Journal Information
Vol. 29. Issue. S1.March 2009
Pages 1-77
Vol. 29. Issue. S1.March 2009
Pages 1-77
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CHOOSING THE DIALYSIS METHOD FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED KIDNEY DISEASE
Elección de la modalidad de diálisis en la insuficiencia renal avanzada del paciente trasplantado renal
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Sofía Zarragaa, Gorka Garcíaa, José Luis Teruelb, Milagros Fernández Lucasb, Roberto Marcénb, Jaime Torrentec, Emilio González Parrad
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bilbao, España,
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Madrid, España,
c Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico de San Carlos, Madrid, Madrid, España,
d Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital de la Defensa, Madrid, Madrid, España,
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Abstract
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La elección de la modalidad de diálisis más apropiada para los pacientes que pierden un injerto renal es una pregunta no resuelta. La mayoría de pacientes reinicia tratamiento sustitutivo con hemodiálisis (HD). Hay varias razones para ello:
1. En la mayor parte de los programas, predomina la HD sobre la diálisis peritoneal (DP).
2. La urgencia para el inicio del tratamiento obliga a la HD.
3. El temor a las complicaciones infecciosas por la necesidad de mantener cierto grado de inmunosupresión para evitar fenómenos inmunes y preservar la función residual en el caso de la DP.
Muchos pacientes que pierden su injerto se podrían beneficiar de la diálisis peritoneal, manteniendo un estilo de vida más parecido al que tenían en trasplante, preservando el árbol vascular en casos de niños y jóvenes, y como alternativa si no hay acceso vascular.
La mortalidad en los pacientes que regresan a diálisis tras el fallo crónico del injerto respecto a la de pacientes que inician diálisis como primer tratamiento sustitutivo parece ser mayor. Sin embargo, no hay diferencias de mortalidad entre los pacientes que inician HD o DP.
Los estudios que comparan la tasa de peritonitis en DP tras la pérdida de un injerto y sin injerto renal previo no obtienen resultados homogéneos. La supervivencia de la técnica DP tras perder un injerto es similar a la de la DP inicial.
Al comparar la supervivencia de la técnica entre la HD y la DP en estos pacientes, estudios retrospectivos y sesgados encontrados sugieren que ambas técnicas presentan un pronóstico superponible.
Con todo ello, debemos concluir que la elección de la modalidad de diálisis tras la pérdida de un injerto debe seguir riterios similares a los que se aplican en pacientes que inician diálisis como primer tratamiento sustitutivo.

The choice of the most of dialysis modality after renal graft loss is an unanswered question. Most patients start hemodialysis (HD) in this situation, because of several reasons:
1. In most dialysis programs HD predominates clearly over Peritoneal Dialysis (PD).
2. The star of dialysis in emergency situations makes the physician use HD
3. The fear of infections in case of maintenance of immunosupression to avoid immune response and to keep residual renal function in case of PD.
A lot of patients could undergo PD in order to maintain the previous style of life, as an alternative in case of absence of vascular access and to avoid vascular accesses in children.
Mortality seems to be greater in patients with graft loss than in those who start dialysis for the first time, although the comparison between both groups is methodologically difficult. However, there is no difference in mortality between patients who start HD and those who start PD.
Studies comparing the rate of peritonitis in PD patients in both groups find controversial results. The analysis of the few, retrospective and biased studies which look for differences in patient survival in HD and DP suggests that prognosis of both groups is similar.
The choice of dialysis modality must be similar to those patients which begin dialysis for the first time.

Bibliography
[1]
Ojo A, Wolfe RA, Agodoa LY, Held PJ, Port FK, Leavey SF, et al. Prognosis after primary renal transplant failure and the beneficial effects of repeat transplantation: multivariate analyses from the United States Renal Data System. Transplantation 1998;66(12):1651-9. 2. Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B. death after graft loss: a novel endpoint for renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2002;2:970-4. 3. Gill JS, Rose C, Pereira BJG, et al. The importance of transition between dialysis and transplantation in the case of end-stage renal disease patients. Kidney Int 2007;71:442-7. 4. Rao PS, Schaubel DE, Jia X, et al. Survival on dialysis postkidney transplant failure: results from the scientific registry of transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:294-300. 5. Sasal J, Naimark D, Klassen J, et al. Late renal transplant failure: an adverse prognostic factor at initiation of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2001;21:405-10. 6. Mujais S, Story K. Patients and technique survival on peritoneal dialysis in patients with failed renal allograft: a case-control study. Kidney Int 2006;70:S133-7. 7. Davies SJ. Peritoneal dialysis in the patient with a failing renal allograft. Perit Dial Int 2001;21:S280-4. 8. Duman S, Açi G, Töz H, et al. Patients with failed renal transplant may be suitable for peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2004;36:249-52. 9. US Renal Data System. USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report 2001; Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 10. De Jonge H, Bammens B, Lemahieu W, et al. Comparison of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis after renal transplant failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1669-74. 11. Gregoor PJ, Kramer P, Weimar W, van Saase JL. Infections after renal allograft failure in patients with or without lowdose maintenance immunosuppression. Transplantation 1997;63:1528-30. 12. Badve SV, Hawley CM, McDonald PS, Mudge DW, Rosman JB, Brown FG, Johnson DW, et al. Effect of previously failed kidney transplantation on peritoneal dialysis outcomes in the Australian and New Zealand patient populations. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(3):776-83. 13. Arrieta J, Bajo MA, Caravaca F, Coronel F, García-Pérez H, González-Parra E, et al. Guías de práctica clínica en diálisis peritoneal. Nefrología 2006;26(4):8-25.
[2]
Ojo A, Wolfe RA, Agodoa LY, Held PJ, Port FK, Leavey SF, et al. Prognosis after primary renal transplant failure and the beneficial effects of repeat transplantation: multivariate analyses from the United States Renal Data System. Transplantation 1998;66(12):1651-9. [Pubmed]
[3]
Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B. death after graft loss: a novel endpoint for renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2002;2:970-4. [Pubmed]
[4]
Gill JS, Rose C, Pereira BJG, et al. The importance of transition between dialysis and transplantation in the case of end-stage renal disease patients. Kidney Int 2007;71:442-7. [Pubmed]
[5]
Rao PS, Schaubel DE, Jia X, et al. Survival on dialysis postkidney transplant failure: results from the scientific registry of transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:294-300. [Pubmed]
[6]
Sasal J, Naimark D, Klassen J, et al. Late renal transplant failure: an adverse prognostic factor at initiation of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2001;21:405-10. [Pubmed]
[7]
Mujais S, Story K. Patients and technique survival on peritoneal dialysis in patients with failed renal allograft: a case-control study. Kidney Int 2006;70:S133-7.
[8]
Davies SJ. Peritoneal dialysis in the patient with a failing renal allograft. Perit Dial Int 2001;21:S280-4. [Pubmed]
[9]
Duman S, Açi G, Töz H, et al. Patients with failed renal transplant may be suitable for peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2004;36:249-52. [Pubmed]
[10]
US Renal Data System. USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report 2001; Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
[11]
De Jonge H, Bammens B, Lemahieu W, et al. Comparison of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis after renal transplant failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1669-74. [Pubmed]
[12]
Gregoor PJ, Kramer P, Weimar W, van Saase JL. Infections after renal allograft failure in patients with or without lowdose maintenance immunosuppression. Transplantation 1997;63:1528-30. [Pubmed]
[13]
Badve SV, Hawley CM, McDonald PS, Mudge DW, Rosman JB, Brown FG, Johnson DW, et al. Effect of previously failed kidney transplantation on peritoneal dialysis outcomes in the Australian and New Zealand patient populations. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(3):776-83. [Pubmed]
[14]
Arrieta J, Bajo MA, Caravaca F, Coronel F, García-Pérez H, González-Parra E, et al. Guías de práctica clínica en diálisis peritoneal. Nefrología 2006;26(4):8-25.
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