Recurrent haemodialysis vascular access thrombosis in a patient with factor V Leiden
Trombosis recurrente de acceso vascular para hemodiálisis en paciente con factor V Leiden
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The femoral vein allows rapid access in patients without vascular access who require haemodialysis. The main complications of femoral catheterisation are infection and catheter dysfunction, but it may also result in severe haemorrhage<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> or femoral vein thrombosis.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The role played by inherited thrombophilia in haemodialysis vascular access thrombosis (VAT) is a debatable issue.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We report the case of a 51-year-old male on haemodialysis due to chronic renal failure secondary to obstructive lithiasic nephropathy with recurrent thrombosis of arteriovenous fistula and femoral vein, homozygous for factor V Leiden variant. Personal history: high blood pressure, gout and a previous episode of VAT: left humerocephalic fistula, which was functional for twelve months. No family history of thrombosis. The patient was admitted after another thrombosis of a right humerus median fistula, which lasted for four months. A temporary right femoral catheter was introduced without any immediate complications and haemodialysis was performed; five days later the catheter was removed due to dysfunction and the left femoral vein was cannulated. The patient complained of pain in his right thigh, which had increased in diameter. The echo-Doppler of right femoral vessels showed thrombosis of the right common femoral vein and the proximal segment of the deep femoral vein, without images suggestive of fistula or aneurysm; the CT angiogram of the thorax ruled out pulmonary thromboembolism. The patient was treated with enoxaparin and subsequently with acenocoumarol. A left humerobasilic arteriovenous fistula was performed and it continues to be functional after two years.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The study of thrombophilia prior to the start of anticoagulation therapy showed a pathological value of activated protein C resistance of 1.29 (normal:>2.1), the genetic study revealed that the patient was homozygous for factor V Leiden variant; anti-cardiolipin antibodies, antiβ2 glycoprotein I antibodies, antithrombin III, protein C, free protein S, homocysteine, lupus anticoagulant and prothrombin gene (G20210A mutation) normal/negative; no thrombocytopenia was observed.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Resistance to activated protein C is the most common cause of inherited thrombophilia in the general population and a major risk factor for venous thrombosis. Activated protein C resistance of genetic origin is usually due to a missense factor V (factor V Leiden) mutation, which causes the adenine nucleotide to be replaced by guanine at gene position 1691; in the peptide chain, this modification results in the replacement of the amino acid arginine 506 by glutamine. This mutation, which is transmitted in an autosomal dominant way with incomplete penetrance, makes factor V resistant to inhibition by activated protein C, which makes more factor available and increases coagulability.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The role of factor V Leiden as a cause of VAT in haemodialysis is a subject of debate. Födinger et al.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> studied 152 haemodialysis patients, of which 7 were heterozygous for the factor V Leiden; they did not find a higher incidence of unexplained thrombosis in these cases, although they did not rule out the possibility of homozygosity being a risk factor for VAT. Knoll et al.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> in a case-control study did find an increased risk of VAT in heterozygous individuals for the factor V</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This patient also developed femoral thrombosis after the placement of a catheter. It was considered that the femoral catheterisation had a higher incidence of thrombosis than the jugular, but a recent study shows that the incidence is similar.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In this case, the thromboses appeared after starting dialysis. Therefore, it seems that the factor V Leiden acted as a risk factor in combination with other thrombogenic causes: hypercoagulability secondary to renal failure, vascular damage, stasis.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> In conclusion, in dialysis patients with repeated VAT, the presence of inherited thrombophilia should be ruled out, in order to prevent subsequent thrombotic vascular access events.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the contents of this article.</p>" "pdfFichero" => "P1-E557-S4311-A11662-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Sirvent AE, Enríquez R, Millán I, García-Marco JM, Rodríguez-Czaplicki E, Redondo-Pachón MD, et al. 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Factor V Leiden: how great is the risk of venous thromboembolism? Cleve Clin J Med 2012;79:265-72. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473726" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Födinger M, Mannhalter C, Pabinger I, Koizar D, Rintelen C, Hörl WH, et al. Resistance to activated protein C (APC): mutation at Arg506 of coagulation factor V and vascular access thrombosis in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11:668-72. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8671856" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Knoll GA, Wells PS, Young D, Perkins SL, Pilkey RM, Clinch JJ, et al. Thrombophilia and the risk for hemodialysis vascular access thrombosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1108-14. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728780" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Parienti JJ, Thirion M, Mégarbane B, Souweine B, Ouchikhe A, Polito A, et al. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. 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| 2019 March | 40 | 22 | 62 |
| 2019 February | 33 | 27 | 60 |
| 2019 January | 33 | 16 | 49 |
| 2018 December | 71 | 38 | 109 |
| 2018 November | 73 | 18 | 91 |
| 2018 October | 83 | 10 | 93 |
| 2018 September | 60 | 16 | 76 |
| 2018 August | 50 | 13 | 63 |
| 2018 July | 43 | 14 | 57 |
| 2018 June | 41 | 10 | 51 |
| 2018 May | 37 | 14 | 51 |
| 2018 April | 68 | 7 | 75 |
| 2018 March | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2018 February | 47 | 4 | 51 |
| 2018 January | 40 | 14 | 54 |
| 2017 December | 58 | 12 | 70 |
| 2017 November | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2017 October | 37 | 7 | 44 |
| 2017 September | 35 | 9 | 44 |
| 2017 August | 46 | 17 | 63 |
| 2017 July | 38 | 9 | 47 |
| 2017 June | 33 | 9 | 42 |
| 2017 May | 37 | 18 | 55 |
| 2017 April | 26 | 18 | 44 |
| 2017 March | 33 | 24 | 57 |
| 2017 February | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2017 January | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2016 December | 58 | 7 | 65 |
| 2016 November | 69 | 5 | 74 |
| 2016 October | 85 | 10 | 95 |
| 2016 September | 105 | 2 | 107 |
| 2016 August | 210 | 10 | 220 |
| 2016 July | 255 | 9 | 264 |
| 2016 June | 155 | 0 | 155 |
| 2016 May | 146 | 0 | 146 |
| 2016 April | 111 | 0 | 111 |
| 2016 March | 77 | 0 | 77 |
| 2016 February | 72 | 0 | 72 |
| 2016 January | 85 | 0 | 85 |
| 2015 December | 118 | 0 | 118 |
| 2015 November | 80 | 0 | 80 |
| 2015 October | 70 | 0 | 70 |
| 2015 September | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| 2015 August | 75 | 0 | 75 |
| 2015 July | 58 | 0 | 58 |
| 2015 June | 40 | 0 | 40 |
| 2015 May | 55 | 0 | 55 |
| 2015 April | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Show all
