Spanish nephrologists and the management of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease

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Vicente Torregrosa" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Cannata-Andía" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cannata@hca.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J. Vicente" "apellidos" => "Torregrosa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Metabolismo Óseo y Mineral, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, " "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología y Trasplante Renal, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, " "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Los nefrólogos españoles y el manejo de las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral en la enfermedad renal crónica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "12280_16025_56452_en_t15.12280_04.jpg" "Alto" => 9292 "Ancho" => 2168 "Tamanyo" => 4635887 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Statistical results for the 86 statements." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTION Mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) is a very dynamic field of study, which has experienced a lot of changes, especially over the last five years.Other factors have been added to the group considered to be the “classic regulators of mineral and bone metabolism” (calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone [PTH] and calcitriol), some already known, such as calcidiol, and others new, such as fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and klotho.1 Furthermore, other disorders that until recently were considered outside the area of CKD-MBD, such as vascular calcification, cardiovascular disease and bone fractures, have progressively become part of the CKD-MBD2 group.Along with these changes and advances in the knowledge of CKD-MBD, new drugs have been marketed for controlling its disorders, which, although they potentially offer more flexibility and a fuller therapeutic range, have increased the number of question marks about their efficacy and limitations of use in daily practice.Most of these issues have been addressed in the recent clinical practice guidelines, amongst them those of 2009 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD, which will be revised again at the end of 2013,2 and the CKD-MBD Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.).3 However, there is still significant uncertainty that results in major variations in the clinical management of these disorders, and we will be exploring this area in our study.This study was designed to assess Spanish nephrologists’ current perception of the clinical management of CKD-MBD disorders. MATERIAL AND METHOD To assess Spanish nephrologists’ perception of mineral and bone metabolism, we used a semi-structured remote professional consensus procedure via e-mail (modified Delphi method),4,5 allowing for contemplative and equal participation by a representative nephrologist panel. It required successive rounds of a structured survey (with closed-ended question scales), with processing and return of intermediate results to participants in order that they could confidentially compare their personal opinions with those of the other panellists.The project was developed over four phases (Figure 1): 1) Formation of a scientific committee comprising 10 nephrologists with a special interest in the area of mineral and bone metabolism, responsible for leading the project and the task of developing a questionnaire, proposing expert panellists, analysing and interpreting the results and drawing final conclusions. 2) Selection of an expert panel: the scientific committee chose 59 nephrologists representing all regions of Spain, interested in the area of mineral and bone metabolism, who met the requirements detailed above on the basis of a pre-selection of 192 nephrologists and who worked mainly in the areas of dialysis, pre-dialysis and renal transplantation. 3) The expert panel received the survey with the statements, which they responded to via e-mail in two rounds. 4) Analysis and discussion of these results in a joint face-to-face meeting between the scientific and expert committees.A technical team was also required, which was responsible for implementing the method, editing and distributing the first questionnaire, analysing the responses of the first round, the provisional report and distributing the second questionnaire, analysing the second questionnaires and statistical interpretation of the consensus reached. Developing the questionnaire and method of response We initially defined the systematic literature review and questionnaire development procedure. Each item on the questionnaire was a statement (positive or negative) on an opinion regarding CKD-MBD disorders in any aspect of interest or controversy. After reviewing and grouping the items proposed by subject, we developed a final version of the questionnaire, which included 86 items and was accepted by the scientific committee and divided into the following subject sections:<ul><li>Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium metabolism.</li><li>Bone and cardiovascular system.</li><li>Vitamin D.</li><li>Calcimimetics, parathyroidectomy and associations with vitamin D.</li><li>Renal transplantation.</li></ul> Assessment scale of the clinical recommendations being judged  In order to assess the issues, one 9-point Likert-type ordinal scale was proposed, which was similar to the conventional format (UCLA-Rand Corporation) used for comparative assessment and prioritisation of different health options (technologies, etc.).6,7 The response categories were defined using linguistic qualifiers of agreement/disagreement grouped into three regions, with the proposals presented as the following possible conclusions:<ul><li>1-3: I disagree with the statement (the lower the score, the higher the degree of disagreement).</li><li>4-6: I neither agree nor disagree with the statement; my opinion on the issue is not fully defined (4 or 6 is selected when the respondent is closer to disagreeing or agreeing, respectively).</li><li>7-9: I agree with the statement (the higher the score, the higher the degree of agreement).</li></ul>The survey also offered the possibility of adding free comments to each item and a final section of new proposals for the committee to assess. For statistical purposes, unanswered statements were analysed as lost cases. Analysis and interpretation of results We performed a descriptive analysis of the responses using the median, mean and interquartile range with the specifications listed below. The comparisons were carried out using the mean with a 95% confidence interval. To assess the group’s opinion and the type of consensus reached on each issue raised, we used the median group score and the “level of agreement” reached by those surveyed, in accordance with the following criteria: an item was considered to be agreed upon by consensus whenever there was “concordance” of opinion within the panel. In this case, the median value determined the group consensus reached, which was based on the three aforementioned groups: majority “disagreement” with the item if the median was ≤3; majority “agreement” with the item if the median was ≥7. Cases in which the median was between 4 and 6 were considered to be “uncertain” items for the majority of the group and were not agreed upon by consensus. We established that there was “discordance” in the panel whenever the percentage of panellist responses against (those whose score was outside the region containing the median for this item) was higher than 33%. The remaining items in which we did not observe concordance or discordance were considered to have an “undetermined” level of consensus.All the items for which the group did not achieve a clear consensus for or against the issue raised (uncertain items, those in which discordance was observed and those that showed an undetermined level of consensus) were proposed for the panel’s reconsideration in the second Delphi round (Figure 1). The items in which a significant spread of opinions was observed amongst those surveyed were also re-assessed, with an interquartile range ≥4 points (range of scores between the p25 and p75 values of the distribution).Between both rounds, the panellists were informed of the detailed distribution of the group’s anonymous responses in the first survey (through bar graphs) and comments and clarifications contributed by each participant were provided anonymously.After reviewing this information, we requested a new personal assessment of the items not agreed upon by consensus in the first round. After the second round of the survey, identical criteria were applied in order to distinguish the items definitively agreed upon by consensus from those in which it was not possible to homogenise the panel’s opinion. The total time in which the two rounds were carried out was two months.For the purpose of comparing graphs between items, we calculated the panellists’ average scores for each statement with a 95% confidence interval. The more extreme the average score of an item (closer to 1 or 9), the more we considered that either an agreement or a disagreement consensus, respectively, was achieved on the proposal expressed by each item.A smaller confidence interval was interpreted as an expression of greater unanimity of opinions in the group. The items in which no consensus was achieved after the process described was completed were analysed descriptively to distinguish whether this situation was due to discordance of opinion or due to a majority of the panel’s opinion being uncertain with respect to the item (the majority of the group said they did not have a definitive opinion; response = 4-6). RESULTS Out of a total of 86 statements, an agreement and disagreement consensus was achieved in 70, that is, a sufficient consensus was achieved in 81.4%, of which 60.5% (52 items) agreed with the statement and 20.9% (18 items) disagreed. In 16 items (18.6%), sufficient unanimity was not achieved in the panellist’s opinions, either due to a disparity of professional opinion, or due to the lack of opinion in a majority of the expert committee. In the first round, there was a consensus in 40 out of the 86 statements analysed (34 in agreement and 6 in disagreement). Of the 46 remaining items proposed for the experts’ reconsideration in the second round, a consensus was reached in 30 more (18 in agreement and 12 in disagreement) (Table 1). The results/conclusions detailed below group together the key aspects of this consensus. Statements in which a consensus was reached The 52 items agreed on by consensus can be grouped into the following 36 following points:<li>In chronic kidney disease, there is an overload in the body of phosphorus before hyperphosphataemia appears. This overload may be assessed using the fraction of phosphorus excreted.</li><li>A dietary restriction of phosphorus intake should be attempted whenever overload is suspected. A reasonable dietary restriction of lactoprotein (2 rations [±120g] of animal proteins and one or two of dairy products) does not lead to a risk of malnutrition and contributes to controlling mineral metabolism in dialysis patients.</li><li>The availability and absorption of phosphorus from animal protein and preservative intake is significantly higher than phosphorus that accompanies vegetable proteins.</li><li>Patients should only receive phosphate binders if phosphorus higher than normal laboratory values is detected.</li><li>Aluminium hydroxide continues to be the most potent binder (useful for P >6.5mg/dl) and it does not seem to be harmful when it is used over short periods of time (2-3 months).</li><li>Phosphate binders that contain calcium should be avoided in patients with chronic kidney disease and vascular or valvular calcification and when they are used, 1500mg of elemental calcium per day should not be exceeded.</li><li>The combination of magnesium carbonate and calcium acetate seems to be at least as effective as the rest of calcium binders, and, if used, serum magnesium should be monitored.</li><li>In patients with chronic kidney disease and either vascular or valvular calcification who have hyperphosphataemia, lanthanum or sevelamer carbonate may be used as the first choice.</li><li>Clinical and experimental data suggest a higher phosphate binding potency in lanthanum carbonate than in sevelamer carbonate.</li>10. Lanthanum and sevelamer carbonate have an advantage over calcium binders in terms of survival in the subpopulation over 65 years of age.11. The high price of lanthanum and sevelamer carbonate may mean that they are not considered the first choice in all cases.12. Gastrointestinal tolerance and the degree of adherence to the prescription are very important factors when using a phosphate binder.13. Serum calcium does not represent the net balance of calcium intake, as overload is possible with normal calcaemia.14. Vascular calcifications have different consequences according to the type and location and they are a factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.15. Bone and vascular mineralisation occur by similar mechanisms.16. The severity and progression of vascular calcifications, bone fractures and a lower bone mass are related to and associated with higher morbidity and mortality.17. Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (traditional and non-traditional) should be prevented and treated at an early stage.18. The correction of vitamin D deficiency should be carried out at all stages of chronic kidney disease or dialysis and calcidiol levels should be 25-40ng/ml at all stages of CKD.19. 1,25(OH2) D3 measurement does not seem to be useful from a clinical point of view.20. In chronic kidney disease, the administration of vitamin D may have adverse effects both in the doses recommended by the guidelines and in high doses, and as such, there should be strict monitoring of calcium, phosphorus and creatinine.21. The adverse effects of vitamin D supplementation for correcting deficiency/insufficiency are the same in any stage of CKD.22. For calcitriol prescription in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis, the initial dose should be 0.25 micrograms on alternate nights.23. In all stages of chronic kidney disease, if a phosphate binder had to be added to the administration of vitamin D metabolites, those that contain calcium should be avoided.24. In dialysis patients, treatment with native vitamin D or calcidiol added to treatment with active vitamin D favours hyperphosphataemia and hypercalcaemia, and this is why it is necessary to reduce the dose of both; in these cases, it seems preferable to use paricalcitol in order to reduce this risk.25. In relation to vitamin D use, in peritoneal dialysis the same strategy should be employed as in haemodialysis.26. It is important to control phosphorus levels before beginning therapies designed to act directly on the production and secretion of PTH, such as calcimimetics and/or vitamin D receptor (VDR) activators.27. There is an agreement on the efficacy of combining calcimimetics with VDR activators in order to reduce PTH levels. However, the choice of calcimimetics and/or VDR activators is determined by serum phosphorus and calcium values.28. Parathyroidectomies should be performed if PTH levels are higher than 1000pg/ml in spite of medical treatment.29. A simple lateral dorsolumbar x-ray should be performed in all patients who receive a kidney transplant, in order to assess the presence of vertebral fracture and test mineral and bone density.30. PTH and calcidiol should be tested every six months in kidney transplant patients.31. Kidney transplant patients should be supplemented with vitamin D, as well as the rest of the general population, in order to maintain normal serum calcidiol values.32. Treatment with active vitamin D or vitamin D analogues has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing bone mass loss immediately after transplantation.33. The continuous administration of low doses of calcium (500mg/day) and some form of vitamin D is advisable for preserving bone mass in patients with steroid doses higher than 5mg/24h.34. It is advisable for post-transplant hypercalcaemia secondary to persistent hyperparathyroidism to be treated with calcimimetics. If after a period of treatment with calcimimetics they are discontinued and hypercalcaemia reappears, the most appropriate attitude would be to recommence calcimimetic treatment.35. Calcimimetic administration should probably be maintained in transplant patients in whom their use was necessary for controlling severe secondary hyperparathyroidism before transplantation.36. There is no phosphate binder of choice for treating patients with a kidney transplant and deterioration of renal function who have hyperphosphataemia. Statements in which no consensus was reached The 18 items not agreed on by consensus can be summarised in the following 9 points:<li>Diabetes patients probably require differential criteria in choosing the phosphate binder, but it is not clear what this criteria should be.</li><li>There are serious doubts as to whether patients older than 65 at any stage of chronic kidney disease require similar doses of calcidiol as those under 65 years of age.</li><li>It is not clear whether the administration of native vitamin D along with active vitamin D analogues is fully justified for inhibiting the FGF-23 in the initial stages of CKD.</li><li>It is not clear whether in dialysis patients, whenever vitamin D is used, it should be combined with non-calcium phosphate binders.</li><li>The group’s responses were not homogeneous for the statement that secondary hyperparathyroidism should start to be treated whenever the level of PTH (pg/ml) is greater than 300.</li><li>There was no agreement with regard to whether paricalcitol or calcimimetic use is appropriate for controlling vascular calcifications whenever PTH levels are controlled.</li><li>There was also uncertainty with regard to whether a PTH level of less than 100 in dialysis patients means that it is necessary to use a low-calcium dialysate.</li><li>With regard to kidney transplant patients, there was no homogeneity on whether it is appropriate to use calcimimetics to control post-transplant hypophosphataemia, avoiding the administration of oral phosphorus, or whether dialysis patients who receive calcimimetics should maintain treatment after renal transplantation. </li><li>No stance was observed on when to discontinue calcimimetics in transplant patients who receive it for controlling hypercalcaemia.</li> DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study designed to assess the perception of nephrologists, in this case Spanish nephrologists, in the clinical management of CKD-MBD. The study was carried out via the Internet and subsequently in a face-to-face meeting, using the modified Delphi method, which is a reliable remote consensus procedure already used in biomedical research,4,5 which avoids the difficulties and disadvantages of face-to-face discussion methods. These include travelling, bias of influence and loss of confidentiality. The main advantages offered by the Delphi method are controlled interaction between panellists, the opportunity to reflect and reconsider personal opinions without losing anonymity and statistical validation of the consensus reached.The Delphi method was developed in the 1950s by scientists of the Rand Corporation as a method for making informed decisions based on expert opinions.8 Since then, it has been used to assess behaviour and decision-making in various sectors,9-12 and also recently in areas of nephrology.13-19 Despite having undergone some changes, it continues to be a viable approach for compiling expert opinions through a structured iterative process in which a consensus is developed.20,21This process involves several interactions with participants who, in general, create two or more rounds of responses within a reasonable period of time, in our case two months. The results of first round of answers can be modified in the second round and it is even possible to propose other items based on comments from all participants.22 Furthermore, the Delphi technique offers a series of specific advantages and this is particularly useful because it avoids obstacles commonly observed in other discussion groups, such as interpersonal influence and time constraints.22-24With this technique, those surveyed do not know the identity of the other panellists and therefore, they are freer, with fewer personal and social limitations.21 Furthermore, they can complete the questionnaire at their own leisure and not simultaneously with the other participants.25 The Delphi method has the advantage that various techniques can be employed for its statistical analysis.26In our study, we achieved a high degree of consensus in the first round and observations were made that were very useful for improving or modifying some statements in the second round. At the end of the study, a consensus was achieved in most items considered; in fact, it was higher than 80%, which shows high homogeneity in the management of CKD-MBD disorders by nephrologists.It is important to underscore that, although some members of the scientific committee in this study and authors of this article participated in the development of the S.E.N.3 and KDIGO2 clinical practice guidelines, what they report in this study does not represent their personal opinion or their interpretation of the 86 statements issued in the survey. Their role was to objectively summarise (without influencing the final result) the consensus reached by the 59 nephrologists surveyed, following the Delphi methodology in relation to what these nephrologists, who are particularly interested in the subject, believe about managing mineral and bone metabolism. These opinions may or may not be consistent with that recommended by the clinical practice guidelines,2,3 but they are useful for communicating their degree of agreement, compliance, application and implementation in clinical practice. Therefore, the points of agreement and disagreement are a representation of the real situation and are the basis for the comments and thoughts described below in the discussion of these results.There was agreement on the low usefulness of serum phosphorus and calcium levels for assessing their metabolism and that as renal function deteriorated there would be an overload of phosphorus and calcium. Nevertheless, at least with phosphorus, the panel considered that phosphate binders should not be used unless serum values of the latter are above the normal range. This widespread opinion of accepting that, despite a potential phosphorus overload there is still not sufficient evidence to start treatment with phosphate binders (statements 1 to 3), indicates a prudent attitude from nephrologists towards a subject that undoubtedly requires more scientific evidence before we aim for new indications of phosphate binders.Furthermore, this attitude is consistent with recent results that have sparked controversy and suggest that, although in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease there is a tendency towards phosphorus overload, thanks to the known compensatory phosphaturic mechanisms, mainly through FGF-23 and PTH, there would still not be significant phosphorus overload, but there would be an obvious calcium overload due to the kidney’s inability to regulate the removal of the latter as renal function decreases.27,28 Therefore, in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease, the use of phosphate binders would not be indicated without hyperphosphataemia, and less still if calcium-containing binders were used, given that by avoiding a theoretical overload of phosphorus, we could aggravate rather than improve the situation, exposing patients to an unnecessary overload of calcium.28,29 In line with this last concept, we observed the importance, given in the nephrologists’ responses, to calcium overload, an aspect in which there was directly and indirectly agreement and homogeneity (statements 6 to 8 and 13 to 16) in considering it as a determinant of morbidity and mortality.In the two sections related to other very important aspects in the management of CKD-MBD, such as the use of nutritional vitamin D, active forms of vitamin D, calcimimetics and when it would be necessary to replace medical treatment with parathyroidectomy, in general, there were more points of agreement than of disagreement, but there are still many gaps to be filled. Amongst them, due to their involvement in the routine management of patients, it is necessary to highlight the lack of consensus on PTH values that should be used for starting pharmacological treatment and on whether there is justification for combining the use of native vitamin D with active forms of vitamin D. This lack of agreement is not surprising, given that it reflects the uncertainty (due to lack of scientific evidence) in the recommendations of some clinical practice guidelines, such as the 2009 K/DIGO CKD-MBD guidelines.2By contrast, there was a high degree of agreement in relation to the levels of PTH at which we should consider that there is therapeutic failure and perform a parathyroidectomy. The figure considered as the threshold was 1000pg/ml. This is consistent with that recently published by the COSMOS study, in which it was observed that Mediterranean countries consider this level to be the most appropriate, while Scandinavian countries would perform surgery with lower PTH levels of around 700pg/ml.30 If we take into account the 2009 K/DIGO CKD-MBD recommendations and the recent preliminary results of the COSMOS study (consistent with previous studies), presented by the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association31 on what PTH values should be considered acceptable, serum PTH of 700pg/ml would be a low value for indicating parathyroidectomy.Lastly, there were also points of agreement and disagreement in relation to CKD-MBD, renal transplantation and calcimimetics. There was a consensus on the need for post-transplant calcimimetics to be related to the severity of pre-transplant hyperparathyroidism, but not on the need for it in the management of post renal transplantation hypophosphataemia.To summarise, we believe that the information obtained through the Delphi consensus is practically useful, given that it describes the current situation of CKD-MBD in Spain and we have an insight into the thoughts and likely actions of Spanish nephrologists who are most closely related to the area of mineral and bone metabolism in the regular management of patients. As can be observed in the responses, this is not always consistent with that recommended by the guidelines,2,3 but it does not necessarily represent inadequate clinical practice. In some cases, it probably does, but in others, it may be a basis for reconsidering some of the recommendations and, therefore, there is a need to regularly revise the guidelines with the objective of improving them and updating them in accordance with the new evidence available.However, it is necessary to recognise that the consensus reached is in the context of a very specific setting and, as such, it has various limitations. Amongst them, we must highlight that it was restricted only to our country and to the group surveyed (empirically classified a priori as experts), due to their special interest in the subject, but who do not represent the overall opinion of nephrologists or of many others who did not participate because of their lesser relationship with this subject, but who also participate in the management of CKD-MBD disorders.Accepting the study’s limitations, we considered that the items in which there was a consensus reinforce some CKD-MBD concepts with their impact on daily clinical practice and allow the degree of homogeneity that we could expect in this area to be assessed. As already mentioned, the items in which there was not a consensus help us to know the areas of uncertainty and are very useful for specifying in which aspects there is a greater need for further understanding and for carrying out prospective studies that allow the management of CKD-MBD disorders to be improved.AcknowledgementsThis study was possible thanks to the logistical support of Shire Pharmaceutical Ibérica and the backing of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. The technical team responsible for implementing the method and statistical analysis was Luzan 5.  Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the contents of this article.  ADDENDUMScientific committee Jorge Cannata (Coordinator)Hospital Central de OviedoJordi Bover Fundación Puigvert. BarcelonaSecundino CigarránHospital da Costa BurelaElvira FernándezHospital Arnau de Vilanova. Lérida Emilio González ParraHospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. MadridVíctor LorenzoHospital Universitario de Canarias. La Laguna. TenerifeIsabel MartínezHospital de Galdakano.Juan NavarroHospital La Candelaria. TenerifeMariano RodríguezHospital Universitario Reina Sofía. CórdobaJose-Vicente TorregrosaHospital Clinic. Barcelona  Expert panel Francisco José Ahijado HormigosHospital Virgen de la SaludJaume AlmirallParc Taulí Sabadell Rafael Alonso ValenteComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de CompostelaM.ª Luisa Amoedo RiveraHospital General de ElcheFrancisco José Ariza Fuentes Centro de Diálisis Fresenius Cabra (Córdoba)Eduardo Baamonde Laborda Centro Diálisis AvericumGuillermina Barril Hospital de la PrincesaSergio BeaHospital La FeJosep Calpe Diaverum RotellarAntonio Crespo Navarro Fresenius GandiaAlfonso Cubas Hospital de GetafeAntonio de Paula Hospital Universitario Río OrtegaPatricia de Sequera Ortiz Hospital Infanta LeonorRodrigo Delgado Zamora Hospital Vírgen del RocíoGloria Del Peso Hospital de la Paz de MadridRafael Díaz-Tejeiro Izquierdo Hospital Virgen de la SaludAmparo Fernández- Fresenius Rambla marinaAdreu Foraster- Diaverum Baix LlobregatAntonio Galán Hospital General Universitario ValenciaCésar García Cantón Hospital Insular de las PalmasGorka García Erauzquin Hospital de Cruces. Bilbao.Sagrario García Rebollo Hospital Universitario de CanariasRemedios Garofanos López Hospital de TorrecardenasJosé Manuel Gil Junquero Hospital General Ciudad de JaénMiguel Ángel González Hospital Clínico ValenciaEnrique Gruss Hospital de AlcorcónJosé Antonio Herrero Calvo Hospital Clínico de San CarlosM.ª Victoria Hidalgo Barquero Hospital de ZafraEmma Huarte Hospital San Pedro. LogroñoMaría Jesús Izquierdo Complejo Asistencial. Universitario de BurgosJosé Lacueva Alcer Liria Luz Lozano Hospital de FuenlabradaJoaquín Manrique Complejo Hospitalario de NavarraRosario Moreno López H. Militar ZaragozaM.ª Antonia Munar Hospital Son Espasses MallorcaAgustín Ortega Asyter AlbaceteMagdalena Palomares Bayo Hospital Carlos HayaMaría Parallé Alcalde CMD MontequintoJesús Pérez H. Miguel ServetMiguel Pérez Fontán Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A CoruñaCelestino Piñera Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander)José Luis Pizarro Centro de Diálisis Diaverum MálagaDolores Prados Garrido Hospital San CecilioMario Prieto Hospital de León (León)Constantino Fernández Rivera Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A CoruñaMinerva Rodríguez García Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (Oviedo)Esther Romero Ramírez Hospital Virgen de las NievesEmilio Sánchez Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (Oviedo)Dolores Sánchez de la Nieta García Hospital General de Ciudad RealOlga Sánchez García Hospital San Pedro de AlcántaraRamón Saracho Hospital Santiago. VitoriaRafael Selgas Hospital de la PazJordi Soler Fresenius ReusDaniel Torán Montserrat Hospital General de JerézFernando Tornero Molina Hospital de ArgandaMartí Vallés Hospital Josep Trueta GironaNicanor Vega Díaz Hospital Doctor NegrínBorja Zalduendo Hospital Donostia<a href="grande/12280_16025_56452_en_t15.12280_04.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="12280_16025_56452_en_t15.12280_04.jpg" alt="Statistical results for the 86 statements."></img></a>Table 1. Statistical results for the 86 statements.<a href="grande/12280_16025_56453_en_f15.12280_04.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="12280_16025_56453_en_f15.12280_04.jpg" alt="Delphi method flowchart. Study development diagram."></img></a>Figure 1. Delphi method flowchart. Study development diagram." "pdfFichero" => "P1-E567-S4547-A12280-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438621" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "CKD-MBD" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438623" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Calcimiméticos" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438625" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Vitamina D" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438627" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fósforo" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438629" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Calcio" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438631" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Hormona paratiroidea" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438633" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Método Delphi" ] ] ] "en" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438622" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "CKD-MBD" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438624" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Calcimimetics" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438626" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Vitamin D" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438628" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Phosphorus" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438630" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Calcium" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438632" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Parathyroid hormone" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec438634" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Delphi method" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar la percepción actual de los nefrólogos españoles en el manejo clínico de las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo y mineral en la enfermedad renal crónica (CKD-MBD). Para ello se empleó un procedimiento semiestructurado de consenso profesional a distancia, por correo electrónico (método Delphi modificado), a un panel representativo del colectivo nefrológico, bajo la dirección de un comité coordinador. Para analizar la opinión grupal y el tipo de consenso alcanzado sobre cada cuestión planteada, se empleó la posición de la mediana de puntuaciones del grupo y el «nivel de concordancia» alcanzado por los encuestados. Sobre un total de 86 cuestiones se logró un consenso en acuerdo y desacuerdo en 70 (81,4 %), de los cuales un 60,5 % (52 ítems) lo fueron en términos de acuerdo con la aseveración y un 20,9 % (18 ítems) en desacuerdo. En 16 ítems (18,6 %) no se consiguió suficiente unanimidad de criterio en el panel, bien por disparidad de opinión profesional, bien por falta de criterio establecido en una mayoría del comité de expertos. Aceptando las limitaciones del estudio, consideramos que los ítems en los que hubo consenso refuerzan algunos conceptos de CKD-MBD con su repercusión en la práctica clínica diaria y permiten valorar el grado de homogeneidad que podríamos esperar en esta área. Los ítems en los que no hubo consenso nos ayudan a conocer las áreas de incertidumbre y resultan de gran utilidad para precisar en qué aspectos existe una mayor necesidad de profundización y de emprender estudios prospectivos que permitan mejorar el manejo de estas alteraciones." ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "Abstract This study was designed to assess the current perception of Spanish nephrologists in the clinical management of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD). As such, we used a semi-structured distance professional consensus procedure via e-mail (modified Delphi method) on a representative nephrologist panel, under the direction of a coordinating committee. To analyse the group’s opinion and the type of consensus reached on each issue raised, we used the median of the group’s scores and the “level of agreement” reached by those surveyed. On a total of 86 issues, a consensus agreement and disagreement was achieved in 70 (81.4%), of which 60.5% (52 items) agreed with the statement and 20.9% (18 items) disagreed. In 16 items (18.6%), there was insufficient unanimity in the panel’s opinion, either due to professional opinion disparity or due to the lack of opinion established in the majority of the expert committee. Accepting the study’s limitations, we considered that the items for which there was a consensus reinforce some CKD-MBD concepts with their impact on daily clinical practice and allow the degree of homogeneity that we could expect in this area to be assessed. The items in which there was no consensus help us to know the areas of uncertainty and are very useful for clarifying which aspects have a greater need for further knowledge and which areas require prospective studies to be conducted to improve the management of these disorders." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "12280_16025_56452_en_t15.12280_04.jpg" "Alto" => 9292 "Ancho" => 2168 "Tamanyo" => 4635887 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Statistical results for the 86 statements." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "12280_16025_56453_en_f15.12280_04.jpg" "Alto" => 751 "Ancho" => 1406 "Tamanyo" => 116806 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Delphi method flowchart. Study development diagram." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Mejía N, Roman-García P, Miar AB, Tavira B, Cannata-Andía JB. Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: a complex scenario. Nefrologia 2011;31(5):514-9. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21959717" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Moe SM, Drüeke TB, Block GA, Cannata-Andía JB, Elder GJ, Fukagawa M, et al. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). 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Los nefrólogos españoles y el manejo de las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral en la enfermedad renal crónica

Jorge Cannata-Andíaa, J. Vicente Torregrosab

a Servicio de Metabolismo Óseo y Mineral, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo,

b Servicio de Nefrología y Trasplante Renal, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona,

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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD-MBD&#41; is a very dynamic field of study&#44; which has experienced a lot of changes&#44; especially over the last five years&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Other factors have been added to the group considered to be the &#8220;classic regulators of mineral and bone metabolism&#8221; &#40;calcium&#44; phosphorus&#44; parathyroid hormone &#91;PTH&#93; and calcitriol&#41;&#44; some already known&#44; such as calcidiol&#44; and others new&#44; such as fibroblast growth factor 23 &#40;FGF-23&#41; and klotho&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1 </span>Furthermore&#44; other disorders that until recently were considered outside the area of CKD-MBD&#44; such as vascular calcification&#44; cardiovascular disease and bone fractures&#44; have progressively become part of the CKD-MBD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>group&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Along with these changes and advances in the knowledge of CKD-MBD&#44; new drugs have been marketed for controlling its disorders&#44; which&#44; although they potentially offer more flexibility and a fuller therapeutic range&#44; have increased the number of question marks about their efficacy and limitations of use in daily practice&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Most of these issues have been addressed in the recent clinical practice guidelines&#44; amongst them those of 2009 Kidney Disease&#58; Improving Global Outcomes &#40;KDIGO&#41; CKD-MBD&#44; which will be revised again at the end of 2013&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>and the CKD-MBD Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Nephrology &#40;S&#46;E&#46;N&#46;&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>However&#44; there is still significant uncertainty that results in major variations in the clinical management of these disorders&#44; and we will be exploring this area in our study&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study was designed to assess Spanish nephrologists&#8217; current perception of the clinical management of CKD-MBD disorders&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">MATERIAL AND METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To assess Spanish nephrologists&#8217; perception of mineral and bone metabolism&#44; we used a semi-structured remote professional consensus procedure via e-mail &#40;modified Delphi method&#41;&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> allowing for contemplative and equal participation by a representative nephrologist panel&#46; It required successive rounds of a structured survey &#40;with closed-ended question scales&#41;&#44; with processing and return of intermediate results to participants in order that they could confidentially compare their personal opinions with those of the other panellists&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The project was developed over four phases &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#58; 1&#41; Formation of a scientific committee comprising 10 nephrologists with a special interest in the area of mineral and bone metabolism&#44; responsible for leading the project and the task of developing a questionnaire&#44; proposing expert panellists&#44; analysing and interpreting the results and drawing final conclusions&#46; 2&#41; Selection of an expert panel&#58; the scientific committee chose 59 nephrologists representing all regions of Spain&#44; interested in the area of mineral and bone metabolism&#44; who met the requirements detailed above on the basis of a pre-selection of 192 nephrologists and who worked mainly in the areas of dialysis&#44; pre-dialysis and renal transplantation&#46; 3&#41; The expert panel received the survey with the statements&#44; which they responded to via e-mail in two rounds&#46; 4&#41; Analysis and discussion of these results in a joint face-to-face meeting between the scientific and expert committees&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A technical team was also required&#44; which was responsible for implementing the method&#44; editing and distributing the first questionnaire&#44; analysing the responses of the first round&#44; the provisional report and distributing the second questionnaire&#44; analysing the second questionnaires and statistical interpretation of the consensus reached&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Developing the questionnaire and method of response</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We initially defined the systematic literature review and questionnaire development procedure&#46; Each item on the questionnaire was a statement &#40;positive or negative&#41; on an opinion regarding CKD-MBD disorders in any aspect of interest or controversy&#46; After reviewing and grouping the items proposed by subject&#44; we developed a final version of the questionnaire&#44; which included 86 items and was accepted by the scientific committee and divided into the following subject sections&#58;</p><ul><li>Phosphorus&#44; calcium and magnesium metabolism&#46;</li><li>Bone and cardiovascular system&#46;</li><li>Vitamin D&#46;</li><li>Calcimimetics&#44; parathyroidectomy and associations with vitamin D&#46;</li><li>Renal transplantation&#46;</li></ul><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Assessment scale of the clinical recommendations being judged </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In order to assess the issues&#44; one 9-point Likert-type ordinal scale was proposed&#44; which was similar to the conventional format &#40;UCLA-Rand Corporation&#41; used for comparative assessment and prioritisation of different health options &#40;technologies&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span> The response categories were defined using linguistic qualifiers of agreement&#47;disagreement grouped into three regions&#44; with the proposals presented as the following possible conclusions&#58;</p><ul><li><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1-3&#58; </span>I <span class="elsevierStyleBold">disagree </span>with the statement &#40;the lower the score&#44; the higher the degree of disagreement&#41;&#46;</li><li><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4-6&#58; </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">I </span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">neither agree nor disagree </span>with the statement&#59; my opinion on the issue is not fully defined &#40;4 or 6 is selected when the respondent is closer to disagreeing or agreeing&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</li><li><span class="elsevierStyleBold">7-9&#58; </span>I <span class="elsevierStyleBold">agree </span>with the statement &#40;the higher the score&#44; the higher the degree of agreement&#41;&#46;</li></ul><p class="elsevierStylePara">The survey also offered the possibility of adding free comments to each item and a final section of new proposals for the committee to assess&#46; For statistical purposes&#44; unanswered statements were analysed as lost cases&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Analysis and interpretation of results</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We performed a descriptive analysis of the responses using the median&#44; mean and interquartile range with the specifications listed below&#46; The comparisons were carried out using the mean with a 95&#37; confidence interval&#46; To assess the group&#8217;s opinion and the type of consensus reached on each issue raised&#44; we used the median group score and the &#8220;level of agreement&#8221; reached by those surveyed&#44; in accordance with the following criteria&#58; an item was considered to be agreed upon by consensus whenever there was &#8220;concordance&#8221; of opinion within the panel&#46; In this case&#44; the median value determined the group consensus reached&#44; which was based on the three aforementioned groups&#58; majority &#8220;disagreement&#8221; with the item if the median was &#8804;3&#59; majority &#8220;agreement&#8221; with the item if the median was &#8805;7&#46; Cases in which the median was between 4 and 6 were considered to be &#8220;uncertain&#8221; items for the majority of the group and were not agreed upon by consensus&#46; We established that there was &#8220;discordance&#8221; in the panel whenever the percentage of panellist responses against &#40;those whose score was outside the region containing the median for this item&#41; was higher than 33&#37;&#46; The remaining items in which we did not observe concordance or discordance were considered to have an &#8220;undetermined&#8221; level of consensus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">All the items for which the group did not achieve a clear consensus for or against the issue raised &#40;uncertain items&#44; those in which discordance was observed and those that showed an undetermined level of consensus&#41; were proposed for the panel&#8217;s reconsideration in the second Delphi round &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; The items in which a significant spread of opinions was observed amongst those surveyed were also re-assessed&#44; with an interquartile range &#8805;4 points &#40;range of scores between the p25 and p75 values of the distribution&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Between both rounds&#44; the panellists were informed of the detailed distribution of the group&#8217;s anonymous responses in the first survey &#40;through bar graphs&#41; and comments and clarifications contributed by each participant were provided anonymously&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">After reviewing this information&#44; we requested a new personal assessment of the items not agreed upon by consensus in the first round&#46; After the second round of the survey&#44; identical criteria were applied in order to distinguish the items definitively agreed upon by consensus from those in which it was not possible to homogenise the panel&#8217;s opinion&#46; The total time in which the two rounds were carried out was two months&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">For the purpose of comparing graphs between items&#44; we calculated the panellists&#8217; average scores for each statement with a 95&#37; confidence interval&#46; The more extreme the average score of an item &#40;closer to 1 or 9&#41;&#44; the more we considered that either an agreement or a disagreement consensus&#44; respectively&#44; was achieved on the proposal expressed by each item&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A smaller confidence interval was interpreted as an expression of greater unanimity of opinions in the group&#46; The items in which no consensus was achieved after the process described was completed were analysed descriptively to distinguish whether this situation was due to discordance of opinion or due to a majority of the panel&#8217;s opinion being uncertain with respect to the item &#40;the majority of the group said they did not have a definitive opinion&#59; response &#61; 4-6&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Out of a total of 86 statements&#44; an agreement and disagreement consensus was achieved in 70&#44; that is&#44; a sufficient consensus was achieved in 81&#46;4&#37;&#44; of which 60&#46;5&#37; &#40;52 items&#41; agreed with the statement and 20&#46;9&#37; &#40;18 items&#41; disagreed&#46; In 16 items &#40;18&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; sufficient unanimity was not achieved in the panellist&#8217;s opinions&#44; either due to a disparity of professional opinion&#44; or due to the lack of opinion in a majority of the expert committee&#46; In the first round&#44; there was a consensus in 40 out of the 86 statements analysed &#40;34 in agreement and 6 in disagreement&#41;&#46; Of the 46 remaining items proposed for the experts&#8217; reconsideration in the second round&#44; a consensus was reached in 30 more &#40;18 in agreement and 12 in disagreement&#41; &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46; The results&#47;conclusions detailed below group together the key aspects of this consensus&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statements in which a consensus was reached</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The 52 items agreed on by consensus can be grouped into the following 36 following points&#58;</p><li>In chronic kidney disease&#44; there is an overload in the body of phosphorus before hyperphosphataemia appears&#46; This overload may be assessed using the fraction of phosphorus excreted&#46;</li><li>A dietary restriction of phosphorus intake should be attempted whenever overload is suspected&#46; A reasonable dietary restriction of lactoprotein &#40;2 rations &#91;&#177;120g&#93; of animal proteins and one or two of dairy products&#41; does not lead to a risk of malnutrition and contributes to controlling mineral metabolism in dialysis patients&#46;</li><li>The availability and absorption of phosphorus from animal protein and preservative intake is significantly higher than phosphorus that accompanies vegetable proteins&#46;</li><li>Patients should only receive phosphate binders if phosphorus higher than normal laboratory values is detected&#46;</li><li>Aluminium hydroxide continues to be the most potent binder &#40;useful for P&#160;&#62;6&#46;5mg&#47;dl&#41; and it does not seem to be harmful when it is used over short periods of time &#40;2-3 months&#41;&#46;</li><li>Phosphate binders that contain calcium should be avoided in patients with chronic kidney disease and vascular or valvular calcification and when they are used&#44; 1500mg of elemental calcium per day should not be exceeded&#46;</li><li>The combination of magnesium carbonate and calcium acetate seems to be at least as effective as the rest of calcium binders&#44; and&#44; if used&#44; serum magnesium should be monitored&#46;</li><li>In patients with chronic kidney disease and either vascular or valvular calcification who have hyperphosphataemia&#44; lanthanum or sevelamer carbonate may be used as the first choice&#46;</li><li>Clinical and experimental data suggest a higher phosphate binding potency in lanthanum carbonate than in sevelamer carbonate&#46;</li><p class="elsevierStylePara">10&#46;&#160;Lanthanum and sevelamer carbonate have an advantage over calcium binders in terms of survival in the subpopulation over 65 years of age&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">11&#46;&#160;The high price of lanthanum and sevelamer carbonate may mean that they are not considered the first choice in all cases&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">12&#46;&#160;Gastrointestinal tolerance and the degree of adherence to the prescription are very important factors when using a phosphate binder&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">13&#46;&#160;Serum calcium does not represent the net balance of calcium intake&#44; as overload is possible with normal calcaemia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">14&#46;&#160;Vascular calcifications have different consequences according to the type and location and they are a factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">15&#46;&#160;Bone and vascular mineralisation occur by similar mechanisms&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">16&#46; The severity and progression of vascular calcifications&#44; bone fractures and a lower bone mass are related to and associated with higher morbidity and mortality&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">17&#46;&#160;Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors &#40;traditional and non-traditional&#41; should be prevented and treated at an early stage&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">18&#46;&#160;The correction of vitamin D deficiency should be carried out at all stages of chronic kidney disease or dialysis and calcidiol levels should be 25-40ng&#47;ml at all stages of CKD&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">19&#46;&#160;1&#44;25&#40;OH2&#41; D3 measurement does not seem to be useful from a clinical point of view&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">20&#46;&#160;In chronic kidney disease&#44; the administration of vitamin D may have adverse effects both in the doses recommended by the guidelines and in high doses&#44; and as such&#44; there should be strict monitoring of calcium&#44; phosphorus and creatinine&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">21&#46;&#160;The adverse effects of vitamin D supplementation for correcting deficiency&#47;insufficiency are the same in any stage of CKD&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">22&#46;&#160;For calcitriol prescription in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis&#44; the initial dose should be 0&#46;25 micrograms on alternate nights&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">23&#46;&#160;In all stages of chronic kidney disease&#44; if a phosphate binder had to be added to the administration of vitamin D metabolites&#44; those that contain calcium should be avoided&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">24&#46;&#160;In dialysis patients&#44; treatment with native vitamin D or calcidiol added to treatment with active vitamin D favours hyperphosphataemia and hypercalcaemia&#44; and this is why it is necessary to reduce the dose of both&#59; in these cases&#44; it seems preferable to use paricalcitol in order to reduce this risk&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">25&#46; In relation to vitamin D use&#44; in peritoneal dialysis the same strategy should be employed as in haemodialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">26&#46; It is important to control phosphorus levels before beginning therapies designed to act directly on the production and secretion of PTH&#44; such as calcimimetics and&#47;or vitamin D receptor &#40;VDR&#41; activators&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">27&#46; There is an agreement on the efficacy of combining calcimimetics with VDR activators in order to reduce PTH levels&#46; However&#44; the choice of calcimimetics and&#47;or VDR activators is determined by serum phosphorus and calcium values&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">28&#46;&#160;Parathyroidectomies should be performed if PTH levels are higher than 1000pg&#47;ml in spite of medical treatment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">29&#46;&#160;A simple lateral dorsolumbar x-ray should be performed in all patients who receive a kidney transplant&#44; in order to assess the presence of vertebral fracture and test mineral and bone density&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">30&#46;&#160;PTH and calcidiol should be tested every six months in kidney transplant patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">31&#46;&#160;Kidney transplant patients should be supplemented with vitamin D&#44; as well as the rest of the general population&#44; in order to maintain normal serum calcidiol values&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">32&#46;&#160;Treatment with active vitamin D or vitamin D analogues has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing bone mass loss immediately after transplantation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">33&#46;&#160;The continuous administration of low doses of calcium &#40;500mg&#47;day&#41; and some form of vitamin D is advisable for preserving bone mass in patients with steroid doses higher than 5mg&#47;24h&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">34&#46;&#160;It is advisable for post-transplant hypercalcaemia secondary to persistent hyperparathyroidism to be treated with calcimimetics&#46; If after a period of treatment with calcimimetics they are discontinued and hypercalcaemia reappears&#44; the most appropriate attitude would be to recommence calcimimetic treatment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">35&#46;&#160;Calcimimetic administration should probably be maintained in transplant patients in whom their use was necessary for controlling severe secondary hyperparathyroidism before transplantation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">36&#46;&#160;There is no phosphate binder of choice for treating patients with a kidney transplant and deterioration of renal function who have hyperphosphataemia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statements in which no consensus was reached</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The 18 items not agreed on by consensus can be summarised in the following 9 points&#58;</p><li>Diabetes patients probably require differential criteria in choosing the phosphate binder&#44; but it is not clear what this criteria should be&#46;</li><li>There are serious doubts as to whether patients older than 65 at any stage of chronic kidney disease require similar doses of calcidiol as those under 65 years of age&#46;</li><li>It is not clear whether the administration of native vitamin D along with active vitamin D analogues is fully justified for inhibiting the FGF-23 in the initial stages of CKD&#46;</li><li>It is not clear whether in dialysis patients&#44; whenever vitamin D is used&#44; it should be combined with non-calcium phosphate binders&#46;</li><li>The group&#8217;s responses were not homogeneous for the statement that secondary hyperparathyroidism should start to be treated whenever the level of PTH &#40;pg&#47;ml&#41; is greater than 300&#46;</li><li>There was no agreement with regard to whether paricalcitol or calcimimetic use is appropriate for controlling vascular calcifications whenever PTH levels are controlled&#46;</li><li>There was also uncertainty with regard to whether a PTH level of less than 100 in dialysis patients means that it is necessary to use a low-calcium dialysate&#46;</li><li>With regard to kidney transplant patients&#44; there was no homogeneity on whether it is appropriate to use calcimimetics to control post-transplant hypophosphataemia&#44; avoiding the administration of oral phosphorus&#44; or whether dialysis patients who receive calcimimetics should maintain treatment after renal transplantation&#46; </li><li>No stance was observed on when to discontinue calcimimetics in transplant patients who receive it for controlling hypercalcaemia&#46;</li><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To our knowledge&#44; this is the first study designed to assess the perception of nephrologists&#44; in this case Spanish nephrologists&#44; in the clinical management of CKD-MBD&#46; The study was carried out via the Internet and subsequently in a face-to-face meeting&#44; using the modified Delphi method&#44; which is a reliable remote consensus procedure already used in biomedical research&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> which avoids the difficulties and disadvantages of face-to-face discussion methods&#46; These include travelling&#44; bias of influence and loss of confidentiality&#46; The main advantages offered by the Delphi method are controlled interaction between panellists&#44; the opportunity to reflect and reconsider personal opinions without losing anonymity and statistical validation of the consensus reached&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The Delphi method was developed in the 1950s by scientists of the Rand Corporation as a method for making informed decisions based on expert opinions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8 </span>Since then&#44; it has been used to assess behaviour and decision-making in various sectors&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9-12 </span>and also recently in areas of nephrology&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-19 </span>Despite having undergone some changes&#44; it continues to be a viable approach for compiling expert opinions through a structured iterative process in which a consensus is developed&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This process involves several interactions with participants who&#44; in general&#44; create two or more rounds of responses within a reasonable period of time&#44; in our case two months&#46; The results of first round of answers can be modified in the second round and it is even possible to propose other items based on comments from all participants&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22 </span>Furthermore&#44; the Delphi technique offers a series of specific advantages and this is particularly useful because it avoids obstacles commonly observed in other discussion groups&#44; such as interpersonal influence and time constraints&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22-24</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With this technique&#44; those surveyed do not know the identity of the other panellists and therefore&#44; they are freer&#44; with fewer personal and social limitations&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21 </span>Furthermore&#44; they can complete the questionnaire at their own leisure and not simultaneously with the other participants&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25 </span>The Delphi method has the advantage that various techniques can be employed for its statistical analysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our study&#44; we achieved a high degree of consensus in the first round and observations were made that were very useful for improving or modifying some statements in the second round&#46; At the end of the study&#44; a consensus was achieved in most items considered&#59; in fact&#44; it was higher than 80&#37;&#44; which shows high homogeneity in the management of CKD-MBD disorders by nephrologists&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It is important to underscore that&#44; although some members of the scientific committee in this study and authors of this article participated in the development of the S&#46;E&#46;N&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>and KDIGO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>clinical practice guidelines&#44; what they report in this study does not represent their personal opinion or their interpretation of the 86 statements issued in the survey&#46; Their role was to objectively summarise &#40;without influencing the final result&#41; the consensus reached by the 59 nephrologists surveyed&#44; following the Delphi methodology in relation to what these nephrologists&#44; who are particularly interested in the subject&#44; believe about managing mineral and bone metabolism&#46; These opinions may or may not be consistent with that recommended by the clinical practice guidelines&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3 </span>but they are useful for communicating their degree of agreement&#44; compliance&#44; application and implementation in clinical practice&#46; Therefore&#44; the points of agreement and disagreement are a representation of the real situation and are the basis for the comments and thoughts described below in the discussion of these results&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There was agreement on the low usefulness of serum phosphorus and calcium levels for assessing their metabolism and that as renal function deteriorated there would be an overload of phosphorus and calcium&#46; Nevertheless&#44; at least with phosphorus&#44; the panel considered that phosphate binders should not be used unless serum values of the latter are above the normal range&#46; This widespread opinion of accepting that&#44; despite a potential phosphorus overload there is still not sufficient evidence to start treatment with phosphate binders &#40;statements 1 to 3&#41;&#44; indicates a prudent attitude from nephrologists towards a subject that undoubtedly requires more scientific evidence before we aim for new indications of phosphate binders&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Furthermore&#44; this attitude is consistent with recent results that have sparked controversy and suggest that&#44; although in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease there is a tendency towards phosphorus overload&#44; thanks to the known compensatory phosphaturic mechanisms&#44; mainly through FGF-23 and PTH&#44; there would still not be significant phosphorus overload&#44; but there would be an obvious calcium overload due to the kidney&#8217;s inability to regulate the removal of the latter as renal function decreases&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28 </span>Therefore&#44; in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease&#44; the use of phosphate binders would not be indicated without hyperphosphataemia&#44; and less still if calcium-containing binders were used&#44; given that by avoiding a theoretical overload of phosphorus&#44; we could aggravate rather than improve the situation&#44; exposing patients to an unnecessary overload of calcium&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29 </span>In line with this last concept&#44; we observed the importance&#44; given in the nephrologists&#8217; responses&#44; to calcium overload&#44; an aspect in which there was directly and indirectly agreement and homogeneity &#40;statements 6 to 8 and 13 to 16&#41; in considering it as a determinant of morbidity and mortality&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the two sections related to other very important aspects in the management of CKD-MBD&#44; such as the use of nutritional vitamin D&#44; active forms of vitamin D&#44; calcimimetics and when it would be necessary to replace medical treatment with parathyroidectomy&#44; in general&#44; there were more points of agreement than of disagreement&#44; but there are still many gaps to be filled&#46; Amongst them&#44; due to their involvement in the routine management of patients&#44; it is necessary to highlight the lack of consensus on PTH values that should be used for starting pharmacological treatment and on whether there is justification for combining the use of native vitamin D with active forms of vitamin D&#46; This lack of agreement is not surprising&#44; given that it reflects the uncertainty &#40;due to lack of scientific evidence&#41; in the recommendations of some clinical practice guidelines&#44; such as the 2009 K&#47;DIGO CKD-MBD guidelines&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">By contrast&#44; there was a high degree of agreement in relation to the levels of PTH at which we should consider that there is therapeutic failure and perform a parathyroidectomy&#46; The figure considered as the threshold was 1000pg&#47;ml&#46; This is consistent with that recently published by the COSMOS study&#44; in which it was observed that Mediterranean countries consider this level to be the most appropriate&#44; while Scandinavian countries would perform surgery with lower PTH levels of around 700pg&#47;ml&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30 </span>If we take into account the 2009 K&#47;DIGO CKD-MBD recommendations and the recent preliminary results of the COSMOS study &#40;consistent with previous studies&#41;&#44; presented by the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31 </span>on what PTH values should be considered acceptable&#44; serum PTH of 700pg&#47;ml would be a low value for indicating parathyroidectomy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Lastly&#44; there were also points of agreement and disagreement in relation to CKD-MBD&#44; renal transplantation and calcimimetics&#46; There was a consensus on the need for post-transplant calcimimetics to be related to the severity of pre-transplant hyperparathyroidism&#44; but not on the need for it in the management of post renal transplantation hypophosphataemia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To summarise&#44; we believe that the information obtained through the Delphi consensus is practically useful&#44; given that it describes the current situation of CKD-MBD in Spain and we have an insight into the thoughts and likely actions of Spanish nephrologists who are most closely related to the area of mineral and bone metabolism in the regular management of patients&#46; As can be observed in the responses&#44; this is not always consistent with that recommended by the guidelines&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3 </span>but it does not necessarily represent inadequate clinical practice&#46; In some cases&#44; it probably does&#44; but in others&#44; it may be a basis for reconsidering some of the recommendations and&#44; therefore&#44; there is a need to regularly revise the guidelines with the objective of improving them and updating them in accordance with the new evidence available&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">However&#44; it is necessary to recognise that the consensus reached is in the context of a very specific setting and&#44; as such&#44; it has various limitations&#46; Amongst them&#44; we must highlight that it was restricted only to our country and to the group surveyed &#40;empirically classified a priori as experts&#41;&#44; due to their special interest in the subject&#44; but who do not represent the overall opinion of nephrologists or of many others who did not participate because of their lesser relationship with this subject&#44; but who also participate in the management of CKD-MBD disorders&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Accepting the study&#8217;s limitations&#44; we considered that the items in which there was a consensus reinforce some CKD-MBD concepts with their impact on daily clinical practice and allow the degree of homogeneity that we could expect in this area to be assessed&#46; As already mentioned&#44; the items in which there was not a consensus help us to know the areas of uncertainty and are very useful for specifying in which aspects there is a greater need for further understanding and for carrying out prospective studies that allow the management of CKD-MBD disorders to be improved&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Acknowledgements</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study was possible thanks to the logistical support of Shire Pharmaceutical Ib&#233;rica and the backing of the Spanish Society of Nephrology&#46; The technical team responsible for implementing the method and statistical analysis was&#160;Luzan 5&#46;&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the contents of this article&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ADDENDUM</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Scientific committee</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jorge Cannata &#40;Coordinator&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Central de Oviedo</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jordi Bover&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Fundaci&#243;n Puigvert&#46; Barcelona</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Secundino Cigarr&#225;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital da Costa Burela</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Elvira Fern&#225;ndez</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Arnau de Vilanova&#46; L&#233;rida<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Emilio Gonz&#225;lez Parra</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Fundaci&#243;n Jim&#233;nez D&#237;az&#46; Madrid</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">V&#237;ctor Lorenzo</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario de Canarias&#46; La Laguna&#46; Tenerife</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Isabel Mart&#237;nez</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Galdakano<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Juan Navarro</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital La Candelaria&#46; Tenerife</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mariano Rodr&#237;guez</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario Reina Sof&#237;a&#46; C&#243;rdoba</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jose-Vicente Torregrosa</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Clinic&#46; Barcelona</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Expert panel</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco Jos&#233; Ahijado Hormigos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Virgen de la Salud</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jaume Almirall</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Parc Taul&#237; Sabadell<span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael Alonso Valente</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#46;&#170; Luisa Amoedo Rivera</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital General de Elche</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Francisco Jos&#233; Ariza Fuentes</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Centro de Di&#225;lisis Fresenius Cabra &#40;C&#243;rdoba&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Eduardo Baamonde Laborda&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Centro Di&#225;lisis Avericum</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Guillermina Barril&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de la Princesa</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sergio Bea</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital La Fe</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Josep Calpe </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Diaverum Rotellar</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antonio Crespo Navarro </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Fresenius Gandia</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Alfonso Cubas&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Getafe</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antonio de Paula&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario R&#237;o Ortega</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patricia de Sequera Ortiz</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Infanta Leonor</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rodrigo Delgado Zamora&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital V&#237;rgen del Roc&#237;o</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gloria Del Peso&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de la Paz de Madrid</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael D&#237;az-Tejeiro Izquierdo&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Virgen de la Salud</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Amparo Fern&#225;ndez- </span>F</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">resenius Rambla marina</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Adreu Foraster-&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Diaverum Baix Llobregat</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antonio Gal&#225;n&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital General Universitario Valencia</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">C&#233;sar Garc&#237;a Cant&#243;n&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Insular de las Palmas</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gorka Garc&#237;a Erauzquin&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Cruces&#46; Bilbao&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sagrario Garc&#237;a Rebollo</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario de Canarias</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Remedios Garofanos L&#243;pez&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Torrecardenas</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jos&#233; Manuel Gil Junquero</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital General Ciudad de Ja&#233;n</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Valencia</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Enrique Gruss&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Alcorc&#243;n</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jos&#233; Antonio Herrero Calvo&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Cl&#237;nico de San Carlos</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#46;&#170; Victoria Hidalgo Barquero&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Zafra</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Emma Huarte&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital San Pedro&#46; Logro&#241;o</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mar&#237;a Jes&#250;s Izquierdo&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Complejo Asistencial&#46; Universitario de Burgos</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jos&#233; Lacueva </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Alcer Liria<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Luz Lozano&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Fuenlabrada</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Joaqu&#237;n Manrique&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rosario Moreno L&#243;pez </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">H&#46; Militar Zaragoza</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#46;&#170; Antonia Munar </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Son Espasses Mallorca</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Agust&#237;n Ortega </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Asyter Albacete</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Magdalena Palomares Bayo&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Carlos Haya</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mar&#237;a Parall&#233; Alcalde&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">CMD Montequinto</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jes&#250;s P&#233;rez </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">H&#46; Miguel Servet</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Miguel P&#233;rez Font&#225;n&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coru&#241;a</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Celestino Pi&#241;era </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario Marqu&#233;s de Valdecilla &#40;Santander&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jos&#233; Luis Pizarro</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Centro de Di&#225;lisis Diaverum M&#225;laga</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Dolores Prados Garrido&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital San Cecilio</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mario Prieto </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Le&#243;n &#40;Le&#243;n&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Constantino Fern&#225;ndez Rivera&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coru&#241;a</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Minerva Rodr&#237;guez Garc&#237;a </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias &#40;Oviedo&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Esther Romero Ram&#237;rez</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Virgen de las Nieves</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Emilio S&#225;nchez&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias &#40;Oviedo&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Dolores S&#225;nchez de la Nieta Garc&#237;a&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital General de Ciudad Real</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Olga S&#225;nchez Garc&#237;a&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital San Pedro de Alc&#225;ntara</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ram&#243;n Saracho&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Santiago&#46; Vitoria</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Rafael Selgas&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de la Paz</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Jordi Soler </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Fresenius Reus</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Daniel Tor&#225;n Montserrat&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital General de Jer&#233;z</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fernando Tornero Molina</span>&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital de Arganda</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mart&#237; Vall&#233;s </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Josep Trueta Girona</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nicanor Vega D&#237;az&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Doctor Negr&#237;n</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Borja Zalduendo&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospital Donostia</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;12280&#95;16025&#95;56452&#95;en&#95;t15&#46;12280&#95;04&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="12280_16025_56452_en_t15.12280_04.jpg" alt="Statistical results for the 86 statements&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Statistical results for the 86 statements&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;12280&#95;16025&#95;56453&#95;en&#95;f15&#46;12280&#95;04&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="12280_16025_56453_en_f15.12280_04.jpg" alt="Delphi method flowchart&#46; Study development diagram&#46;"></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Delphi method flowchart&#46; Study development diagram&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">El presente estudio fue dise&#241;ado para evaluar la percepci&#243;n actual de los nefr&#243;logos espa&#241;oles en el manejo cl&#237;nico de las alteraciones del metabolismo &#243;seo y mineral en la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;CKD-MBD&#41;&#46; Para ello se emple&#243; un procedimiento semiestructurado de consenso profesional a distancia&#44; por correo electr&#243;nico &#40;m&#233;todo Delphi modificado&#41;&#44; a un panel representativo del colectivo nefrol&#243;gico&#44; bajo la direcci&#243;n de un comit&#233; coordinador&#46; Para analizar la opini&#243;n grupal y el tipo de consenso alcanzado sobre cada cuesti&#243;n planteada&#44; se emple&#243; la posici&#243;n de la mediana de puntuaciones del grupo y el &#171;nivel de concordancia&#187;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> </span>alcanzado por los encuestados&#46; Sobre un total de 86 cuestiones se logr&#243; un consenso en acuerdo y desacuerdo en 70 &#40;81&#44;4&#160;&#37;&#41;&#44; de los cuales un 60&#44;5&#160;&#37; &#40;52 &#237;tems&#41; lo fueron en t&#233;rminos de acuerdo con la aseveraci&#243;n y un 20&#44;9&#160;&#37; &#40;18 &#237;tems&#41; en desacuerdo&#46; En 16 &#237;tems &#40;18&#44;6&#160;&#37;&#41; no se consigui&#243; suficiente unanimidad de criterio en el panel&#44; bien por disparidad de opini&#243;n profesional&#44; bien por falta de criterio establecido en una mayor&#237;a del comit&#233; de expertos&#46; Aceptando las limitaciones del estudio&#44; consideramos que los &#237;tems en los que hubo consenso refuerzan algunos conceptos de CKD-MBD con su repercusi&#243;n en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria y permiten valorar el grado de homogeneidad que podr&#237;amos esperar en esta &#225;rea&#46; Los &#237;tems en los que no hubo consenso nos ayudan a conocer las &#225;reas de incertidumbre y resultan de gran utilidad para precisar en qu&#233; aspectos existe una mayor necesidad de profundizaci&#243;n y de emprender estudios prospectivos que permitan mejorar el manejo de estas alteraciones&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Abstract</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">This study was designed to assess the current perception of Spanish nephrologists in the clinical management of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD-MBD&#41;&#46; As such&#44; we used a semi-structured distance professional consensus procedure via e-mail &#40;modified Delphi method&#41; on a representative nephrologist panel&#44; under the direction of a coordinating committee&#46; To analyse the group&#8217;s opinion and the type of consensus reached on each issue raised&#44; we used the median of the group&#8217;s scores and the &#8220;level of agreement&#8221; reached by those surveyed&#46; On a total of 86 issues&#44; a consensus agreement and disagreement was achieved in 70 &#40;81&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; of which 60&#46;5&#37; &#40;52 items&#41; agreed with the statement and 20&#46;9&#37; &#40;18 items&#41; disagreed&#46; In 16 items &#40;18&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; there was insufficient unanimity in the panel&#8217;s opinion&#44; either due to professional opinion disparity or due to the lack of opinion established in the majority of the expert committee&#46; Accepting the study&#8217;s limitations&#44; we considered that the items for which there was a consensus reinforce some CKD-MBD concepts with their impact on daily clinical practice and allow the degree of homogeneity that we could expect in this area to be assessed&#46; The items in which there was no consensus help us to know the areas of uncertainty and are very useful for clarifying which aspects have a greater need for further knowledge and which areas require prospective studies to be conducted to improve the management of these disorders&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English

DOI:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2014.Jan.12280

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	6	9
2024 October	56	44	100
2024 September	73	28	101
2024 August	70	59	129
2024 July	53	28	81
2024 June	67	40	107
2024 May	74	40	114
2024 April	69	41	110
2024 March	46	19	65
2024 February	52	31	83
2024 January	46	24	70
2023 December	41	28	69
2023 November	55	31	86
2023 October	47	35	82
2023 September	58	37	95
2023 August	61	18	79
2023 July	57	36	93
2023 June	46	24	70
2023 May	53	41	94
2023 April	36	21	57
2023 March	48	29	77
2023 February	30	17	47
2023 January	44	28	72
2022 December	60	38	98
2022 November	66	36	102
2022 October	62	54	116
2022 September	47	44	91
2022 August	47	51	98
2022 July	46	42	88
2022 June	33	34	67
2022 May	55	34	89
2022 April	41	48	89
2022 March	43	57	100
2022 February	47	43	90
2022 January	69	33	102
2021 December	104	45	149
2021 November	48	46	94
2021 October	90	44	134
2021 September	91	59	150
2021 August	69	42	111
2021 July	64	39	103
2021 June	57	28	85
2021 May	63	35	98
2021 April	85	91	176
2021 March	77	35	112
2021 February	44	18	62
2021 January	39	19	58
2020 December	55	41	96
2020 November	50	22	72
2020 October	28	22	50
2020 September	23	12	35
2020 August	46	15	61
2020 July	51	13	64
2020 June	38	22	60
2020 May	47	15	62
2020 April	43	21	64
2020 March	32	12	44
2020 February	50	20	70
2020 January	54	15	69
2019 December	69	19	88
2019 November	38	18	56
2019 October	27	14	41
2019 September	40	13	53
2019 August	51	14	65
2019 July	40	26	66
2019 June	63	25	88
2019 May	50	22	72
2019 April	57	41	98
2019 March	54	29	83
2019 February	61	19	80
2019 January	46	28	74
2018 December	139	59	198
2018 November	144	22	166
2018 October	95	21	116
2018 September	128	27	155
2018 August	112	18	130
2018 July	90	22	112
2018 June	89	33	122
2018 May	111	18	129
2018 April	115	22	137
2018 March	88	16	104
2018 February	88	13	101
2018 January	68	8	76
2017 December	96	12	108
2017 November	84	16	100
2017 October	71	9	80
2017 September	91	17	108
2017 August	92	13	105
2017 July	102	16	118
2017 June	120	8	128
2017 May	123	19	142
2017 April	122	16	138
2017 March	99	17	116
2017 February	160	12	172
2017 January	82	16	98
2016 December	117	6	123
2016 November	141	12	153
2016 October	189	13	202
2016 September	369	11	380
2016 August	512	7	519
2016 July	338	13	351
2016 June	185	0	185
2016 May	202	0	202
2016 April	181	0	181
2016 March	174	0	174
2016 February	178	0	178
2016 January	179	0	179
2015 December	163	0	163
2015 November	128	0	128
2015 October	148	0	148
2015 September	128	0	128
2015 August	83	0	83
2015 July	169	0	169
2015 June	77	0	77
2015 May	78	0	78
2015 April	12	0	12

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