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Is the renal biopsy necessary?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "To the Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "447" "paginaFinal" => "449" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Raúl Alvarado, Ricardo Enríquez, Tania Muci, Ana Esther Sirvent, Valle Lozano Vera, Isabel Millán, Cesar González" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Raúl" "apellidos" => "Alvarado" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "raulalvarado202930@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ricardo" "apellidos" => "Enríquez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tania" "apellidos" => "Muci" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ana Esther" "apellidos" => "Sirvent" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Valle" "apellidos" => "Lozano Vera" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Isabel" "apellidos" => "Millán" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cesar" "apellidos" => "González" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síndrome nefrótico, anticuerpos anti-PLA2R y glomerulonefritis membranosa. ¿Es necesaria la biopsia renal?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1650 "Ancho" => 1650 "Tamanyo" => 586728 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subendothelial (*) and subepithelial (arrows) deposits. EM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1400.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is an autoimmune disease characterised by subepithelial immune complex deposits.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Approximately 75% of MGN cases are primary or idiopathic, with the rest being secondary forms associated with systemic diseases, infections, cancer and drugs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Among adult patients with primary MGN, 70–80% have circulating antibodies to the M-type receptor of phospholipase A2 (anti-PLA2R), located on the podocyte membrane. Not described in other glomerular diseases, these antibodies have diagnostic value for primary MGN, and correlate with clinical activity and response to treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe a patient with MGN who had tested positive for anti-PLA2R using two techniques with a histological pattern suggesting a secondary cause, probably lupus.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 77-year-old male referred for nephrotic syndrome. His medical history included a 40–50-year history of epilepsy, on treatment with diphenylhydantoin. Eight months earlier he had begun to have lower limb oedema and raised blood pressure. He reported nocturia 2–3 times a night, with no other systemic symptoms, and was on treatment with diphenylhydantoin, amlodipine, furosemide and enoxaparin. Physical examination revealed: blood pressure 143/86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and oedema of the lower limbs with fovea to the knees; the rest of the examination was unremarkable.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory tests found: haemoglobin 10.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL; leukocytes 6310/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (lymphocytes 1300/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>); MCV and MCHC normal; platelets 276,000; iron 82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg/dL; ferritin 29.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/mL; direct Coombs negative; urea 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL; creatinine 1.20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL; albumin 2.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL; coagulation, electrolytes and rest of clinical biochemistry trace elements were normal. IgG was 461<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, IgM 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, and IgA normal. High resolution serum protein electrophoresis: weak monoclonal IgG kappa component (kappa chains 52.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L, lambda chains 27.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L, kappa/lambda ratio 1.94). Anti-PLA2R antibodies were positive by indirect immunofluorescence and by ELISA 274<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/mL (reference value <20), (indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA: Medizinische Labordiagnostika, EUROINMUN AG, Luebeck, Germany). Immunology tests: ANA+ 1/1280; C3, C4, anti-DNA, anti-histones, ENA, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, ANCA, anti-TPO and cryoglobulins normal/negative. Angiotensin converting enzyme, thyroid hormones and PSA were normal. Urine: proteinuria 8.920<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h (high resolution electrophoresis: non-selective glomerular pattern, weak monoclonal IgG kappa component). Urine culture was negative. Mantoux and QuantiFERON were also negative. Serology was negative for HBV, HCV, HIV, Parvovirus B19 and CMV; EBV infection in the past. HBV PCR and HCV PCR were negative. RPR was negative.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No abnormalities were observed on chest X-ray or echocardiogram; chest–abdomen–pelvis CT found bilateral lamellar pleural effusion, with no other abnormalities; MRI of renal veins found no signs of thrombosis; gastro/colonoscopy: colon polyps detected and resected (biopsy: tubular adenomas with low grade dysplasia).</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed (18 glomeruli, 2 of them sclerotic), showing thickening of basement membranes with vacuolated appearance and mesangial proliferation; immunofluorescence revealed IgG and C3 with diffuse granular pattern in the capillary walls and mesangium, C1q negative, kappa and lambda positive (+++); the electron microscopy study showed massive subendothelial, subepithelial and mesangial deposits and podocyte fusion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Taken as a whole, the picture was consistent with secondary MGN.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was prepared for sedated colonoscopy with senna and saline enema. During the study, he developed hypotension and his creatinine rose to 1.69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL. ACE inhibitor/ARA2 treatment were not used, at least initially, and the patient was treated with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our first diagnostic impression was primary MGN. However, the presence of mesangial proliferation and subendothelial and mesangial deposits suggested a secondary form of MGN. Obviously hepatitis B and C and cancer were ruled out. There was no light chain restriction, so it did not appear to be a monoclonal gammapathy with renal involvement. We believe that our patient may have latent systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus MGN can present with few clinical and serological manifestations of this disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Nevertheless, this patient could be diagnosed with SLE according to SLICC criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It seems unlikely that diphenylhydantoin played any role, because nephropathy is rare in drug-induced lupus and anti-histone antibodies are usually positive.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-PLA2R antibodies are a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of primary MGN; studies have shown anti-PLA2R detection techniques to have a sensitivity of 94.4% (indirect immunofluorescence) and 97.2% (ELISA), and a specificity of 100%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Positive anti-PLA2R has been described in membranous nephropathy secondary to cancer, lupus, hepatitis B and sarcoidosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Qin et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> studied 20 patients with lupus membranous nephropathy, one of whom was positive for anti-PLA2R. Another study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> included 25 patients of predominantly European origin diagnosed with lupus membranous nephropathy; anti-PLA2R was not detected in any of them. Anti-PLA2R positivity in lupus MGN is therefore uncommon, of doubtful significance and may merely be a coincidence. However, in membranous nephropathy secondary to HBV and sarcoidosis with positive anti-PLA2R, these antibodies may play a pathogenic role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been suggested that a diagnosis of MGN can be assumed in nephrotic syndrome with positive anti-PLA2R, especially in cases of risk for renal biopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> As this patient illustrates, unless there is a serious contraindication, the biopsy provides additional information.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack297279" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Alvarado R, Enríquez R, Muci T, Sirvent AE, Lozano Vera V, Millán I, et al. Síndrome nefrótico, anticuerpos anti-PLA2R y glomerulonefritis membranosa. ¿Es necesaria la biopsia renal?. Nefrología. 2017;37:447–449.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1650 "Ancho" => 1650 "Tamanyo" => 586728 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subendothelial (*) and subepithelial (arrows) deposits. EM<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1400.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Membranous nephropathy: a journey from bench to bedside" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.M. Francis" 1 => "L.H. Beck Jr." 2 => "D.J. 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 17 | 18 | 35 |
2024 October | 114 | 34 | 148 |
2024 September | 104 | 32 | 136 |
2024 August | 116 | 54 | 170 |
2024 July | 132 | 28 | 160 |
2024 June | 121 | 36 | 157 |
2024 May | 111 | 36 | 147 |
2024 April | 117 | 37 | 154 |
2024 March | 95 | 29 | 124 |
2024 February | 118 | 39 | 157 |
2024 January | 101 | 30 | 131 |
2023 December | 112 | 26 | 138 |
2023 November | 117 | 36 | 153 |
2023 October | 152 | 32 | 184 |
2023 September | 88 | 23 | 111 |
2023 August | 92 | 27 | 119 |
2023 July | 99 | 26 | 125 |
2023 June | 92 | 22 | 114 |
2023 May | 114 | 28 | 142 |
2023 April | 69 | 14 | 83 |
2023 March | 140 | 26 | 166 |
2023 February | 81 | 19 | 100 |
2023 January | 125 | 21 | 146 |
2022 December | 114 | 40 | 154 |
2022 November | 148 | 27 | 175 |
2022 October | 121 | 46 | 167 |
2022 September | 114 | 46 | 160 |
2022 August | 130 | 49 | 179 |
2022 July | 135 | 41 | 176 |
2022 June | 106 | 45 | 151 |
2022 May | 148 | 38 | 186 |
2022 April | 174 | 54 | 228 |
2022 March | 220 | 58 | 278 |
2022 February | 229 | 56 | 285 |
2022 January | 230 | 50 | 280 |
2021 December | 180 | 43 | 223 |
2021 November | 161 | 52 | 213 |
2021 October | 136 | 72 | 208 |
2021 September | 109 | 44 | 153 |
2021 August | 152 | 62 | 214 |
2021 July | 145 | 49 | 194 |
2021 June | 163 | 35 | 198 |
2021 May | 235 | 59 | 294 |
2021 April | 325 | 83 | 408 |
2021 March | 304 | 58 | 362 |
2021 February | 270 | 53 | 323 |
2021 January | 232 | 31 | 263 |
2020 December | 189 | 41 | 230 |
2020 November | 141 | 15 | 156 |
2020 October | 120 | 27 | 147 |
2020 September | 200 | 26 | 226 |
2020 August | 170 | 16 | 186 |
2020 July | 173 | 24 | 197 |
2020 June | 201 | 25 | 226 |
2020 May | 163 | 18 | 181 |
2020 April | 127 | 33 | 160 |
2020 March | 163 | 18 | 181 |
2020 February | 179 | 37 | 216 |
2020 January | 245 | 19 | 264 |
2019 December | 221 | 26 | 247 |
2019 November | 260 | 26 | 286 |
2019 October | 358 | 27 | 385 |
2019 September | 330 | 28 | 358 |
2019 August | 275 | 28 | 303 |
2019 July | 267 | 29 | 296 |
2019 June | 248 | 30 | 278 |
2019 May | 255 | 41 | 296 |
2019 April | 295 | 50 | 345 |
2019 March | 231 | 39 | 270 |
2019 February | 188 | 31 | 219 |
2019 January | 161 | 23 | 184 |
2018 December | 340 | 47 | 387 |
2018 November | 512 | 28 | 540 |
2018 October | 492 | 36 | 528 |
2018 September | 479 | 26 | 505 |
2018 August | 244 | 23 | 267 |
2018 July | 208 | 16 | 224 |
2018 June | 224 | 14 | 238 |
2018 May | 201 | 17 | 218 |
2018 April | 290 | 12 | 302 |
2018 March | 229 | 15 | 244 |
2018 February | 248 | 8 | 256 |
2018 January | 130 | 12 | 142 |
2017 December | 198 | 6 | 204 |
2017 November | 90 | 9 | 99 |
2017 October | 52 | 6 | 58 |
2017 September | 61 | 11 | 72 |
2017 August | 55 | 12 | 67 |
2017 July | 23 | 3 | 26 |