL-cholesterol &#40;&#60;40</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;dl in men&#44; &#60;46</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;dl in women&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2389 &#40;20&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triglycerides &#62;150</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;dl&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1947 &#40;16&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serum creatinine in men&#44; mg&#47;dl&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;97 &#40;0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serum creatinine in women&#44; mg&#47;dl&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;77 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estimated GFR &#40;CKD-EPI&#41;&#44; mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">86&#46;2 &#40;21&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estimated GFR &#40;CKD-EPI&#41; &#60;60</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1362 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumin&#47;creatinine ratio &#60;30</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;g&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;931 &#40;95&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumin&#47;creatinine ratio 30&#8211;300</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;g&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">534 &#40;4&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumin&#47;creatinine ratio &#62;300</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg&#47;g&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;0&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiovascular risk&#44; SCORE&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;1 &#40;4&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous cardiovascular disease&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">249 &#40;2&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; eGFR&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; CI&#44; confidence interval&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A2 indicates a moderately increased urinary albumin excretion rate &#40;albumin&#47;creatinine ratio 30&#8211;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#41;&#59; A3 indicates a severely increased urinary albumin excretion rate &#40;albumin&#47;creatinine ratio &#62;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Any&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and&#47;or albuminuria A2 or A3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1740&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;3&#8211;16&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR &#8805;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and albuminuria A2 or A3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">175&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;3&#8211;1&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR 60&#8211;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and albuminuria A2 or A3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">203&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;5&#8211;2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR 45&#8211;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1156&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;3&#8211;10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR 30&#8211;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;3&#8211;1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR 15&#8211;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">eGFR &#60;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;0&#8211;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation&#58; CI&#44; confidence interval&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> trend&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;3&#8211;16&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#8211;44 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#8211;64 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;1&#8211;18&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;3&#8211;39&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Men</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;0&#8211;24&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#8211;44 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;4&#8211;7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#8211;64 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;6&#8211;31&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;0&#8211;66&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Women</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;6&#8211;8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#8211;44 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;5&#8211;3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#8211;64 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;1&#8211;7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;5&#8211;19&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; CKD&#44; chronic kidney disease&#59; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#59; DBP&#44; diastolic blood pressure&#59; GFR&#44; glomerular filtration rate&#59; CKD-EPI&#44; Chronic Kidney Disease &#8211; Epidemiology Collaboration&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No CKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1740 &#40;15&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9765 &#40;84&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Men&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1312 &#40;75&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4363 &#40;44&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#46;5 &#40;15&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;4 &#40;16&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Education level&#44; no studies or primary studies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">759 &#40;43&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2692 &#40;27&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Education level&#44; secondary studies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">523 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4274 &#40;43&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Education level&#44; university studies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">449 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2799 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;2 &#40;4&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#46;6 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Normal weight&#44; BMI &#60;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">374 &#40;21&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3990 &#40;40&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Overweight&#44; BMI 25 to &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">833 &#40;47&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3709 &#40;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Obesity&#44; BMI &#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">533 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2066 &#40;21&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Abdominal obesity &#40;in men&#44; waist circumference &#62;102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; in women&#44; waist circumference &#62;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">834 &#40;47&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3234 &#40;33&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Physical activity&#44; active or moderately active&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">473 &#40;27&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3974 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Physical activity&#44; inactive or moderately inactive&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1267 &#40;72&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5791 &#40;59&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension &#40;SBP &#8805;140 or DBP &#8805;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or treatment&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1068 &#40;61&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2719 &#40;27&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">344 &#40;19&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2782 &#40;28&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diagnosed diabetes&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">294 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">473 &#40;4&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypercholesterolemia&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1065 &#40;61&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4737 &#40;48&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Low HDL-cholesterol &#40;&#60;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl in men&#44; &#60;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl in women&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">451 &#40;25&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1937 &#40;19&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides &#62;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">405 &#40;23&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1542 &#40;15&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Serum creatinine in men&#44; mg&#47;dl&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;10 &#40;0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;80 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Serum creatinine in women&#44; mg&#47;dl&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;90 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;80 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estimated GFR &#40;CKD-EPI&#41;&#44; mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#46;7 &#40;18&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&#46;9 &#40;18&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estimated GFR &#40;CKD-EPI&#41; &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1369 &#40;78&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albumin&#47;creatinine ratio &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1166 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9765&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albumin&#47;creatinine ratio 30&#8211;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">534 &#40;30&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albumin&#47;creatinine ratio &#62;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;g&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40 &#40;2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cardiovascular risk&#44; SCORE&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;9 &#40;6&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;5 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Previous cardiovascular disease&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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