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ischemic stroke and infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 59-year-old Caucasian woman presented with dark-red urine and colicky pain in the left flank&#46; She had no fever&#44; dysuria&#44; urinary urgency and no history of trauma&#44; nephrolithiasis or additional episodes of hematuria&#46; She was of Asian ascendancy and had non-consanguineous parents&#46; Her medical history was unremarkable&#44; except for hypertension&#46; Her chronic medication consisted of candesartan&#47;hydrochlorothiazide and she denied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed modest overweight&#44; blood pressure of 110&#47;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; no evidence of hepatosplenomegaly&#44; although left costovertebral tenderness was noted&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory tests showed normal blood cell counts&#44; coagulation parameters&#44; electrolytes&#44; and renal and hepatic tests&#46; No rhabdomyolysis nor hemolysis were present&#46; Urine dipstick revealed a specific gravity of 1&#46;010&#44; 3&#43; hemoglobin and no protein&#59; the microscopic exam showed 168 red blood cells per high power field&#44; but no casts or white blood cells&#46; Urine cultures&#44; including for mycobacteria&#44; were negative&#46; She had no anomalous cells in cytology and a normal cystoscopy&#46; A computed tomography scan &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#8211;C&#41; suggested renal papillary necrosis and excluded other abnormalities&#46; There were no criteria for diabetes mellitus&#46; Hemoglobin&#39;s electrophoresis showed the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; which was subsequently documented to be HbS&#46; A molecular study revealed an heterozygosity for the hemoglobin sickle mutation of the &#946;-globin gene &#40;HBB&#58;c&#46;20A&#62;T&#41; establishing a diagnosis of SCT&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical findings resolved after conservative therapy with rest&#44; hydration and analgesia&#46; The patient was recommended to avoid circumstances that may precipitate vaso-occlusive crises&#46; Her daughter was referred for genetic testing&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SCT is generally asymptomatic&#44; although occasionally associated with significant morbidity&#44; including papillary necrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a highly prevalent recessive illness&#44; mainly found in African but also in Asian populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In SCT patients&#44; HbS is abnormally found with plasma concentrations typically between 35&#37; and 45&#37; of total hemoglobin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hematuria is the most common complication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> of SCT&#44; but the usual etiologies&#44; such as stones&#44; urinary tract infections or neoplasms should be considered first&#46; Hence&#44; initial testing must include urine analysis&#44; culture&#44; cytology and imaging studies&#46; In SCT patients&#44; occlusion of small vessels by sickled blood cells&#44; causes microthrombi and ischaemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the kidneys&#44; this obstruction is predominantly apparent in the renal papilla due to their marginal blood supply&#46; Papillary necrosis can be difficult to diagnose&#46; The presence of sloughed papillae in the urine examination is diagnostic&#44; but has low sensitivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In our patient an ultrasound and a tomography scan allowed the diagnosis&#46; Treatment is usually conservative&#44; but adjuvant therapies &#40;desmopressin or epsilon-amino caproic acid&#41; can be of benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Most severe cases may require arterial embolization or surgical exploration&#46; The outcome is generally good but the patient must be informed about avoidable precipitating conditions and genetic counseling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemoglobin&#39;s electrophoresis should be part of the diagnostic work-up of renal colic and&#47;or hematuria&#44; namely in patients whose etiology has never been established&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the contents of this article&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Acute renal colic: Beyond kidney stones
Cólico renal agudo: más allá de los cálculos renales
Sandra Silvaa,
Corresponding author
oliveirasilva.sandra@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Martinho Almeidab, Lurdes Rodriguesc, Maximino Costaa
a Unidade de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
b Unidade de Hematologia, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
c Serviço de Urologia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
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ischemic stroke and infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 59-year-old Caucasian woman presented with dark-red urine and colicky pain in the left flank&#46; She had no fever&#44; dysuria&#44; urinary urgency and no history of trauma&#44; nephrolithiasis or additional episodes of hematuria&#46; She was of Asian ascendancy and had non-consanguineous parents&#46; Her medical history was unremarkable&#44; except for hypertension&#46; Her chronic medication consisted of candesartan&#47;hydrochlorothiazide and she denied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical examination revealed modest overweight&#44; blood pressure of 110&#47;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; no evidence of hepatosplenomegaly&#44; although left costovertebral tenderness was noted&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory tests showed normal blood cell counts&#44; coagulation parameters&#44; electrolytes&#44; and renal and hepatic tests&#46; No rhabdomyolysis nor hemolysis were present&#46; Urine dipstick revealed a specific gravity of 1&#46;010&#44; 3&#43; hemoglobin and no protein&#59; the microscopic exam showed 168 red blood cells per high power field&#44; but no casts or white blood cells&#46; Urine cultures&#44; including for mycobacteria&#44; were negative&#46; She had no anomalous cells in cytology and a normal cystoscopy&#46; A computed tomography scan &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#8211;C&#41; suggested renal papillary necrosis and excluded other abnormalities&#46; There were no criteria for diabetes mellitus&#46; Hemoglobin&#39;s electrophoresis showed the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; which was subsequently documented to be HbS&#46; A molecular study revealed an heterozygosity for the hemoglobin sickle mutation of the &#946;-globin gene &#40;HBB&#58;c&#46;20A&#62;T&#41; establishing a diagnosis of SCT&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical findings resolved after conservative therapy with rest&#44; hydration and analgesia&#46; The patient was recommended to avoid circumstances that may precipitate vaso-occlusive crises&#46; Her daughter was referred for genetic testing&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SCT is generally asymptomatic&#44; although occasionally associated with significant morbidity&#44; including papillary necrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a highly prevalent recessive illness&#44; mainly found in African but also in Asian populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In SCT patients&#44; HbS is abnormally found with plasma concentrations typically between 35&#37; and 45&#37; of total hemoglobin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hematuria is the most common complication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> of SCT&#44; but the usual etiologies&#44; such as stones&#44; urinary tract infections or neoplasms should be considered first&#46; Hence&#44; initial testing must include urine analysis&#44; culture&#44; cytology and imaging studies&#46; In SCT patients&#44; occlusion of small vessels by sickled blood cells&#44; causes microthrombi and ischaemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the kidneys&#44; this obstruction is predominantly apparent in the renal papilla due to their marginal blood supply&#46; Papillary necrosis can be difficult to diagnose&#46; The presence of sloughed papillae in the urine examination is diagnostic&#44; but has low sensitivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In our patient an ultrasound and a tomography scan allowed the diagnosis&#46; Treatment is usually conservative&#44; but adjuvant therapies &#40;desmopressin or epsilon-amino caproic acid&#41; can be of benefit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Most severe cases may require arterial embolization or surgical exploration&#46; The outcome is generally good but the patient must be informed about avoidable precipitating conditions and genetic counseling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemoglobin&#39;s electrophoresis should be part of the diagnostic work-up of renal colic and&#47;or hematuria&#44; namely in patients whose etiology has never been established&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the contents of this article&#46;</p></span></span>"
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