Journal Information
Vol. 29. Issue. S1.March 2009
Pages 1-77
Vol. 29. Issue. S1.March 2009
Pages 1-77
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DEFINITIVE REMOVAL OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSORS
Retirada definitiva de la inmunosupresión
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Juan José Cuberoa, Enrique Lunaa, Román Hernández-Gallegoa, Luis Capdevila Plazab
a Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Badajoz, España,
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Vall d¿Hebrón, Barcelona, Barcelona, España,
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No existen estudios prospectivos y controlados que demuestren la manera más segura y eficaz de suspender o reducir las dosis de inmunosupresores, y sólo algunos centros han publicado sus propios protocolos.
Existen razones de peso para suspender la inmunosupresión. La más importante es el aumento de incidencia de infecciones. Por el contrario, la rápida suspensión de la misma tampoco está libre de problemas, como son: la pérdida de la función renal residual y la aparición de signos de intolerancia, con posterior necesidad de nefrectomía, intervención de muy alto riesgo.
Las pautas más recomendadas para el manejo de la inmunosupresión son:
- Suspensión inmediata de los antimetabolitos y descenso lento de la prednisona (fuerza de recomendación C).
- En cuanto a los inhibidores de la calcineurina, se pueden suspender o, en caso de función residual relevante y necesaria y a título individual, mantener a dosis más bajas durante 3-6 meses, para luego suspender de forma lenta (fuerza de recomendación C).
No hemos encontrado datos que apoyen la prolongación de ningún tipo de inmunosupresión más allá de los seis meses.

There´s no controlled and prospective studies which show the safest and most effective way to reduce or suspend immunosuppression drugs dosage, and only few groups have published their own protocols. There are reasons to discontinue the immunosuppression therapy; the high incidence of infections is the most important. However, a fast withdrawal is not free of problems, like are residual renal function decline and graft intolerance signs, which could take to nephrectomy, a high risk intervention. Most recommended guidelines for immunosuppression use are: - Antimetabolites immediately cancellation and corticoesteroids slow drop (level C recommendation). - Calcineurin inhibitors could be discontinued but if residual renal function is still significant, it is recommended to maintain a low dosage over three to six months; then, withdrawal may be done slowly (level C recommendation). We have not found information supporting the immunosuppression use beyond six months.

Bibliography
[1]
Miller BW, Brennan DC. Withdrawal of immunosuppresion after renal transplant failure. Up to date 16.1 Enero 2008. 2. Kendrick EA, Davis CL. Managing the failing allograf. Semin Dial 2005;18:529-39. 3. Bennett WM. The failed renal transplant: In or out? Semin Dial 2005;18:188-9. 4. Gregoor PJ, Kramer, P, Weimar, W, Van Saase JL. Infections after renal allograft faliure in patients with or without lowdose maintenance immunosuppression. Transplantation 1997;63:1528-32. 5. Gill JS, Abichandani R, Kausz AT, Pererira BJG. Mortality after kidney transplant faliure: the impact of non inmunologic factors. Kidney In 2002;62:1875-83. 6. Smak Gregoor PJ, Zietse R, Van Saase JL, et al. Immunosuppression should be stopped in patients with renal allograft faliure. Clin Transplant 2001;15:397-401. 7. Kiberd BA, Belistsky P. The fate of failed renal transplant. Transplantation 1995;59:645-7. 8. Altieri P, Sau G, Cao R, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002:17(8):S2-S9. 9. Burn DJ, Bates, D. Neurology and the Kidney. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:810-5. 10.Madore F, Hebert, MJ, Leblanc M, et al. Determinants of late allograft nephrectomy. Clin Nephrol 1995;59:645-50. 11. Cofan F, Villardel J, Gutiérrez R. Efficacy of renal vascular embolization versus surgical nephrectomy in the treatment of nonfunctioning renal allograf. Transplant Proc 1999;31:2244-5. 12. Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Risler T, et al. Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: A reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2158-62. 13. Shemin D, Boston AG, Laliberty P, Dworkin LD. Residual renal function and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:85-90. 14. Jassal SW, Lok CE, Walele A. Bargman JM. Continued Transplant Inmunosupresion may prolong survival after retrun to peritoneal dialysis: Results of a Decision Analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:178-83. 15. Andrews PA, Warr KJ, Cameron JS. Impaired outcome of continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in immnusoppressed patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11:1104-8. 16. Pérez Contreras, J. Diálisis peritoneal tras la pérdida del injerto renal: En contra de mantener la inmunosupresión. Nefrología 2008;28:(S6):87-96. 17. Sumrani N, Delaney V, Hong JH, Daskalakis F, Sommer BG. The influence of nephrectomy on retranplant outcome in the cyclosporine era. Transplantation 1992;53:52-5. 18. Khakhar AK, Shahinian VB, House AA, et al. The impact of allograf nephrectomy on percent panel reactive antibody and clinical outcome. Transplant Proc 2003;35:862-3. 19. Varresen L, Vanrenterghem Y, Waer M, et al. Corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988;3:476-9. 20. Ratcliffe PJ, Dudley CRK, Higgins RM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of steroid whitdrawal in renal transplant recipients receiving triple immunosuppression. Lancet 1996;348:643-7. 21. Herrero JC, Morales E, Domínguez Gil B, et al. Reactivation of multisystemic sarcoidosis after immunosuppression withdrawal in a transplant patients returning to chronic dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:3280-1. 22.Messa, P, Ponticelli C, Berardinelli L. Coming back to dialysis after kidney transplant failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2738-42.
[2]
Miller BW, Brennan DC. Withdrawal of immunosuppresion after renal transplant failure. Up to date 16.1 Enero 2008.
[3]
Kendrick EA, Davis CL. Managing the failing allograf. Semin Dial 2005;18:529-39. [Pubmed]
[4]
Bennett WM. The failed renal transplant: In or out? Semin Dial 2005;18:188-9. [Pubmed]
[5]
Gregoor PJ, Kramer, P, Weimar, W, Van Saase JL. Infections after renal allograft faliure in patients with or without lowdose maintenance immunosuppression. Transplantation 1997;63:1528-32.
[6]
Gill JS, Abichandani R, Kausz AT, Pererira BJG. Mortality after kidney transplant faliure: the impact of non inmunologic factors. Kidney In 2002;62:1875-83.
[7]
Smak Gregoor PJ, Zietse R, Van Saase JL, et al. Immunosuppression should be stopped in patients with renal allograft faliure. Clin Transplant 2001;15:397-401. [Pubmed]
[8]
Kiberd BA, Belistsky P. The fate of failed renal transplant. Transplantation 1995;59:645-7. [Pubmed]
[9]
Altieri P, Sau G, Cao R, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002:17(8):S2-S9.
[10]
Burn DJ, Bates, D. Neurology and the Kidney. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:810-5.
[11]
10.Madore F, Hebert, MJ, Leblanc M, et al. Determinants of late allograft nephrectomy. Clin Nephrol 1995;59:645-50.
[12]
Cofan F, Villardel J, Gutiérrez R. Efficacy of renal vascular embolization versus surgical nephrectomy in the treatment of nonfunctioning renal allograf. Transplant Proc 1999;31:2244-5. [Pubmed]
[13]
Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Risler T, et al. Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: A reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2158-62. [Pubmed]
[14]
Shemin D, Boston AG, Laliberty P, Dworkin LD. Residual renal function and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:85-90. [Pubmed]
[15]
Jassal SW, Lok CE, Walele A. Bargman JM. Continued Transplant Inmunosupresion may prolong survival after retrun to peritoneal dialysis: Results of a Decision Analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:178-83. [Pubmed]
[16]
Andrews PA, Warr KJ, Cameron JS. Impaired outcome of continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in immnusoppressed patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11:1104-8. [Pubmed]
[17]
Pérez Contreras, J. Diálisis peritoneal tras la pérdida del injerto renal: En contra de mantener la inmunosupresión. Nefrología 2008;28:(S6):87-96. [Pubmed]
[18]
Sumrani N, Delaney V, Hong JH, Daskalakis F, Sommer BG. The influence of nephrectomy on retranplant outcome in the cyclosporine era. Transplantation 1992;53:52-5. [Pubmed]
[19]
Khakhar AK, Shahinian VB, House AA, et al. The impact of allograf nephrectomy on percent panel reactive antibody and clinical outcome. Transplant Proc 2003;35:862-3. [Pubmed]
[20]
Varresen L, Vanrenterghem Y, Waer M, et al. Corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988;3:476-9.
[21]
Ratcliffe PJ, Dudley CRK, Higgins RM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of steroid whitdrawal in renal transplant recipients receiving triple immunosuppression. Lancet 1996;348:643-7.
[22]
Herrero JC, Morales E, Domínguez Gil B, et al. Reactivation of multisystemic sarcoidosis after immunosuppression withdrawal in a transplant patients returning to chronic dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:3280-1. [Pubmed]
[23]
22.Messa, P, Ponticelli C, Berardinelli L. Coming back to dialysis after kidney transplant failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2738-42. [Pubmed]
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