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platelet values of 142<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mil&#47;uL&#44; and LDH of 588<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&#44; total bilirubin of 1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine of 1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; and proteinuria of 0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; in the urine sediment&#58; cell counts were 4&#8211;6 RBCs&#47;field&#44; 25&#8211;30 leukocytes&#47;field&#44; and common bacteria&#46; A peripheral blood smear was performed&#44; with 2&#37; of schistocytes&#46; The renal Doppler ultrasound and echocardiogram were normal as was the immunological study&#44; HCV&#44; HBV and HIV serology values&#46; Haptoglobin was undectectable&#44; and creatinine was increased to 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; In the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms&#44; shigatoxin was not tested for&#46; The ADAMTS 13 test was normal and the direct Coombs test was negative&#46; A renal biopsy was performed&#44; which was compatible with thrombotic microangiopathy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspecting that beta interferon could have been the cause of thrombotic microangiopathy and&#47;or accelerated hypertension&#44; the drug was discontinued&#46; After five months&#44; the patient presented improved renal function with creatinine levels of 1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL and with a urine protein&#47;creatinine ratio of 0&#46;13&#44; along with acceptable good blood pressure in the absence of antihypertensive medication &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ubara et al&#46; described one case of haemolytic uremic syndrome &#40;HUS&#41; in a patient undergoing treatment with INFB for 44 days for chronic hepatitis C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; Herrera et al&#46; presented two cases of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura &#40;TTP&#41;&#44; both of whom were being treated with INFB for periods of 2 and 4 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our case&#44; TTP was ruled out due to the absence of current neurological symptoms and to the fact that the ADAMTS13 activity and platelets were normal and thrombotic microangiopathy within accelerated hypertension&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Broughton et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and Olea et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> reported cases of TMA in patients undergoing treatment with INFB for MS&#44; both of which were similar to the case reported here&#46; Interferon treatment was discontinued and treatment with renin angiotensin system inhibitors was initiated&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The onset of hypertension or poorly controlled blood pressure has been previously described in patients undergoing INFB treatment&#44; with the FDA describing 19 cases of hypertension out of 12&#44;700 patients treated with INFB&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modrego et al&#46; reported a patient who had been treated for MS with INFB for many years and who was referred with poorly controlled hypertension and a renal biopsy compatible with kidney damage secondary to high blood pressure&#46; The patient continued with treatment for hypertension after discontinuing INFB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is clear that there are many questions in relation to these associations&#44; presently unresolved with the current literature&#46; The pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathy in accelerated hypertension is not exactly known but is considered to play an important role in activating the renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system&#46; In the case of our patient&#44; is seems like arterial hypertension&#44; kidney damage and thrombotic microangiopathy might be justified by treatment with interferon&#46; However we cannot exclude that thrombotic microangiopathy is the cause by accelerated hypertension or the result of this one&#46; Being difficult to assess which is the cause and which is the effect&#46;</p></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Thrombotic microangiopathy and accelerated hypertension after treatment with interferon beta
Microangiopatía trombótica e hipertensión acelerada tras tratamiento con interferón beta
Elisa Pereira Péreza,
Autor para correspondencia
elisapereirap@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, María Dolores Sánchez de la Nieta Garcíab, Lucía González Lópezc, Francisco Rivera Hernándezb
a Servicio de Nefrología Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
b Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario General de Ciudad Real, Spain
c Servicio de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Universitario General de Ciudad Real, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Microangiopat&#237;a tromb&#243;tica e hipertensi&#243;n acelerada tras tratamiento con interfer&#243;n beta"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fibrin thrombi occluding the glomerular capillary lumen&#46; &#40;A and B&#41; Red Masson staining&#46; X63&#46; &#40;C&#41; Eosinophil with HE&#46; X63&#46; &#40;D&#41; Not stained with silver methenamine&#46; X63&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report a case of a 48-year-old patient with multiple sclerosis &#40;MS&#41; since she was 18&#44; receiving treatment with beta-interferon 1-a three times a week for the past 9 years and with no other medical treatment or relevant family history&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient referred symptoms of upper respiratory infection for the last 15 days for which she had been receiving symptomatic treatment&#46; She presented high blood pressure&#44; decreased urine output &#40;with no macroscopic changes&#41;&#44; and impaired renal function&#46; Significant findings of the physical examination included blood pressure values of 190&#47;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and edema of the lower limbs up to the knees&#46; In addition&#44; crossings and cotton wool spots were observed in the ocular fundus&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood tests showed hemoglobin levels of 9&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL with an MCV of 93&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>fl&#44; platelet values of 142<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mil&#47;uL&#44; and LDH of 588<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&#44; total bilirubin of 1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine of 1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; and proteinuria of 0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; in the urine sediment&#58; cell counts were 4&#8211;6 RBCs&#47;field&#44; 25&#8211;30 leukocytes&#47;field&#44; and common bacteria&#46; A peripheral blood smear was performed&#44; with 2&#37; of schistocytes&#46; The renal Doppler ultrasound and echocardiogram were normal as was the immunological study&#44; HCV&#44; HBV and HIV serology values&#46; Haptoglobin was undectectable&#44; and creatinine was increased to 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; In the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms&#44; shigatoxin was not tested for&#46; The ADAMTS 13 test was normal and the direct Coombs test was negative&#46; A renal biopsy was performed&#44; which was compatible with thrombotic microangiopathy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspecting that beta interferon could have been the cause of thrombotic microangiopathy and&#47;or accelerated hypertension&#44; the drug was discontinued&#46; After five months&#44; the patient presented improved renal function with creatinine levels of 1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL and with a urine protein&#47;creatinine ratio of 0&#46;13&#44; along with acceptable good blood pressure in the absence of antihypertensive medication &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ubara et al&#46; described one case of haemolytic uremic syndrome &#40;HUS&#41; in a patient undergoing treatment with INFB for 44 days for chronic hepatitis C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; Herrera et al&#46; presented two cases of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura &#40;TTP&#41;&#44; both of whom were being treated with INFB for periods of 2 and 4 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our case&#44; TTP was ruled out due to the absence of current neurological symptoms and to the fact that the ADAMTS13 activity and platelets were normal and thrombotic microangiopathy within accelerated hypertension&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Broughton et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and Olea et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> reported cases of TMA in patients undergoing treatment with INFB for MS&#44; both of which were similar to the case reported here&#46; Interferon treatment was discontinued and treatment with renin angiotensin system inhibitors was initiated&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The onset of hypertension or poorly controlled blood pressure has been previously described in patients undergoing INFB treatment&#44; with the FDA describing 19 cases of hypertension out of 12&#44;700 patients treated with INFB&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modrego et al&#46; reported a patient who had been treated for MS with INFB for many years and who was referred with poorly controlled hypertension and a renal biopsy compatible with kidney damage secondary to high blood pressure&#46; The patient continued with treatment for hypertension after discontinuing INFB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is clear that there are many questions in relation to these associations&#44; presently unresolved with the current literature&#46; The pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathy in accelerated hypertension is not exactly known but is considered to play an important role in activating the renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system&#46; In the case of our patient&#44; is seems like arterial hypertension&#44; kidney damage and thrombotic microangiopathy might be justified by treatment with interferon&#46; However we cannot exclude that thrombotic microangiopathy is the cause by accelerated hypertension or the result of this one&#46; Being difficult to assess which is the cause and which is the effect&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Date&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hemoglobin &#40;g&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Platelet &#40;mmiles&#47;uL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LDH &#40;IU&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Proteinuria &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">March 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">157&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">588&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">April 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">254&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">236&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">July 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">230&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">September 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">347&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Blood test evolution&#46;</p>"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beta-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Ubara"
                            1 => "S&#46; Hara"
                            2 => "H&#46; Takedatu"
                            3 => "H&#46; Katori"
                            4 => "K&#46; Yamada"
                            5 => "K&#46; Yoshihara"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1159/000045147"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nephron"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "80"
                        "paginaInicial" => "107"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9730725"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Occurrence of a TTP-like syndrome in two women receiving beta interferon therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "W&#46;G&#46; Herrera"
                            1 => "L&#46;B&#46; Balizet"
                            2 => "S&#46;W&#46; Harberts"
                            3 => "S&#46;T&#46; Brown"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:4 [
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                      ]
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              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thrombotic microangiopathy induced by long-term interferon-B therapy for multiple sclerosis&#58; a case report"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Broughton"
                            1 => "J&#46; Cosyns"
                            2 => "M&#46; Jadoul"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Nephrol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "76"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22000560"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                    ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0045"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with use of interferon-beta"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Olea"
                            1 => "R&#46; D&#237;az-Mancebo"
                            2 => "M&#46; Picazo"
                            3 => "J&#46; Mart&#237;nez"
                            4 => "A&#46; Robles"
                            5 => "R&#46; Selgas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2147/IJNRD.S30194"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "97"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815645"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Arterial hypertension induced by interferon beta Ib in a patient with multiple sclerosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Modrego"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mult Scler J"
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