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Map shows the mortality rate due to diabetes mellitus (deaths/100,000 individuals per year, INEC [Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos - National Institute of Statistics and Census of Ecuador] 2011). 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"contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Juan Mariano Rodríguez Portillo, Roberto Alcázar Arroyo" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Mariano" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez Portillo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberto" "apellidos" => "Alcázar Arroyo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251415108215?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000003500000002/v0_201504231604/X2013251415108215/v0_201504231605/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Reflections on two consensus documents about chronic kidney disease" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "127" "paginaFinal" => "130" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Alberto Martínez-Castelao, Manuel Gorostidi, José Luis Górriz, Rafael Santamaría Olmo, Jordi Bover, Julián Segura" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alberto" "apellidos" => "Martínez-Castelao" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Manuel" "apellidos" => "Gorostidi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José Luis" "apellidos" => "Górriz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Santamaría Olmo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jordi" "apellidos" => "Bover" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "affe" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Julián" "apellidos" => "Segura" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "afff" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, IDIBELL, GEENDIAB, REDINREN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (Spain)" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Central de Asturias, REDinREN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Oviedo, Asturias (Spain)" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset GEENDIAB REDinREN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Valencia (Spain)" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, REDinREN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Cordoba (Spain)" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona FP/UAB, Red Nacional de Investigación en Nefrología (REDINREN), Instituto de Investigación Carlos, Barcelona (Spain)" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "affe" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital 12 Octubre, REDinREN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid (Spain)" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "afff" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Reflexiones a propósito de dos documentos de consenso sobre enfermedad renal crónica" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction and Background </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> According to data from the EPIRCE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> (epidemiology of chronic renal disease in Spain) research study, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects up to 9.2% of the Spanish population, 6.8% of which have advanced-stage disease, including prior definition of chronic renal failure (CRF) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of <60 ml/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) has been concerned about this major epidemiological problem for years, which, in its most advanced stage (stage 5 CKD in renal replacement therapy [RRT]), accounts for 2.5% of the total Spanish health budget. The SEN has therefore created a specific working group, known as the Strategic Action Group, for the purpose of continuously monitoring this problem and establishing contacts with other scientific societies to adopt and improve the multidisciplinary approach to this serious public health challenge.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In 2006 the consensus document for appropriate calculation of GFR was therefore published jointly with the Spanish Society of Clinical Chemistry<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (SEQC), and in 2007 the first consensus document for CKD management was prepared jointly with the Spanish Society for Family and Community Medicine<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (semFYC).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> SEN also created a specific working group for the creation of “Strategies in Renal Health”, which were then reported to the Ministry of Health. These strategies were also discussed and communicated to other scientific societies at a meeting in Madrid in 2008 and published on two occasions in the medical journal “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nefrolog</span>í<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a”</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span>.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> As proteinuria is a marker of kidney injury and its increase a sign of progression towards advanced stages of CKD, the creation and publication of the document with recommendations for the detection and monitoring of proteinuria in CKD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> was promoted in 2011 by SEN and SEQC.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The presence of CKD in our general population has been increasing, and our approach needs to be updated based on current criteria. Therefore, SEN, in collaboration with another nine scientific societies, assembled a group of experts representing each of the societies involved (two per society). In December 2012, the first draft was ready of the “Consensus Document by ten societies for the detection and management of chronic kidney diseases”. The document was initially published on the web site of each of the societies, where it was submitted for public review. The final document was sent to all the societies with the comments received and was again published on the respective web sites. It was finally published in “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nefrolog</span>í<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a” </span>last March<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Over the last three years, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes</span> (KDIGO) initiative has simultaneously published guidelines on general management and blood pressure control in patients with CKD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span>. Its most relevant contents were integrated and summarised in the “SEN document on the KDIGO guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of CKD”, recently published in “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nefrología”</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span>.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Judging by the number of website visits to the journal “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nefrología”, </span>both documents are the object of a high number of consultations. Since its online publication on 6<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> March 2014, the “Consensus Document by ten societies for the detection and management of chronic kidney diseases”<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> has received 5,223 visits, and the “SEN document on the KDIGO guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of CKD”<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> has had 5,282 visits. In both cases, these are the most visited articles in the past year and they triple or quadruple the average number of visits to the “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nefrología” </span>journal articles, which may represent the multidisciplinary interest in documents that are being consulted by specialties other than nephrology.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Why were so many consensus documents on CKD promoted by SEN? </span>(Table 1)</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 1 Key documents on chronic kidney disease" src="498v35n02-90411909fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In view of the fact that both reference documents on CKD were promoted by SEN and published sequentially, our aim in this edition is to comment upon the specific or differentiating aspects of said documents.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Both are similar in length: the first consists of 20 pages, which contain 7 tables, 2 figures, and 77 bibliographical references; meanwhile, the second has 15 pages, 7 tables, 2 figures, and 45 bibliographical references.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> If we analyse the contents of both documents, we note that they agree on all essential aspects and there are no discrepancies with regards to content or recommendations.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> There are, however, different minor nuances, which we will comment upon.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The consensus document from the ten societies<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> represents a multidisciplinary approach from societies that are in some way involved in CKD patient management: primary care, cardiology, diabetes, endocrinology, internal medicine, and SEN itself. Others are involved in the laboratory diagnosis of CKD, as is the case of SEQC. Beyond the current discussion about how we should diag nose CKD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>, it is the multidisciplinary nature and the publication of this document further afield than our journal which have led to the transversal transmission of current knowledge on the diagnosis and management of the most important aspects of our speciality. This facilitates its appropriate implementation in general clinical practise (and not merely in other specialties) while increasing awareness of its earliest stages. Thanks to these initiatives, other specialities as diverse as vascular surgery or anaesthesiology are incorporating nephrological awareness into their clinical practice in their leading journals<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span>. For the first time, this document successfully united the highest number of scientific societies in our field in Spain and obtained their consensus on the basic aspects of CKD diagnosis, prevention and treatment.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 1. The document focuses on the diverse methods of GRF measurement, recommending CKD diagnosis through GRF estimations based on the CKD-EPI formula (just like the KDIGO document on general patient management with CKD) and the determination of the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in an isolated sample of early morning urine. It uses the same categorisation as CKD, taking into account the kidney function stage according to GFR measurement and ACR in urine, following the KDIGO classification of A1, A2 or A3, depending on the intensity of albuminuria. It recommends referring to “elevated urinary albumin excretion” instead of the term “microalbuminuria”, and also the term “proteinuria” for urinary elimination of 300 mg/day or higher.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 2. It reinforces the relevance of radiological or histological criteria for the diagnosis of CKD.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 3. It strongly underlines CKD progression factors with a specifically designed chart.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 4. It considers the progression of CKD with the same criteria as the KDIGO document and stresses the passing from one category to another depending on the disease stage itself and the ACR.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 5. When this section refers to the criteria for referral to a nephrology specialist, the document introduces several precise criteria, expressed as a referral “algorithm”, in accordance with GFR measurement, ACR and patient age. Specific considerations are added in the case of elderly or diabetic patients and a CT scan in certain cases.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 6. The recommended practice for monitoring and following-up CKD patients is to carry out specific biochemical and haematological determinations given the possible presence of anaemia and iron deficiency or alterations in bone and mineral metabolism.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 7. A chapter of special recommendations is focused on the prevention of nephrotoxicity, how to prevent hyperkalaemia, volume depletion, the unnecessary use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), distal diuretics, nephrotoxic antibiotics or radiological examinations with radio-contrast agents..</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 8. The document also particularly underlines aspects relating to life habits, physical exercise and diet.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 9. Regarding pharmacological treatment goals, this document coincides with the KDIGO document on target figures for patient blood pressure with or without proteinuria. A specific section is added, however, for the management of anti-diabetic drugs in diabetic patients with CKD, including oral anti-diabetic drugs or insulin, with specific consideration given to these particular cases.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 10. The document focuses on cardio-vascular risk stratification in the same way as the KDIGO document, but it also includes several specific considerations for the management of statins and treatments combined with Ezetimibe. In addition, there are several comments with respect to obesity, tobacco, alcohol and hyperuricaemia.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 11. Differentially, consideration is given to anaemia, haemoglobin targets, the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron metabolism management. Also included are aspects relating to mineral and bone metabolism alterations, the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism secondary to CKD, metabolic acidosis management, management of CKD patients not on dialysis, and the preparation of patients for RRT.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 12. Recommendations are specifically added for joint management with Primary Care doctors regarding patients with RRT who are either on haemodialysis/peritoneal dialysis or are kidney transplant recipients. Recommendations are also given for the vaccination of these patients.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 13. Finally, a particular section is added for the consideration of palliative care in patients with advanced CKD not resulting from RRT.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A distinctive aspect of the consensus document promoted by SEN compared with the KDIGO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> guidelines is that said guidelines make recommendations for the management and treatment of CKD following a systematic evaluation procedure of the existing evidence, using the level of recommendation according to the GRADE system <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).</span> Very little grade 1 evidence exists, and the different aspects that create uncertainty are discussed. The data in the consensus document of the ten societies was not presented in this manner.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In short, the ten societies’ document<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> adapts the recommendations of the KDIGO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> document to the reality of our setting, with several specific recommendations.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> It is SEN’s intention to periodically include scientific evidence as it is generated, updating clinical practice recommendations and existing consensus documents, while evaluating international documents resulting from the multi-factorial and multidisciplinary approach to the management of patients with chronic kidney disease.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Financing </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> None.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflict of interest </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> * <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>.<br></br> Alberto Martínez-Castelao, <br></br> Nephrology, University Hospital Bellvitge, IDIBELL, GEENDIAB, REDINREN, <br></br> Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida 308-3F, 08860, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. <br></br> Tel.: 610459262<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E-mail:</span><a href="mailto:albertomcastelao@gmail.com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">albertomcastelao@gmail.com</a>; <a href="mailto:amartinez@bellvitgehospital.cat" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">amartinez@bellvitgehospital.cat</a></p>" "pdfFichero" => "498v35n02a90411909pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl1" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "498v35n02-90411909fig1.jpg" "imagenAlto" => 1054 "imagenAncho" => 1037 "imagenTamanyo" => 212492 ] ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => " Key documents on chronic kidney disease" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain: Results of the EPIRCE study. 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Original language: English
Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 6 | 9 | 15 |
2024 October | 38 | 36 | 74 |
2024 September | 48 | 24 | 72 |
2024 August | 54 | 44 | 98 |
2024 July | 37 | 22 | 59 |
2024 June | 46 | 29 | 75 |
2024 May | 53 | 26 | 79 |
2024 April | 39 | 21 | 60 |
2024 March | 39 | 24 | 63 |
2024 February | 29 | 39 | 68 |
2024 January | 24 | 31 | 55 |
2023 December | 24 | 20 | 44 |
2023 November | 31 | 25 | 56 |
2023 October | 27 | 18 | 45 |
2023 September | 26 | 18 | 44 |
2023 August | 34 | 19 | 53 |
2023 July | 30 | 26 | 56 |
2023 June | 65 | 29 | 94 |
2023 May | 88 | 28 | 116 |
2023 April | 23 | 10 | 33 |
2023 March | 31 | 20 | 51 |
2023 February | 34 | 9 | 43 |
2023 January | 35 | 19 | 54 |
2022 December | 51 | 30 | 81 |
2022 November | 40 | 20 | 60 |
2022 October | 32 | 25 | 57 |
2022 September | 40 | 24 | 64 |
2022 August | 37 | 45 | 82 |
2022 July | 25 | 47 | 72 |
2022 June | 31 | 24 | 55 |
2022 May | 27 | 25 | 52 |
2022 April | 30 | 36 | 66 |
2022 March | 39 | 35 | 74 |
2022 February | 30 | 40 | 70 |
2022 January | 27 | 26 | 53 |
2021 December | 34 | 33 | 67 |
2021 November | 27 | 30 | 57 |
2021 October | 28 | 29 | 57 |
2021 September | 26 | 36 | 62 |
2021 August | 20 | 32 | 52 |
2021 July | 34 | 22 | 56 |
2021 June | 21 | 20 | 41 |
2021 May | 22 | 31 | 53 |
2021 April | 54 | 41 | 95 |
2021 March | 43 | 23 | 66 |
2021 February | 24 | 19 | 43 |
2021 January | 22 | 19 | 41 |
2020 December | 21 | 14 | 35 |
2020 November | 23 | 14 | 37 |
2020 October | 13 | 20 | 33 |
2020 September | 21 | 10 | 31 |
2020 August | 34 | 12 | 46 |
2020 July | 39 | 6 | 45 |
2020 June | 33 | 8 | 41 |
2020 May | 32 | 7 | 39 |
2020 April | 34 | 15 | 49 |
2020 March | 24 | 19 | 43 |
2020 February | 44 | 19 | 63 |
2020 January | 36 | 22 | 58 |
2019 December | 42 | 23 | 65 |
2019 November | 39 | 20 | 59 |
2019 October | 38 | 9 | 47 |
2019 September | 40 | 17 | 57 |
2019 August | 29 | 18 | 47 |
2019 July | 31 | 24 | 55 |
2019 June | 31 | 22 | 53 |
2019 May | 35 | 25 | 60 |
2019 April | 68 | 25 | 93 |
2019 March | 43 | 15 | 58 |
2019 February | 26 | 13 | 39 |
2019 January | 27 | 26 | 53 |
2018 December | 93 | 35 | 128 |
2018 November | 135 | 15 | 150 |
2018 October | 121 | 14 | 135 |
2018 September | 75 | 10 | 85 |
2018 August | 44 | 15 | 59 |
2018 July | 50 | 17 | 67 |
2018 June | 37 | 17 | 54 |
2018 May | 57 | 14 | 71 |
2018 April | 44 | 9 | 53 |
2018 March | 45 | 8 | 53 |
2018 February | 44 | 5 | 49 |
2018 January | 27 | 8 | 35 |
2017 December | 46 | 7 | 53 |
2017 November | 33 | 10 | 43 |
2017 October | 30 | 4 | 34 |
2017 September | 38 | 9 | 47 |
2017 August | 31 | 15 | 46 |
2017 July | 36 | 39 | 75 |
2017 June | 58 | 21 | 79 |
2017 May | 39 | 22 | 61 |
2017 April | 35 | 23 | 58 |
2017 March | 31 | 17 | 48 |
2017 February | 43 | 13 | 56 |
2017 January | 36 | 17 | 53 |
2016 December | 89 | 34 | 123 |
2016 November | 104 | 15 | 119 |
2016 October | 125 | 22 | 147 |
2016 September | 158 | 9 | 167 |
2016 August | 243 | 0 | 243 |
2016 July | 225 | 0 | 225 |
2016 June | 146 | 0 | 146 |
2016 May | 134 | 0 | 134 |
2016 April | 109 | 0 | 109 |
2016 March | 128 | 0 | 128 |
2016 February | 152 | 0 | 152 |
2016 January | 158 | 0 | 158 |
2015 December | 161 | 1 | 162 |
2015 November | 117 | 1 | 118 |
2015 October | 172 | 5 | 177 |
2015 September | 221 | 9 | 230 |
2015 August | 174 | 13 | 187 |
2015 July | 142 | 0 | 142 |
2015 June | 86 | 0 | 86 |
2015 May | 205 | 25 | 230 |
2015 April | 56 | 0 | 56 |