Original article
Sudden cardiac death in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients
Muerte súbita en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada
Francisco Caravaca
, Edgar Chávez, Raúl Alvarado, Guadalupe García-Pino, Enrique Luna
Corresponding author
Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
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Ischemic, structural and electro-physiologic changes of the heart are common in CKD, and all of these conditions predispose to a higher risk of developing lethal arrhythmias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> Furthermore, hyperkalemia, major shift of electrolytes, and hemodynamic instability associated with haemodialysis may trigger cardiac arrhythmias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> In fact, the majority of studies about the association of SCD and CKD have been focused on patients undergoing haemodialysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–10</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of SCD in pre-dialysis stages of CKD has been less well investigated. In patients diagnosed with ischemic heart disease or heart failure, a decreased GFR is associated with an increased risk of SCD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–14</span></a> However, to our knowledge, there have been no studies addressing the incidence of SCD in unbiased pre-dialysis CKD populations.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the incidence of SCD in a prospective incident cohort of 1078 patients with advanced CKD patients not yet on dialysis. Factors associated with SCD were determined using prediction models, which accounted for competing causes of death.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Patients</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between January 2000 and October 2013, 1078 incident patients admitted to the advanced chronic kidney disease outpatient clinic of our hospital were included in this prospective observational cohort study. All patients were older than 18 years, they had CKD stage 4 or 5 pre-dialysis, and none of them had previously received a kidney transplant. There were no other exclusion criteria. Demographic, clinical information, and medication use were obtained through the medical records and anamnesis. Co-morbidity was assessed at baseline, using the Davies index,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and patients were categorized according to their comorbidity scores as having: absence, mild-moderate or severe co-morbid conditions.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following baseline biochemical parameters, measured by standard laboratory techniques, were included: serum creatinine, potassium, phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate, PTH, albumin, and C-reactive protein. The abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (MDRD) was used to estimate GFR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Chronic hyperkalemia was considered when serum potassium levels were greater than 5.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meq/l in at least 50% of samples from an individual patient, measured throughout the study period.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Outcome measures</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Causes of death were categorized as: sudden cardiac death, non-sudden cardiac death, and non-cardiac death.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sudden cardiac death (SCD) was defined as an unexpected natural death due to cardiac or unknown causes, occurring within 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after the onset of symptoms; or sudden unexplained death during sleep.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sudden deaths in patients with end-stage renal disease who rejected dialysis or were on palliative therapy were not considered as SCD.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All SCD were confirmed in interviews with the patient's physician or family members.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-sudden cardiac deaths included those due to ischemic heart diseases or heart failure, which had an expected course of events. The rest of causes of death were grouped as non-cardiac death.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients in pre-dialysis CKD stages were followed from the time of the study entry until death, loss to follow-up, initiation of dialysis, or end of follow-up on February 2014.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rates of all-cause and specific causes of mortality are expressed as events per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient/years and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Parametric and non-parametric tests were chosen as appropriate for descriptive comparisons of continuous variables, and Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between baseline variables and SCD in pre-dialysis patients was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models that censored for other causes of death. Age, gender, comorbidity index, diabetes, serum potassium, chronic hyperkalemia, serum levels of phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate, albumin, PTH, C-reactive protein, and medication use (statin, aspirin, betablockers, etc.) were the covariates selected according to their clinical interest and plausible potential to act as confounders. Due to the skewed frequency distribution of serum C-reactive protein values, they were analyzed as their logarithm (log)-transformed values, and also as a dichotomous variable (upper tertile vs. mid or lower tertiles).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Models were fit using Efron approximation for handling ties. The proportional hazard assumption was checked graphically (log–log Kaplan–Meier curves) for all covariates. The age of patients did not satisfy the assumption of linear relationship with log cumulative hazard. All patients who died from SCD were older than 65 years. Thus, additional analyses with models stratified according to the age of the study patients (above or below the median), were carried out. To estimate the cumulative incidence of SCD while accounting for the competing risks of dying from other causes, a competing-risk proportional hazards regression model was built using the method of Fine and Gray.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The same baseline covariates selected in the Cox model were also re-analyzed with the competing-risk model, and the subhazard ratios (SHR) were estimated.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics is presented as mean and standard deviation, or median and interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables, and absolute values and percentages for categorical variables. A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 was considered to be significant. All <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values are reported two-sided. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA), and STATA 11.1 (StataCorp, TX, USA).</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Patient characteristics and mortality</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical characteristics of the whole group and subgroups according to outcome status in the pre-dialysis follow-up period are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Median pre-dialysis follow-up time was 12 months (IQR 5–27 months). During this period, 210 patients died (19%), and 63 were lost to follow-up (6%).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sudden cardiac death (SCD) occurred in 34 cases (3% of total study patients; 16% of total deaths in pre-dialysis CKD stages).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All-cause mortality, SCD, and non-sudden cardiac death incidence rates were: 113 (95% CI 99–128), 18 (95% CI 13–26) and 44 (95% CI 35–54) events per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient-years, respectively.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who died from SCD were predominantly elderly men with abundant comorbid conditions, mainly diabetes, cardiovascular disease and COPD (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). There were no statistically significant differences in the medians of plasma C-reactive protein levels across subgroups. Median PTH level in the SCD subgroup was slightly lower, but statistically significant, than that of survivors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the fact that patients who died from SCD had high scores of comorbidity, they seemed to be less frequently treated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, antiplatelets drugs, diuretics or ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs than the subgroup of patients who died from non-sudden cardiac diseases. In the SCD subgroup, baseline serum potassium levels were lower and the percentage of patients with chronic hyperkalemia smaller than the rest of subgroups, although this difference was only statistically significant with respect to survivors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Predictors of sudden cardiac death in pre-dialysis CKD stages</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By non-stratified Cox regression analysis, covariates significantly associated with SCD were: age, comorbidity index, and treatment with antiplatelet drugs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). This latter covariate showed a weak, although significant beneficial effect over the development of SCD.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neither log-transformed C-reactive protein levels, nor their upper values (third tertile) were associated with SCD.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When Cox regression was stratified by the median age of patients (above or below 69 years), age was no longer a significant predictor (HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.98–1.15; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.09), but comorbidity index (HR 2.59; 95% CI 1.25–5.36; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.010) and antiplatelet drug therapy (HR 0.39; 95% CI 0.16–0.92; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.031) remained significantly associated with SCD.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By competing-risk regression based on Fine and Gray's proportional subhazards model, in which the competing event was non-sudden death from any cause, only age and comorbidity index remained significantly associated with SCD (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, we show that the incidence of SCD among advanced CKD population not yet on dialysis is relatively high, accounting for 16% of total deaths and more than 29% of cardiovascular mortality.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elderly male patients with high comorbidity burden, mainly diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, were the major clinical characteristics associated with SCD in pre-dialysis CKD stages.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous information about SCD incidence in nondialysis CKD population has been derived from subgroup analyses of clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> or from CKD patients diagnosed with ischemic heart disease o heart failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> Although the total number of participants with CKD stage 4–5 included in these studies has been rather small, the unanimous conclusion of all of these studies has been that SCD risk increases in parallel with the worsening of renal function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–14</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the study of Pun et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> which included 175 patients with eGFR <15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min not on dialysis, the SCD rate was of 12.6 events per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient-years, incidence lower than that we have observed in our patients. Notwithstanding, patients included in the Pun et al. study were younger (median age 61 years) than our study population (median age 69 years old). The age of patients is a key determinant of SCD risk, as we have demonstrated in our study, and this feature may explain the variability of SCD rates between studies.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the general population in Europe, the incidence of SCD is approximately of 4 cases per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient/years,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and among the population aged 60 years or over the incidence increases up to 8 cases per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient/years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The incidence of SCD in our study patients was much higher than that observed in the general population, but lower than that observed in patients undergoing haemodialysis (17–28 cases per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient-years).</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both subgroups of patients who died from cardiovascular diseases (SCD and non-SCD) showed similar co-morbidity burden. However, those who died from SCD were being treated less frequently with drugs commonly used for preventing acute cardiovascular events. This finding was especially remarkable with the use of aspirin or other antiplatelet drugs, covariate that eventually became a significant predictor of SCD in Cox regression models.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Underutilization of antiplatelet drugs in these patients may be related to contraindications for their use, or due to a lack of an appropriate diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, as it is suggested by the smaller percentage of patients with previous history of coronary artery disease in those who died from SCD than that of those who died from other cardiovascular diseases. All these data suggest that unrecognized or undertreated cardiovascular disease in CKD patients may predispose to a higher risk of SCD.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-four percent of our study patients showed chronic hyperkalemia, however, those who died from SCD had lower mean baseline serum potassium levels, and had less frequently chronic hyperkalemia than survivors.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although hyperkalemia is a dreadful complication in end-stage renal disease that can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and SCD, mild to moderate hyperkalemia, commonly seen in nondialysis CKD patients, does not seem to be associated with serious adverse events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Unlike hyperkalemia, hypokalemia has been shown to be associated with greater all-cause mortality in nondialysis CKD patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In the present study, hypokalemia was only observed in 19 patients and none of them died from SCD.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, we have not found a significant association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and SCD. The medians of CRP levels were higher in the subgroups of patients who died than that of survivors, however, CRP levels were not significantly different among subgroups according to the cause of death. In other studies in patients on dialysis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,10</span></a> CRP and serum albumin concentrations have been shown to be associated with a higher risk of SCD.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age and comorbidity are variables strongly related with all-cause mortality, and therefore, their association with a specific cause of death can be overestimated if competing risk is not taken into account. In this study, we applied a competing-risk analysis using the Fine and Gray method as described by Putter et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> which estimates the cumulative incidence of SCD while accounting for the competing risks of dying from other causes. With this more rigorous method of analysis, age and comorbidity index remained significantly associated with SCD, although treatment with antiplatelet drugs lost the statistical significance.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Potential limitations of this study need to be acknowledged. The study was single center, and the cohort included, although largely representative of the local population, was, however, ethnically homogenous (Caucasian). Some clinical characteristics that could be important in predicting SCD, such as electrocardiogram abnormalities, left ventricular hypertrophy, etc., were not available in all patients. With the exception of serum potassium levels, we only used baseline measurements to determine the association with SCD and not changes in clinical parameters over time. Necropsies were not performed in those who died from SCD, thus precluding more accurate information about the cause of death.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, SCD accounted for 16% of global mortality of patients with advanced CKD not yet on dialysis, with an incidence rate much higher than that of the general population. SCD was closely associated with age and comorbidity, and some indirect data from this study suggest that unrecognized or undertreated of cardiovascular disease may predispose to a higher risk of SCD.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres767402" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec768549" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres767403" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec768550" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Outcome measures" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Patient characteristics and mortality" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Predictors of sudden cardiac death in pre-dialysis CKD stages" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-12-10" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-02-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec768549" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Chronic kidney disease" 1 => "Pre-dialysis" 2 => "Sudden cardiac death" 3 => "Mortality" 4 => "Cardiovascular risk" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec768550" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Enfermedad renal crónica" 1 => "Prediálisis" 2 => "Muerte cardíaca súbita" 3 => "Mortalidad" 4 => "Riesgo cardiovascular" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A relatively high proportion of deaths in dialysis patients occur suddenly and unexpectedly. The incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in non-dialysis advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages has been less well investigated.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to determine the incidence and predictors of SCD in a cohort of 1078 patients with CKD not yet on dialysis.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective observational cohort study, which included patients with advanced CKD not yet on dialysis (stage 4–5). The association between baseline variables and SCD was assessed using Cox and competing-risk (Fine and Gray) regression models. Demographic, clinical information, medication use, and baseline biochemical parameters of potential interest were included as covariates.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During the study period (median follow-up time 12 months), 210 patients died (19%), and SCD occurred in 34 cases (16% of total deaths). All-cause mortality and SCD incidence rates were 113 (95% CI: 99–128), and 18 (95% CI: 13–26) events per 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>patient-years respectively. By Cox regression analysis, covariates significantly associated with SCD were: Age, comorbidity index, and treatment with antiplatelet drugs. This latter covariate showed a beneficial effect over the development of SCD. By competing-risk regression, in which the competing event was non-sudden death from any cause, only age and comorbidity index remained significantly associated with SCD.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SCD is relatively common in non-dialysis advanced CKD patients. SCD was closely related to age and comorbidity, and some indirect data from this study suggest that unrecognized or undertreated cardiovascular disease may predispose to a higher risk of SCD.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Una alta proporción de fallecimientos en pacientes tratados mediante diálisis ocurre de forma súbita e inesperada. La incidencia de muerte súbita (MS) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en estadios prediálisis es menos conocida.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la incidencia y factores asociados a la MS en una cohorte de 1.078 pacientes con ERC avanzada.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes prospectivo y de observación, que incluyó a pacientes con ERC estadio 4-5 prediálisis. La asociación entre las variables basales y la MS fue analizada mediante modelos de regresión de Cox y de competencia de riesgo (Fine y Gray). Los datos demográficos, clínicos, la medicación y los parámetros bioquímicos basales de potencial interés fueron incluidos como covariables en el análisis predictivo.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Durante el periodo de estudio (mediana de seguimiento 12 meses), fallecieron 210 pacientes (19%) y de forma súbita 34 casos (16% total de muertes). Las tasas de incidencia de muerte por cualquier causa y de MS fueron: 113 (IC 95%: 99-128) y 18 (IC 95%: 13-26) eventos por 1.000 paciente-años respectivamente. Mediante análisis de regresión de Cox, la edad, el índice de comorbilidad y el tratamiento con antiagregantes plaquetarios fueron las covariables que se asociaron significativamente con MS. Esta última covariable mostró un efecto beneficioso sobre el desarrollo de MS. En los modelos de regresión por competencia de riesgo, en los que el evento competidor fue la muerte no súbita por cualquier causa, solo la edad y el índice de comorbilidad se asociaron significativamente con la MS.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La MS es relativamente frecuente en pacientes con ERC prediálisis. La MS se asoció significativamente con la edad y la comorbilidad, y varios datos indirectos de este estudio muestran que un infradiagnóstico o infratratamiento de la enfermedad cardiovascular podría predisponer a un mayor riesgo de MS.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0080">Please cite this article as: Caravaca F, Chávez E, Alvarado R, García-Pino G, Luna E. Muerte súbita en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada. Nefrología. 2016;36:404–409.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 920 "Ancho" => 1647 "Tamanyo" => 77902 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cumulative incidence probability for sudden cardiac death according to baseline comorbidity index.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-cardiac death \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sudden cardiac death \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-sudden cardiac death \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Patients, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">868 (81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">95 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81 (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1078 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Age, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Men, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Body Mass Index, kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidity index, %</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">39<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mild-moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Previous history of coronary artery diseases, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Previous history of peripheral vascular diseases, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Previous history of heart failure, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Previous history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">eGFR, ml/min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin; g/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Serum potasium, meq/l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Chronic hyperkalemia (potasium<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol/l), % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Serum phosphate; mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Total serum calcium; mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Serum bicarbonate; meq/l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Serum albumin; g/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">C-reactive protein<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a>; mg/l \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.68 [1.29–9.31]<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.06 [2.25–16.49] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.15 [1.63–15.03] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.56 [2.05–12.15] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.89 [1.44–10.52] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Serum PTH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a>; pg/ml \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">215 [122–385] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">207 [99–365] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">138 [98–230]<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">155 [79–279] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">207 [112–374] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Aspirin or other antiplatelets, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EPO, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Betablockers, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Diuretics, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">j</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Oral anticoagulation, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">j</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ACEI/ARB, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1269755.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Expressed as median and I.Q. ranges.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.0001 alive vs. rest of subgroups; Scheffé test.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.0001 alive vs. rest of subgroups; Chi-square test.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.0001 alive vs. SCD or non-SCD subgroups; Chi-square test.</p>" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0045" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.01 alive vs. rest of subgroups; Scheffé test.</p>" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0050" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.01 SCD vs. alive; Scheffé test.</p>" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0055" "etiqueta" => "f" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.01 SCD vs. alive; Fisher exact test.</p>" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0060" "etiqueta" => "g" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.05 non-SCD vs. alive; Scheffé test.</p>" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0065" "etiqueta" => "h" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.05 SCD vs. alive; Mann-Whitney test.</p>" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0070" "etiqueta" => "i" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0050"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.05 SCD vs. non-SCD; Fisher exact test.</p>" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0075" "etiqueta" => "j" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><0.01 non-SCD vs. alive; Fisher exact test.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients according to outcome status.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cox model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a></th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Competing-risk model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">**</span></a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SHR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Age, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.12 (1.06–1.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.11 (1.07–1.15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Comorbidity Index, (0,1,2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.79 (1.35–5.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.34 (1.05–5.21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Antiplatelet drugs, (0,1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.42 (0.18–0.97) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.043 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1269756.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0060">Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0065">Subhazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0070">Covariates not in equation but with statistical significance <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.10: male (HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.05); diuretics (HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.09).</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0075">Covariates not in equation but with statistical significance <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.10: antiplatelet drugs (SHR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.45).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cox regression and competing-risk regression models for sudden cardiac death in the pre-dialysis study 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 28 | 4 | 32 |
| 2024 October | 449 | 46 | 495 |
| 2024 September | 697 | 29 | 726 |
| 2024 August | 873 | 74 | 947 |
| 2024 July | 798 | 34 | 832 |
| 2024 June | 501 | 50 | 551 |
| 2024 May | 448 | 56 | 504 |
| 2024 April | 453 | 49 | 502 |
| 2024 March | 698 | 37 | 735 |
| 2024 February | 669 | 44 | 713 |
| 2024 January | 484 | 33 | 517 |
| 2023 December | 373 | 19 | 392 |
| 2023 November | 449 | 29 | 478 |
| 2023 October | 514 | 38 | 552 |
| 2023 September | 337 | 28 | 365 |
| 2023 August | 284 | 27 | 311 |
| 2023 July | 337 | 26 | 363 |
| 2023 June | 313 | 22 | 335 |
| 2023 May | 390 | 36 | 426 |
| 2023 April | 276 | 15 | 291 |
| 2023 March | 434 | 27 | 461 |
| 2023 February | 256 | 16 | 272 |
| 2023 January | 152 | 40 | 192 |
| 2022 December | 226 | 42 | 268 |
| 2022 November | 277 | 28 | 305 |
| 2022 October | 258 | 36 | 294 |
| 2022 September | 231 | 35 | 266 |
| 2022 August | 209 | 49 | 258 |
| 2022 July | 177 | 50 | 227 |
| 2022 June | 117 | 29 | 146 |
| 2022 May | 120 | 47 | 167 |
| 2022 April | 157 | 39 | 196 |
| 2022 March | 234 | 45 | 279 |
| 2022 February | 176 | 34 | 210 |
| 2022 January | 217 | 47 | 264 |
| 2021 December | 167 | 38 | 205 |
| 2021 November | 164 | 39 | 203 |
| 2021 October | 232 | 52 | 284 |
| 2021 September | 179 | 37 | 216 |
| 2021 August | 196 | 45 | 241 |
| 2021 July | 160 | 42 | 202 |
| 2021 June | 188 | 38 | 226 |
| 2021 May | 265 | 56 | 321 |
| 2021 April | 567 | 135 | 702 |
| 2021 March | 344 | 35 | 379 |
| 2021 February | 252 | 58 | 310 |
| 2021 January | 222 | 23 | 245 |
| 2020 December | 190 | 24 | 214 |
| 2020 November | 146 | 27 | 173 |
| 2020 October | 97 | 14 | 111 |
| 2020 September | 142 | 18 | 160 |
| 2020 August | 131 | 24 | 155 |
| 2020 July | 100 | 16 | 116 |
| 2020 June | 114 | 19 | 133 |
| 2020 May | 116 | 10 | 126 |
| 2020 April | 89 | 19 | 108 |
| 2020 March | 100 | 23 | 123 |
| 2020 February | 109 | 31 | 140 |
| 2020 January | 135 | 30 | 165 |
| 2019 December | 153 | 34 | 187 |
| 2019 November | 106 | 22 | 128 |
| 2019 October | 97 | 16 | 113 |
| 2019 September | 100 | 14 | 114 |
| 2019 August | 95 | 15 | 110 |
| 2019 July | 91 | 20 | 111 |
| 2019 June | 69 | 35 | 104 |
| 2019 May | 87 | 29 | 116 |
| 2019 April | 106 | 31 | 137 |
| 2019 March | 81 | 28 | 109 |
| 2019 February | 34 | 24 | 58 |
| 2019 January | 53 | 25 | 78 |
| 2018 December | 208 | 51 | 259 |
| 2018 November | 442 | 21 | 463 |
| 2018 October | 435 | 21 | 456 |
| 2018 September | 174 | 11 | 185 |
| 2018 August | 107 | 23 | 130 |
| 2018 July | 50 | 16 | 66 |
| 2018 June | 67 | 13 | 80 |
| 2018 May | 94 | 17 | 111 |
| 2018 April | 159 | 10 | 169 |
| 2018 March | 141 | 7 | 148 |
| 2018 February | 280 | 7 | 287 |
| 2018 January | 272 | 3 | 275 |
| 2017 December | 418 | 11 | 429 |
| 2017 November | 143 | 16 | 159 |
| 2017 October | 38 | 3 | 41 |
| 2017 September | 43 | 28 | 71 |
| 2017 August | 45 | 31 | 76 |
| 2017 July | 45 | 38 | 83 |
| 2017 June | 42 | 38 | 80 |
| 2017 May | 41 | 26 | 67 |
| 2017 April | 45 | 43 | 88 |
| 2017 March | 32 | 10 | 42 |
| 2017 February | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2017 January | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2016 December | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2016 November | 36 | 10 | 46 |
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