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    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Estudio epidemiol&#243;gico de 7316 pacientes en hemodi&#225;lisis tratados en las cl&#237;nicas FME de Espa&#241;a&#44; con los datos obtenidos mediante la base de datos EuCliD&#174;&#58; resultados de los a&#241;os 2009-2010"
      ]
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Life expectancy of chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; is very short compared to the general populations&#8217;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3 </span>In the last few years&#44; despite the technical advances in HD&#44; survival rates have not improved&#46; The cause is that age and comorbidity of these patients is increasing&#46; On the other hand&#44; there are notable differences in morbidity and mortality among countries&#46; Thus&#44; even when adjusted for age and comorbidity&#44; mortality is higher in the U&#46;S&#46; than in Europe&#59; in Japan it is still lower&#46; Therefore&#44; it should be interesting to compare the epidemiology of this population and the treatment methods among the different countries&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup"> </span>Great prospective observational studies&#44; like the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study &#40;DOPPS&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> and the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> have provided numerous data and valuable information about which clinical HD practices show the best results&#46; In Europe&#44; there are also many epidemiological prospective studies that describe the incident HD population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-12</span> In Spain&#44; we have the ANSWER study&#44; carried out in 2341 HD incident patients during 2003 and 2004&#46;13-15</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The methodology used in the studies is fundamental when it comes to evaluating the validity of the findings and extrapolating the results to other populations&#46; Records that require data to be collected online and that are mandatory are of great value&#46; In general&#44; prospective studies in incident patients are easier to interpret than those carried out with prevalent cohorts of patients&#46; The sample population is another important factor&#46; Studies that collect data from all the population&#44; as opposed to a sample&#44; avoid the inherent disadvantages of the sampling technique&#46; The EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database&#44; implemented in the Fresenius Medical Care in Spain &#40;FME&#41; fulfils all of these requirements&#58; mandatory online registry and includes all the HD population on their clinics&#46; The EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database has given rise to many publications with these characteristics&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16-21</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The main objective of this observational study of dialysed patients on the FME clinics is to understand the clinic&#39;s characteristics and treatment methods&#44; comparing them with other studies from the literature and in order to improve patients&#8217; prognosis and quality of life&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Observational descriptive study on HD patients in FME clinics in 2009 and 2010&#46; Among the epidemiological data described are&#58; demographic characteristics&#44; personal and comorbidity history&#44; dialysis and vascular access characteristics&#44; laboratory data&#44; medication received and data on patients&#39; evolution during follow up &#40;see list of variables of interest&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patient selection</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We included all patients with chronic kidney disease on a HD programme from all FME clinics&#46; We put together all incident and prevalent patients during 2009 and 2010 that were registered on the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database&#46; Prevalent patients have been defined as the ones registered as of 1 January&#44; 2009 who had been on HD more than three months&#46; Incident patients are defined as patients that started HD in a FME clinic since October 2008 and that have been followed up for at least 3 months&#46; We have accounted for all causes of loss of follow up&#44; including functioning kidney transplant&#44; transfer to another technique &#40;peritoneal dialysis &#91;PD&#93;&#41;&#44; transfer to another facility&#44; death &#40;both patients who died while under the responsibility of the dialysis centre&#44; those who died during hospitalisation or those who were transferred and died in three months&#41; and other losses of follow up</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our database was created from the data of patients included in EuClid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Eu</span>ropean <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cli</span>nical <span class="elsevierStyleBold">D</span>atabase of Fresenius Medical Care&#41;&#46; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is an information tool developed to monitor the treatment of patients in Fresenius clinics in Europe&#44; the Middle East&#44; Africa and Latin-America&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span> All patients whose data are included on EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> sign the appropriate consent form&#46; The database complies with the regulations for information protection&#46; Data on dialysis treatment &#40;HD and PD&#41; including medication during treatment and at home&#44; as well as incident and comorbidities&#44; are registered prospectively&#46; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is based on two main databases&#58; the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> tables and the database itself&#46; The tables contain extensive information that includes&#44; for example&#44; the codification of diseases ICD 10 &#40;International Classification of Diseases&#41; from the World Health Organisation&#44; the ATC code &#40;Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System&#41; for treatment with medication&#44; its own codes for diagnostic trials&#44; laboratory trials and consumables used&#46; The tables are similar in all the centres that use EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> regardless of the country&#46; Besides the tables&#44; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> includes the database itself&#44; which gives it great value&#46; It contains patients&#39; demographics&#44; history&#44; physical examination&#44; comorbidities&#44; laboratory data and tests&#44; treatment medication and dialysis&#44; treatment follow up&#44; inputs and outputs for different reasons &#40;hospitalisation&#44; transplantation&#44; recovery of renal function&#44; death&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and their causes&#46; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is based on a Lotus Domino server and Notes Client Platform&#44; a computer program recognised worldwide for its ability to store great volumes of information&#46; Access to EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; properly protected&#44; takes place online and allows us to design different levels of access to information according to the user&#8217;s profile&#46; This database has been used for previous epidemiological studies&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16-23</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">All patients included in the EuClid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> registry are required to sign a consent form for the utilisation of their information in compliance with the Agency for Data Protection regulations&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Number of centres with patients included&#44; total number of studied patients&#44; incident patients and prevalent patients&#46; Epidemiological characteristics &#40;incident and prevalent patients&#41;&#58; start date of dialysis in FME centre&#44; age at the start of dialysis&#44; sex&#44; aetiology of renal disease according to ICD 10&#44; accompanying diseases according to ICD 10&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#40;first available during this time&#41;&#44; weight and height &#40;first available during this time&#41; and time on dialysis&#46; With respect to dialysis &#40;incident and prevalent patients&#41;&#58; type of vascular access &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; native arteriovenous fistula &#40;AVF&#41;&#44; arteriovenous fistula prosthesis &#40;graft&#41;&#44; permanent catheter &#40;tunnelled&#41; and temporary catheter &#40;not tunnelled&#41;&#46; Dialysis characteristics &#40;6 months average&#41;&#58; blood flow &#40;ml&#47;min&#41;&#44; session duration &#40;minutes&#41;&#44; session frequency&#44; dialysis technique&#58; HD or post dilution on-line haemodialfiltration &#40;OL-HDF&#41;&#44; dialysis dose calculated according to eKt&#47;V &#40;applying Daugirdas 2nd generation formula and applying his correction for the urea rebound&#41;&#46; Analytical data &#40;incident and prevalent patients&#44; average of 6 months&#41;&#58; haemoglobin &#40;Hb&#41;&#44; transferrin saturation index&#44; ferritin&#44; total calcium&#44; phosphorus &#40;P&#41;&#44; parathyroid hormone&#44; C-reactive protein&#44; albumin and total cholesterol&#46; Treatments&#58; incident and prevalent patients &#40;at some point in evolution&#41;&#58; erythropoiesis-stimulating agents &#40;ESAs&#41;&#44; insulin&#44; oral antidiabetics&#44; antihypertensive drugs&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACEIs&#41;&#44; statins&#44; phosphate binders&#44; oral vitamin D &#40;calcitriol&#44; paricalcitol&#44; vitamin D native&#41;&#44; cinacalcet&#46; Progression data&#58; incident and prevalent patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We recorded the following as date of patient termination in the study&#58; death&#44; transplant&#44; transfer&#44; treatment interruption&#44; other losses of follow up or study closing failing&#46; Follow-up time&#58; the time from the start of tracking prevalence or incidence to date of termination&#46; We considered as death all patients who died while under the responsibility of the dialysis centre&#44; or during hospitalisation or those who were transferred and died within three months&#46; Causes of death&#58; cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;&#44; sudden death or at home&#44; infectious&#44; and tumours among others&#46; Hospitalisation&#58; inpatient percentage per year&#44; duration of hospitalisation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Method for calculating mortality rate&#58; the mortality rate was calculated for the years 2009 and 2010 by means of a proportion&#44; as used in the records of Andalusia&#44; Asturias&#44; Catalonia and the Basque Country &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; We have also calculated it using a ratio&#44; as in the records of Castilla y Le&#243;n and Valencia &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; it was also calculated as a density index of mortality&#44; just as it is done in the Canary Islands &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; In the latter case&#44; the periods were 2009 and 2010&#46; This methodology is used by the Spanish Registry of Dialysis and Transplantation &#40;GRER&#41; for data processing of the Annual mortality registry&#44; although the methodology is different&#44; the results are comparable&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statistics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Qualitative variables are shown as percentages and quantitative variables as mean &#40;and standard deviation&#41;&#46; For comparison of qualitative variables&#44; &#967;2 test was used&#46; Values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> &#60;&#46;05 were considered to be statistically significant&#46; The analysis was performed using SPSS software version 19 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; Chicago IL&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Population Characteristics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Population is composed of 2637 incident patients and 4679 prevalent patients&#59; which makes a total of 7316 patients included in this study&#46; 62&#46;7&#37; are male and 37&#46;3&#37; female&#46; This male dominance is greater in the incident patients&#44; 64&#46;4&#37;&#44; than in the prevalent population&#44; 61&#46;7&#37;&#46; The mean age is 64 &#40;15&#46;1&#41; years&#46; It is slightly higher in incident patients &#40;65 &#91;15&#46;4&#93; years&#41; than in prevalent patients &#40;63&#46;5 &#91;14&#46;9&#93; years&#41;&#46; Women were slightly older than men in both the incident and the prevalent patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;021&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In incident patients &#40;2637&#41; the cause of chronic renal disease was&#58; diabetes 22&#46;9&#37;&#44; vascular nephropathy 13&#46;9&#37;&#44; glomerulonephritis 11&#37;&#44; chronic interstitial nephropathy 9&#46;8&#37;&#44; hereditary nephropathy 8&#46;4&#37; and 4&#37; other causes&#46; In 30&#37; of cases&#44; the cause was not specified or known&#46; In prevalent patients &#40;4679&#41;&#44; the cause of chronic kidney disease was&#58; diabetes 17&#46;2&#37;&#44; vascular nephropathy 12&#46;5&#37;&#44; glomerulonephritis 11&#37;&#44; chronic interstitial nephropathy 11&#37;&#44; hereditary nephropathy 8&#37; and 4&#46;5&#37; other causes&#46; In 35&#46;8 &#37; of cases&#44; the cause was not specified or known&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Incident patients&#39; &#40;2637&#41; BMI was 26&#46;8 &#40;6&#46;4&#41; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and in prevalent patients &#40;4679&#41; it was 26&#46;3 &#40;5&#46;3&#41; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Among prevalent patients &#40;4679&#41;&#44; 24&#46;4&#37; had diabetes&#44; 76&#46;3&#37; had a history of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41; and 13&#46;4&#37; cancer&#46; At any point during the study&#44; 33&#46;5&#37; of incident patients had diabetes&#59; 80&#46;6&#37; had presented CVD and 12&#46;6&#37; cancer&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Characteristics of dialysis and vascular access</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">59&#46;2&#37; of incident patients had an AVF&#44; 1&#46;8&#37; graft&#44; 32&#46;1&#37; had a permanent catheter and 6&#46;9&#37; a temporary catheter&#46; Among prevalent patients&#44; the percentages were&#58; 68&#46;5&#37; AVF&#44; graft 5&#46;6&#37;&#44; 23&#46;7&#37; permanent catheter and temporary catheter 2&#46;3&#37;&#46; Differences between both groups were statistically significant with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value &#60;&#46;001&#46; Table 1 lists some features of HD&#46; 23&#46;2&#37; of prevalent patients and 9&#46;6&#37; of incident patients are treated with OL-HDF&#46; The average value of calcium in dialysate was 1&#46;39 &#40;0&#46;13&#41; mmol&#47;l&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Analytical controls and treatments received</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2 displays the distribution of patients according to their Hb level&#44; bone mineral metabolism parameters and other biochemical data&#46; Table 3 registers the percentage of patients on treatment with&#58; ESA&#44; statins&#44; ACE inhibitors&#44; other antihypertensives&#44; insulin&#44; oral antidiabetics&#44; oral vitamin D&#44; phosphorus binders and cinacalcet&#46; The difference in the use of treatment whether it was incident or prevalent patients were statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001 in the case of statins and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001in the rest of cases&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mortality and morbidity</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">On 2009&#44; 523 incident patients were admitted to hospital at least once&#44; and in 2010&#44; 690 patients were admitted&#46; In total&#44; during both years&#44; 46&#37; of incident patients were admitted to the hospital&#59; among prevalent patients&#44; 2403 were admitted during the two-year studied period &#40;52&#46;2&#37; &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#93;&#46; The average number of hospitalisation days was 10&#46;7 for incident patients and 11&#46;5 for prevalent patients&#46; Together&#44; the average &#40;7316&#41; was 11&#46;2 hospitalisation days&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">During the two years studied&#44; 990 prevalent patients and 248 incident patient passed away&#59; in total&#44; 1238 out of 7316 patients died&#46; Among incident patients&#44; the causes of death were&#58; 29&#46;6&#37; CV&#44; sudden death or unknown cause 19&#46;3&#37;&#44; 9&#46;4&#37; infectious&#44; 7&#46;6&#37; cancer&#46; Among prevalent patients&#44; causes of death were&#58; 30&#46;5&#37; CV&#44; sudden death or unknown cause 24&#46;9&#37;&#44; 6&#46;1&#37; infectious&#44; 5&#46;2&#37; cancer&#46; An annual 4&#46;2&#37; of patients discontinued treatment&#58; 14 patients in 2009 and 26 in 2010 changed to PD technique&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mortality rates obtained through the formulae used by the GRER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> give the following results&#58; F1&#44; F2&#44; F3 2009 &#40;10&#46;8 &#37;&#44; 12&#46;2 &#37;&#44; 11&#46;9 &#37;&#41; respectively&#59; F1&#44; F2&#44; F3 2010 &#40;11&#46;6 &#37;&#44; 13&#46;1 &#37;&#44; 11&#46;9 &#37;&#41; respectively &#40;Table 4&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; these differences are maintained in the stratification by age group for both periods &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">During the controlled period&#44; 179 incident patients &#40;6&#46;8&#37;&#41; and 478 prevalent patients &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41; received a transplant&#46; The annual average of transplants was 4&#46;5&#37;&#46; 4&#46;2&#37; of patients per year were transferred&#44; 22 patients were lost for follow up due to unknown reasons and treatment was discontinued in 20 patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In 2009&#44; the 4679 prevalent patients on HD who were recruited in this study represent 20&#46;2&#37; of prevalent patients on HD in Spain&#46; That year&#44; Spain had 1039&#46;4 prevalent patients on renal replacement therapy per million population&#44; 47&#46;67&#37; of which were on HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> In 2010&#44; the prevalent patients included in this study accounted for 22&#46;8&#37; of the population on HD in Spain&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> They represent&#44; therefore&#44; a large sample of the total population&#46; At the same time&#44; it is a peculiar sample because they belong to outpatient HD centres&#44; while the general population includes both hospital and outpatient units&#46; HD patients treated on HD hospital centres would represent 41&#46;67&#37; &#40;source&#58; Annual Market&#38;Competitor Survey FME 2011&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With respect to HD incident patients&#44; those recruited during 2009 in this study represent 25&#46;8&#37; of the total population and 21&#37; of it during 2010&#46; These percentages are similar to those of the prevalent patient population&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">How are the patients in our study similar or different to the rest of patients in Spain&#63; How are they with respect to age&#44; gender&#44; and comorbidity&#63;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We can suppose that&#44; since they belong to outpatient services&#44; they would be younger and with less comorbidity&#46; However&#44; their mean age is 64 years old in the prevalent patients and 65 in the incident patients in this study&#44; which is similar to that of other studies in Spain&#58; 65&#46;2 years in the ANSWER study&#44; 62 years in the study referred by the Nephrology Department of the Hospital Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n in Madrid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#44; 61&#46;5 years for incident patients and 66&#46;1 for prevalent patients in the SEN Quality Group Revision&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> These studies include in-patient and outpatient HD patients&#46; In the ARO study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#44; which includes several European countries&#44; including Spain&#44; the mean age is 65&#44; though it varies by country&#46; It is a shame that the GRER does not provide this data with a concrete number&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The relation between men and women is 1&#46;7 among prevalent patients and 1&#46;8 among the incident patients&#46; This ratio is equal to the ANSWER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> study &#40;1&#46;7&#41; which included hospitalised patients&#44; and GRER&#39;s 2006 ratio of 1&#46;74&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span> This predominance of men appears also&#44; though less marked&#44; in France &#40;1&#46;43&#41;&#44; Italy &#40;1&#46;45&#41; and Portugal &#40;1&#46;48&#41;&#44; while not in countries like the Czech Republic &#40;0&#46;98&#41; or Hungary &#40;0&#46;97&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> Male dominance may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk and mortality&#44; although in some studies females have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death in HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;30</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The two leading causes of renal failure and starting of dialysis of this study patients are diabetes&#44; 22&#46;9&#37;&#44; and vascular causes&#44; 13&#46;9&#37;&#46; In the GRER data from 2009&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> these percentages are 21&#46;5&#37; and 13&#46;9&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; In 2010 they accounted for 24&#46;7&#37; and 14&#46;2&#37;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">If&#44; among prevalent patients&#44; those with diabetes in the GRER represent 14&#46;3&#37; in 2009 and 14&#46;8&#37; in 2010&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26 </span>then this group accounted for 25&#46;13&#37;&#46; As in the ANSWER study&#44; the frequency of diabetes as a concomitant disease was 10&#37; higher than diabetic nephropathy as the cause for renal failure&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> Among the incident patients of our study&#44; this percentage increases to 33&#46;45&#37;&#59; this number represents the gradual increase of diabetics within the HD population in Spain&#46; We must not forget that diabetes is a factor that increases the risk of death in the dialysis population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;31&#44;32</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">CV history is a fact of poor prognosis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> Approximately&#44; a third of patients who start HD in Spain suffer a CV event during the first two years&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> These events are more frequent and more lethal among patients with a previous history of CV events&#46; In the ANSWER study&#44; 44&#46;9&#37; of patients had a history of cardiovascular events&#44; while in our study 76&#46;3&#37; had it&#46; The difference is probably due in part to differences in definition and CVD event and in the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> documentation method&#46; In the ARO study&#44; with its definition of &#34;disease&#34;&#44; this same percentage was 73&#37;&#46; On the other hand&#44; certain vascular pathologies are underestimated in the clinics&#44; for example peripheral vascular disease&#46; In studies designed to value this pathology&#44; it reaches 39&#46;5&#37;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The previous history of tumour of 13&#46;4&#37; is higher that the 10&#37; in the ANSWER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> and the ARO study &#40;5&#37;-11&#37;&#41;&#59; it seems&#44; again&#44; that the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> documentation criteria may be one of the reasons for these differences&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI in HD patients is inversely related to mortality&#44; opposite to the general population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> It is an example of &#34;inverse epidemiology&#34; which comes from the existence of other death risk factors that act as confounding factors at the statistical level&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;33</span> In this study&#44; BMI&#44; which is 26&#46;8-26&#46;3 is in the high range of the ARO&#39;s study in which BMI varies between 24&#46;8 and 26&#46;5 in European countries&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">On our study the population follows a classic pattern with respect to vascular access&#46; A high percentage of incident patients start HD with a catheter &#40;39&#37;&#41; and some of them have a native AVF performed later&#46; Among prevalent patients&#44; the native FAV percentage reaches 68&#46;5&#37;&#44; a significantly lower number than the 78&#46;4&#37; mean for European countries&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> This percentage is similar to a recent study in the Canary Islands&#44; with 67&#37;&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> and higher than a study in Madrid with 47&#37; of patients with catheters&#46; These patients had a risk of death of 1&#46;86 times compared to a native AVF carriers&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span> The presence of a catheter for vascular access is an independent risk factor for mortality&#44; even adjusted for age&#44; BMI&#44; Karnofsky and Charlson index&#44; duration of HD sessions&#44; weight gain between dialysis sessions and various biochemical parameters in the ANSWER study&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> The percentage of native AVF in this study is low&#46; In Spain&#44; as in other countries&#44; an effort is being made to improve vascular accesses for HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are factors of HD that may be related to a higher HD survival rate&#44; such as&#58; high-flux polysulfone membranes in diabetic patients with low albumin&#59; OL-HDF&#44; with more than 20l of infusion per session&#59; HD length greater than 4 hours&#44; less interdialytic weight gain and higher eKt&#47;V&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;32&#44;36&#44;37</span> In a multicentre study conducted in 2007 with 2526 HD patients in Spain&#44; both in hospital and outpatient units&#44; 89&#37; of patients were on conventional HD&#44; 56&#46;7&#37; with high-flux membranes and medium blood flow 348&#46;4ml&#47;min&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> In our series&#44; the proportion of patients with high-flux polysulfone membranes &#40;99&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; OL-HDF patients &#40;23&#46;2&#37;&#41; and other parameters listed is higher than in many HD units&#46; Blood flow &#40;386&#46;48ml&#47;min&#41; and eKt&#47;V &#40;1&#46;47&#41; obtained are above the mean in Spain and the mean for the ARO study&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> In the Madrid region&#44; the proportion of patients in OL-HDF is 8&#46;5&#37;&#44; associating this technique to better results in dialysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span> The high prevalence of OL-HDF in FME clinics is due to the belief by many Spanish nephrologists that this is a more complete dialysis technique than conventional HD&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mean duration of the HD &#40;t&#41; in Spain has always been low compared to other countries<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#44; although is increasing&#46; In DOPPS I&#44; t was 215 minutes&#44; 220 minutes in DOPPS II and 228 minutes in DOPPS III&#46; The duration of the session is a factor associated with improved survival even independently from Kt&#47;V&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;38&#46;</span>The mean duration of the HD in this study is 230 minutes and&#44; although half of patients do not reach the 240 minutes mark&#44; it is higher than that observed in DOPPS for Spain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Biochemical parameters&#44; some as albumin&#44; in relation to mortality are worse in incident patients than in prevalent patients&#44; possibly showing that even patients with advanced chronic kidney disease &#40;ACKD&#41; or predialysis come into dialysis precariously&#44; without good medical control&#46; We must take into account that rated analytical determinations are the average of six months&#44; so that this difference between incident and prevalent is attenuated&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study highlights the high percentage of patients receiving various types of drugs during its time period&#46; This percentage increases from incident to prevalent patients for certain drugs&#44; such as insulin&#44; vitamin D&#44; P binders and cinacalcet&#44; and decreases with others&#44; such as oral antidiabetics&#44; antihypertensive drugs&#44; including ACE inhibitors&#46; With other drugs&#44; such as statins and ESA it remains the same&#46; One of the possible reasons for this observation may be&#44; once again&#44; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> methodology&#44; which includes the use of encryption ATC &#40;Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System&#41;&#44; which would facilitate the evaluation of the medication used from the statistical point of view&#46; While the use of classic oral antidiabetics is contraindicated in the case of HD patients&#44; they are still used in a small percentage&#46; Although in recent years concern for the diagnosis and treatment of bone mineral disease increased in patients with ACKD&#44; it is performed more completely during the HD stage&#44; as evidenced by the increased use of calcimimetics and vitamin D in prevalent patients in comparison with incident patients&#44; as occurs with phosphate binders&#44; higher in prevalent patients than in incident patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospitalisation rates for these patients are low&#58; 0&#46;46 hospitalisations per incident patient&#47;year and 0&#46;52 per prevalent patient&#47;year&#44; lower than the average for Spain &#40;0&#46;75&#41; and Europe &#40;0&#46;99&#41; in the Dopps study&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span> Mean hospital stay is similar to that of most studies&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">HD patient mortality in this study is considerably lower than GRER&#39;s&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span> According to the formulae used&#44; it ranges from 10&#46;8&#37; in 2009 and 13&#46;1&#37; in 2010&#46; GRER mortality was of 14&#46;79&#37; for 2009 and 17&#46;3&#37; for 2010&#46; 2009 Mortality in GRER is in line with the figure for previous years&#44; between 14&#37; and 15&#37;&#46; On the other hand&#44; given the fact that the population of this study is part of the registry&#39;s population and represents 20&#37; of it&#44; implies that the difference is even greater between patients studied here and the rest of patients&#44; including hospital patients&#46; These differences are maintained in the stratification by age group for both periods &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The formulae used to calculate mortality are the same ones used by records of different Spanish regions&#46; Regarding the criteria used to define patients who died&#44; this study was more demanding&#44; and it counted patients deceased in other centres during the three months after their transfer&#46; It attempts to avoid cases of patients transferred and who passed away soon after&#46; One possible explanation for the discrepancy is in how GRER assesses deceased patients&#46; Transplant patients in critical condition who lose kidney function&#44; are transferred to HD and die shortly after are recorded as HD patients&#46; The same can be applied to patients who are transferred from PD to HD for loss of peritoneal function&#44; such as peritoneal sclerosis sufferers&#44; who have very poor prognosis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mortality in other studies&#44; such as ANSWER&#44; is 13&#46;8&#37;&#44; 13&#46;8&#37; also in the ARO study and 22&#37; in DOPPS USA&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mortality of HD patients in this study is still very high&#46; It has to be situated between the mortality of patients with leukaemia and myeloma&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span> which gives an idea of the magnitude of the problem&#46; Another way to reference it is comparing it with the mortality rate in Spain in 2010&#44; which was 0&#46;79&#37;&#44; or that of people of 65 years old &#40;0&#46;90&#37;&#41;&#44; which means 13 times more mortality &#40;INE-base&#44; the National Statistics Institute&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The main cause of death in this study is CV death by 50&#37; among incident patients and 55&#37; among prevalent&#46; Note that sudden deaths occurred in 19&#37; of incident and 25&#37; of prevalent patients&#46; These percentages are similar to those of the ANSWER study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> &#40;23&#46;5&#37; sudden deaths&#41;&#44; the 22&#37; in the HEMO study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span> and the ARO study &#40;42&#37; of CV&#41;&#46; In GRER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span> the percentages for sudden deaths are 4&#37; in 2009 and 6&#37; in 2010&#46; Probably much of unknown origin causes correspond to sudden deaths&#44; 14&#37; and 15&#37; respectively&#46; We see great improvement on this type of death&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The percentages of deaths caused by infection in the GRER&#44; 18&#37; and 19&#37;&#44; are higher than those of this study &#40;between 6&#37; and 10&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Interruption of treatment in this series is very low&#44; both in incident and prevalent patients&#44; as it is usual in Spain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Patients treated in FME clinics seem to have comorbidity and epidemiological characteristics similar to those of GRER and other series of HD patients&#44; including hospital HD patients&#46; The result of morbidity and mortality in FME clinics can therefore be considered good as compared to the GRER and other international series&#46; This does not mean that there are no areas for improvement&#44; such as increasing the dialysis time&#44; convective techniques and the percentage of native AVF&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors are members of the ORD scientific group&#44; promoted by Fresenius Medical Care in Spain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br></br>We wish to thank all the physicians of Fresenius Medical Care clinics in Spain for their participation&#44; the inclusion and collecting of the data essential for the realisation of this report&#58; <br></br>Aguilera Jover&#44; Josep&#59; Ajenjo Mas&#44; Enrique&#59; Al Massri&#44; Mohamad&#59; Alcal&#225; Rueda&#44; Mar&#237;a Luisa&#59; Almoguera Gonz&#225;lez&#44; Ana Mar&#237;a&#59; &#193;lvarez Francos&#44; Marta&#59; Amoedo Rivera&#44; Mar&#237;a Luisa&#59; Ampuero Mencia&#44; Jara&#59; Aramburu Hostench&#44; Javier&#59; Araque Juan&#44; Alicia&#59; Ariza Fuentes&#44; Francisco Javier&#59; Arruche Herrero&#44; M&#46; Mercedes&#59; Bar&#44; Andrzej Witold&#59; Barbacid Santos&#44; Ignacio Alberto&#59; Barbetta&#44; Massimo&#59; Barbosa Puig&#44; Francisco&#59; Barrera Padilla&#44; Rosario&#59; Berdud Godoy&#44; Isabel&#59; Berlanga Alvarado&#44; Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n&#59; Blanco Santos&#44; Ana&#59; Calvar Garc&#237;a&#44; Carlos Alberto&#59; Cant&#243;n Guerrero&#44; Petra&#59; Carazo Calvo&#44; Mar&#237;a Eugenia&#59; Cardoso Represa&#44; Alejandro&#59; Carretero Dios&#44; Diana&#59; Castellano Gasch&#44; Sandra&#59; Cid Parra&#44; Mar&#237;a Cruz&#59; Civex Mui&#241;o&#44; Alejandro Daniel&#59; Contreras R&#237;os&#44; Juan Jos&#233;&#59; Corredera Romero&#44; M&#46; Teresa&#59; Crespo Navarro&#44; Antonio&#59; De Miguel Anasagasti&#44; Teresa&#59; Devesa Such&#44; Ram&#243;n&#59; Dur&#225;n S&#225;nchez&#44; Victorino&#59; El Rifai El Sayed&#44; Abdallah&#59; Espada Guerrero&#44; Rosa Mar&#237;a&#59; Estadella Llobet&#44; Concepci&#243;&#59; Estrada Patricia&#44; N&#59; Faez Herrera&#44; Yamile&#59; Fai&#241;a Rodr&#237;guez-Vila&#44; Beatriz&#59; Feliz D&#237;az&#44; Tamara Carmelina&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Robres&#44; M&#46; Amparo&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Carbonero&#44; Enrique&#59; Fern&#225;ndez de Diego&#44; &#193;lvaro&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Marchena&#44; Dolores&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Ch&#225;vez&#44; Abelardo Claudio&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Sol&#237;s&#44; Mar&#237;a Antonia&#59; Gad&#44; Noura&#59; Gal&#225;n Gonz&#225;lez&#44; Josefa&#59; Galano Quiala&#44; Marilee&#59; Gallego Garc&#237;a&#44; Mar&#237;a Jos&#233;&#59; Garc&#237;a Guijosa&#44; M&#46; &#193;ngeles&#59; Garc&#237;a Lacomba&#44; Juan Jos&#233;&#59; Garc&#237;a Crespo&#44; Mar&#237;a del Mar&#59; Garc&#237;a de Vinuesa Calvo&#44; Elena&#59; Garc&#237;a-Izquierdo Otero&#44; Ambrosio&#59; Giner Segui&#44; Rafael&#59; Gir&#225;ldez Casasnovas&#44; Jos&#233; Diego&#59; G&#243;mez Cou&#241;ago&#44; Inmaculada&#59; Gonz&#225;lez Olmedo&#44; Petronila&#59; Gorostiza Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Guillermo&#59; Grisales Arroyave&#44; Juan Carlos&#59; Gurpegui Prieto&#44; Mar&#237;a Luz&#59; Hern&#225;ndez Moreno&#44; Mar&#237;a Teresa&#59; Herrera Denis&#44; Imara&#59; Hidalgo Garc&#237;a&#44; Patricia&#59; Hurtado Mu&#241;oz&#44; Sara&#59; Ibrik Ibrik&#44; Omar&#59; Insense Pons&#44; Alberta&#59; Izaguirre Mart&#237;n&#44; Ana Isabel&#59; Jordan P&#233;rez&#44; Joel&#59; Juan P&#233;rez&#44; M&#46; &#193;ngeles&#59; Loras Amor&#243;s&#44; Laura&#59; Mac&#237;as Gal&#225;n&#44; Rosa Mar&#237;a&#59; M&#225;rquez Ram&#243;n&#44; Juan Antonio&#59; Mart&#237;n Gil&#44; Alfredo Javier&#59; Mart&#237;n P&#233;rez&#44; Mar&#237;a Bel&#233;n&#59; Mart&#237;nez Rubio&#44; M&#46; Pilar&#59; Matas Serra&#44; Margarita&#59; Merin Serra&#44; Ana&#59; Mestres Capdevila&#44; Rosa&#59; Mora Macia&#44; Josep&#59; Moreno Vega&#44; Dar&#237;o Manuel&#59; Moreno Mu&#241;oz&#44; Mar&#237;a Victoria&#59; Morente Esquivel&#44; Jorge Camilo&#59; Moreso Mateos&#44; Francesc&#59; Munteanu&#44;&#160; Oana Mihaela&#59; Nin Zulueta&#44; Jordi&#59; Olivares Ortiz&#44; &#193;lvaro Mauricio&#59; Olivas Ferrandis&#44; Juan Luis&#59; Ortu&#241;o Celdran&#44; Tom&#225;s Antonio&#59; Pascual Dom&#237;nguez&#44; Francisco Javier&#59; Paz Mart&#237;n&#44; Rodrigo&#59; P&#233;rez Velasco&#44; Cristina&#59; Pons Aguilar&#44; Mercedes&#59; Ruiz Carrero&#44; Mar&#237;a Asunci&#243;n&#59; Puyuelo Lanao&#44; Trinidad&#59; Quintana Rozadilla&#44; Elena&#59; Quintanilla Valles&#44; Nuria&#59; Quiroz Morales&#44; Manuel Augusto&#59; Ramos S&#225;nchez&#44; Rosa&#59; Redondo Garc&#237;a&#44; Concepci&#243;n&#59; Requena Soriano&#44; Juan Francisco&#59; Ria&#241;o Casta&#241;edo&#44; Mar&#237;a Jes&#250;s&#59; Ribera Tello&#44; Laura&#59; Rico Salvador&#44; Inmaculada&#59; R&#237;os Moreno&#44; Francisco&#59; Rivera P&#233;rez&#44; Mariana&#59; Rodr&#237;guez de O&#241;a&#44; Mar&#237;a del Mar&#59; Romero Nieves&#44; M&#46; del Carmen&#59; Romero Jim&#233;nez&#44; Rafaela&#59; Romero Mallorca&#44; Alonso&#59; Rubia Garc&#237;a&#44; Francisco Manuel&#59; Rueda Lombillo&#44; Mar&#237;a Emma&#59; Ruiz Caro&#44; Mar&#237;a Caridad&#59; Ruiz Roda&#44; Jes&#250;s&#59; Ruiz Alaminos&#44; Jes&#250;s Daniel&#59; Ruiz Losada&#44; Ana Mar&#237;a&#59; S&#225;nchez Enr&#237;quez&#44; Carlos Alberto&#59; S&#225;nchez Garc&#237;a&#44; Olga Mar&#237;a&#59; S&#225;nchez Sancho&#44; Mercedes&#59; S&#225;nchez Torres&#44; Dolores&#59; Santos Herrera&#44; Marta&#59; Sastre Romaniega&#44; M&#46; Lourdes&#59; Sese Torres&#44; Josep&#59; Seti&#233;n Conde&#44; Mar&#237;a &#193;ngeles&#59; Silgado Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Gema&#59; Simonyan Hamazasp&#59; Soler Garc&#237;a&#44; Jordi&#59; Soto Monta&#241;ez&#44; Carlos Antonio&#59; Sujan Sujan&#44; Seema&#59; Suria Arenes&#44; Miguel Carlos&#59; Uribe Echeverri&#44; Juan Diego&#59; Vald&#233;s Chiong&#44; Evaristo&#59; Valent&#237;n Gonz&#225;lez&#44; F&#233;lix&#59; V&#225;zquez Cruzado&#44; Juan&#59; Vidiella Martorell&#44; Juan&#59; Villaverde Ares&#44; M&#46; Teresa&#59; Virguez Pedreros&#44; Leonardo&#46;<br></br><br></br><br></br><br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38898&#95;en&#95;table3&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38898&#95;en&#95;table3&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3&#46; Medication </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38899&#95;en&#95;table4&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38899&#95;en&#95;table4&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 4&#46; Mortality index</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38900&#95;en&#95;figure1&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38900&#95;en&#95;figure1&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Method of calculating mortality index</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38901&#95;en&#95;figure2&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38901&#95;en&#95;figure2&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Mortality by ages&#44; between 2009 and 2010</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38912&#95;en&#95;table1&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38912&#95;en&#95;table1&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Characteristics of haemodialysis treatment &#40;at 6 months&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38913&#95;en&#95;table2&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38913&#95;en&#95;table2&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Analytical controls &#40;At 6 months&#41;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Estudio observacional de los pacientes dializados en las cl&#237;nicas de Fresenius Medical Care en Espa&#241;a &#40;FME&#41; durante los a&#241;os 2009 y 2010&#46; Los datos se recogen de la base de datos EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; implementada en las cl&#237;nicas FME&#44; que cumple con las siguientes caracter&#237;sticas&#58; registro en l&#237;nea&#44; obligatorio&#44; realizado en pacientes incidentes y que abarca a toda la poblaci&#243;n en hemodi&#225;lisis &#40;HD&#41; atendidos en esas cl&#237;nicas&#46; Su objetivo es comprender las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes y los patrones de tratamiento&#44; compar&#225;ndolos con otros estudios descritos en la literatura y con el fin de mejorar su pron&#243;stico y calidad de vida&#46; Se incluyen 2637 pacientes incidentes y 4679 prevalentes&#44; lo que hace un total de 7316 pacientes&#46; Un 24&#44;4 &#37; de los pacientes prevalentes eran diab&#233;ticos&#44;&#160;un 76&#44;3 ten&#237;an antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;ECV&#41; y un 13&#44;4 &#37; de c&#225;ncer&#46; Entre los incidentes estos porcentajes eran&#58; 33&#44;5 &#37; diab&#233;ticos&#59; 80&#44;6 &#37; hab&#237;an presentado ECV y el 12&#44;6 &#37; c&#225;ncer&#46; Los pacientes prevalentes ten&#237;an como acceso vascular&#58; f&#237;stula arteriovenosa &#40;FAV&#41; 68&#44;5 &#37;&#44; pr&#243;tesis 5&#44;6 &#37;&#44; cat&#233;ter permanente 23&#44;7 &#37; y cat&#233;ter temporal 2&#44;3 &#37;&#46; El promedio de la duraci&#243;n de las sesiones de HD era de 230 minutos&#46; Un 23&#44;2 &#37; de los pacientes prevalentes estaban en t&#233;cnica de hemodiafiltraci&#243;n en l&#237;nea&#46; Los &#237;ndices de hospitalizaci&#243;n de estos pacientes son bajos&#58; 0&#44;46 hospitalizaciones por paciente incidente y a&#241;o y 0&#44;52 por paciente prevalente y a&#241;o&#46; La tasa de mortalidad bruta anual es de un 12 &#37;&#46; La mortalidad de los pacientes en HD de este estudio es menor que la del Registro Espa&#241;ol &#40;GRER&#41;&#46; El resultado de morbilidad y mortalidad de las cl&#237;nicas FME se puede&#44; por tanto&#44; considerar como bueno en comparaci&#243;n con el del Registro Espa&#241;ol de Di&#225;lisis y Trasplante y de otras series internacionales&#46; Eso no quiere decir que no haya &#225;reas de mejora&#44; como el aumento del tiempo de di&#225;lisis&#44; de las t&#233;cnicas convectivas y del porcentaje de FAV&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Observational study of patients on haemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; in FMC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#160;Spain clinics over the years 2009 and 2010&#46; Data was collected from the EuClid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database&#44; implemented in the FMC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174; </span>clinics&#44; which complies with the following features&#58; online record&#44; mandatory&#44; conducted in incident patients and covering the entire population on HD in these clinics&#46; It aims to understand the characteristics of patients and treatment patterns&#44; comparing them with other studies described in the literature and in order to improve their prognosis and quality of life&#46; It includes 2637 incident and 4679 prevalent patients&#44; which makes a total of 7316 patients&#46; In prevalent patients&#58; 24&#46;4&#37; were diabetic&#59; 76&#46;3&#37; had cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41; and 13&#46;4&#37; cancer&#46; Among the incident patients these percentages were&#58; 33&#46;5&#37; diabetic&#59; 80&#46;6&#37; had CVD and 12&#46;6&#37; cancer&#46; The prevalent patients had vascular access such as&#58; AVF 68&#46;5&#37;&#44; prosthesis 5&#46;6&#37;&#44; permanent catheter 23&#46;7&#37; and 2&#46;3&#37; temporary catheter&#46; The average duration of the sessions of HD was 230 minutes&#46; 23&#46;2&#37; of prevalent patients were on on-line haemodiafiltration&#46; These patients&#8217; hospitalisation rates were 0&#46;46 hospitalisations per incident patient per year and 0&#46;52 per prevalent patient per year&#46; The annual gross mortality rate was 12&#37;&#46; The mortality of HD patients in this study is smaller than those of the Spanish Registry of Dialysis and Transplant &#40;GRER&#41;&#46; The result of morbidity and mortality of the FMC clinics of Spain can&#44; therefore&#44; be considered good when compared with those of the GRER and other international series&#46; This does not mean that there are no areas of improvement as the increase in the dialysis time&#44; the percentage of patients on on-line haemodiafiltration&#44; convective techniques and the percentage of FAV&#46;</p>"
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Epidemiological study of 7316 patients on haemodialysis treated in FME clinics in Spain, using data from the EuCliD® database: results from years 2009-2010
Estudio epidemiológico de 7316 pacientes en hemodiálisis tratados en las clínicas FME de España, con los datos obtenidos mediante la base de datos EuCliD®: resultados de los años 2009-2010
Grupo ORD (Optimizando Resultados de Diálisis)a, Rafael Pérez-Garcíab, Inés Palomares-Sanchoc, José I. Merello-Godinoc, Pedro Aljama-Garcíad, Jesús Bustamante-Bustamantee, José Luñof, Francisco Maduell-Canalsg, Ángel L. Martín-de Franciscoh, Alejandro Martín-Malod, Eduard Mirapeix-i-Vicensg, Manuel Molina-Núñezi, Manuel Praga-Terentej, Ciro Tettak, Daniele Marcellil
a España,
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid España,
c Dirección Médica, Fresenius Medical Care, Madrid, España,
d Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España,
e Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España,
f Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España,
g Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España,
h Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España,
i Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia España,
j Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España,
k Strategic Medical Board, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Alemania,
l Nephrocare Coordination, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Alemania,
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The sample population is another important factor&#46; Studies that collect data from all the population&#44; as opposed to a sample&#44; avoid the inherent disadvantages of the sampling technique&#46; The EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database&#44; implemented in the Fresenius Medical Care in Spain &#40;FME&#41; fulfils all of these requirements&#58; mandatory online registry and includes all the HD population on their clinics&#46; The EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database has given rise to many publications with these characteristics&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16-21</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The main objective of this observational study of dialysed patients on the FME clinics is to understand the clinic&#39;s characteristics and treatment methods&#44; comparing them with other studies from the literature and in order to improve patients&#8217; prognosis and quality of life&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#160;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Observational descriptive study on HD patients in FME clinics in 2009 and 2010&#46; Among the epidemiological data described are&#58; demographic characteristics&#44; personal and comorbidity history&#44; dialysis and vascular access characteristics&#44; laboratory data&#44; medication received and data on patients&#39; evolution during follow up &#40;see list of variables of interest&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Patient selection</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We included all patients with chronic kidney disease on a HD programme from all FME clinics&#46; We put together all incident and prevalent patients during 2009 and 2010 that were registered on the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database&#46; Prevalent patients have been defined as the ones registered as of 1 January&#44; 2009 who had been on HD more than three months&#46; Incident patients are defined as patients that started HD in a FME clinic since October 2008 and that have been followed up for at least 3 months&#46; We have accounted for all causes of loss of follow up&#44; including functioning kidney transplant&#44; transfer to another technique &#40;peritoneal dialysis &#91;PD&#93;&#41;&#44; transfer to another facility&#44; death &#40;both patients who died while under the responsibility of the dialysis centre&#44; those who died during hospitalisation or those who were transferred and died in three months&#41; and other losses of follow up</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our database was created from the data of patients included in EuClid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Eu</span>ropean <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cli</span>nical <span class="elsevierStyleBold">D</span>atabase of Fresenius Medical Care&#41;&#46; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is an information tool developed to monitor the treatment of patients in Fresenius clinics in Europe&#44; the Middle East&#44; Africa and Latin-America&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span> All patients whose data are included on EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> sign the appropriate consent form&#46; The database complies with the regulations for information protection&#46; Data on dialysis treatment &#40;HD and PD&#41; including medication during treatment and at home&#44; as well as incident and comorbidities&#44; are registered prospectively&#46; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is based on two main databases&#58; the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> tables and the database itself&#46; The tables contain extensive information that includes&#44; for example&#44; the codification of diseases ICD 10 &#40;International Classification of Diseases&#41; from the World Health Organisation&#44; the ATC code &#40;Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System&#41; for treatment with medication&#44; its own codes for diagnostic trials&#44; laboratory trials and consumables used&#46; The tables are similar in all the centres that use EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> regardless of the country&#46; Besides the tables&#44; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> includes the database itself&#44; which gives it great value&#46; It contains patients&#39; demographics&#44; history&#44; physical examination&#44; comorbidities&#44; laboratory data and tests&#44; treatment medication and dialysis&#44; treatment follow up&#44; inputs and outputs for different reasons &#40;hospitalisation&#44; transplantation&#44; recovery of renal function&#44; death&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and their causes&#46; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> is based on a Lotus Domino server and Notes Client Platform&#44; a computer program recognised worldwide for its ability to store great volumes of information&#46; Access to EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; properly protected&#44; takes place online and allows us to design different levels of access to information according to the user&#8217;s profile&#46; 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weight and height &#40;first available during this time&#41; and time on dialysis&#46; With respect to dialysis &#40;incident and prevalent patients&#41;&#58; type of vascular access &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; native arteriovenous fistula &#40;AVF&#41;&#44; arteriovenous fistula prosthesis &#40;graft&#41;&#44; permanent catheter &#40;tunnelled&#41; and temporary catheter &#40;not tunnelled&#41;&#46; Dialysis characteristics &#40;6 months average&#41;&#58; blood flow &#40;ml&#47;min&#41;&#44; session duration &#40;minutes&#41;&#44; session frequency&#44; dialysis technique&#58; HD or post dilution on-line haemodialfiltration &#40;OL-HDF&#41;&#44; dialysis dose calculated according to eKt&#47;V &#40;applying Daugirdas 2nd generation formula and applying his correction for the urea rebound&#41;&#46; Analytical data &#40;incident and prevalent patients&#44; average of 6 months&#41;&#58; haemoglobin &#40;Hb&#41;&#44; transferrin saturation index&#44; ferritin&#44; total calcium&#44; phosphorus &#40;P&#41;&#44; parathyroid hormone&#44; C-reactive protein&#44; albumin and total cholesterol&#46; Treatments&#58; incident and prevalent patients &#40;at some point in evolution&#41;&#58; erythropoiesis-stimulating agents &#40;ESAs&#41;&#44; insulin&#44; oral antidiabetics&#44; antihypertensive drugs&#44; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACEIs&#41;&#44; statins&#44; phosphate binders&#44; oral vitamin D &#40;calcitriol&#44; paricalcitol&#44; vitamin D native&#41;&#44; cinacalcet&#46; Progression data&#58; incident and prevalent patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We recorded the following as date of patient termination in the study&#58; death&#44; transplant&#44; transfer&#44; treatment interruption&#44; other losses of follow up or study closing failing&#46; Follow-up time&#58; the time from the start of tracking prevalence or incidence to date of termination&#46; We considered as death all patients who died while under the responsibility of the dialysis centre&#44; or during hospitalisation or those who were transferred and died within three months&#46; Causes of death&#58; cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;&#44; sudden death or at home&#44; infectious&#44; and tumours among others&#46; Hospitalisation&#58; inpatient percentage per year&#44; duration of hospitalisation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Method for calculating mortality rate&#58; the mortality rate was calculated for the years 2009 and 2010 by means of a proportion&#44; as used in the records of Andalusia&#44; Asturias&#44; Catalonia and the Basque Country &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; We have also calculated it using a ratio&#44; as in the records of Castilla y Le&#243;n and Valencia &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; it was also calculated as a density index of mortality&#44; just as it is done in the Canary Islands &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; In the latter case&#44; the periods were 2009 and 2010&#46; This methodology is used by the Spanish Registry of Dialysis and Transplantation &#40;GRER&#41; for data processing of the Annual mortality registry&#44; although the methodology is different&#44; the results are comparable&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statistics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Qualitative variables are shown as percentages and quantitative variables as mean &#40;and standard deviation&#41;&#46; For comparison of qualitative variables&#44; &#967;2 test was used&#46; Values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> &#60;&#46;05 were considered to be statistically significant&#46; The analysis was performed using SPSS software version 19 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; Chicago IL&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Population Characteristics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Population is composed of 2637 incident patients and 4679 prevalent patients&#59; which makes a total of 7316 patients included in this study&#46; 62&#46;7&#37; are male and 37&#46;3&#37; female&#46; This male dominance is greater in the incident patients&#44; 64&#46;4&#37;&#44; than in the prevalent population&#44; 61&#46;7&#37;&#46; The mean age is 64 &#40;15&#46;1&#41; years&#46; It is slightly higher in incident patients &#40;65 &#91;15&#46;4&#93; years&#41; than in prevalent patients &#40;63&#46;5 &#91;14&#46;9&#93; years&#41;&#46; Women were slightly older than men in both the incident and the prevalent patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;021&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In incident patients &#40;2637&#41; the cause of chronic renal disease was&#58; diabetes 22&#46;9&#37;&#44; vascular nephropathy 13&#46;9&#37;&#44; glomerulonephritis 11&#37;&#44; chronic interstitial nephropathy 9&#46;8&#37;&#44; hereditary nephropathy 8&#46;4&#37; and 4&#37; other causes&#46; In 30&#37; of cases&#44; the cause was not specified or known&#46; In prevalent patients &#40;4679&#41;&#44; the cause of chronic kidney disease was&#58; diabetes 17&#46;2&#37;&#44; vascular nephropathy 12&#46;5&#37;&#44; glomerulonephritis 11&#37;&#44; chronic interstitial nephropathy 11&#37;&#44; hereditary nephropathy 8&#37; and 4&#46;5&#37; other causes&#46; In 35&#46;8 &#37; of cases&#44; the cause was not specified or known&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Incident patients&#39; &#40;2637&#41; BMI was 26&#46;8 &#40;6&#46;4&#41; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and in prevalent patients &#40;4679&#41; it was 26&#46;3 &#40;5&#46;3&#41; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Among prevalent patients &#40;4679&#41;&#44; 24&#46;4&#37; had diabetes&#44; 76&#46;3&#37; had a history of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41; and 13&#46;4&#37; cancer&#46; At any point during the study&#44; 33&#46;5&#37; of incident patients had diabetes&#59; 80&#46;6&#37; had presented CVD and 12&#46;6&#37; cancer&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Characteristics of dialysis and vascular access</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">59&#46;2&#37; of incident patients had an AVF&#44; 1&#46;8&#37; graft&#44; 32&#46;1&#37; had a permanent catheter and 6&#46;9&#37; a temporary catheter&#46; Among prevalent patients&#44; the percentages were&#58; 68&#46;5&#37; AVF&#44; graft 5&#46;6&#37;&#44; 23&#46;7&#37; permanent catheter and temporary catheter 2&#46;3&#37;&#46; Differences between both groups were statistically significant with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value &#60;&#46;001&#46; Table 1 lists some features of HD&#46; 23&#46;2&#37; of prevalent patients and 9&#46;6&#37; of incident patients are treated with OL-HDF&#46; The average value of calcium in dialysate was 1&#46;39 &#40;0&#46;13&#41; mmol&#47;l&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Analytical controls and treatments received</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2 displays the distribution of patients according to their Hb level&#44; bone mineral metabolism parameters and other biochemical data&#46; Table 3 registers the percentage of patients on treatment with&#58; ESA&#44; statins&#44; ACE inhibitors&#44; other antihypertensives&#44; insulin&#44; oral antidiabetics&#44; oral vitamin D&#44; phosphorus binders and cinacalcet&#46; The difference in the use of treatment whether it was incident or prevalent patients were statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001 in the case of statins and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001in the rest of cases&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mortality and morbidity</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">On 2009&#44; 523 incident patients were admitted to hospital at least once&#44; and in 2010&#44; 690 patients were admitted&#46; In total&#44; during both years&#44; 46&#37; of incident patients were admitted to the hospital&#59; among prevalent patients&#44; 2403 were admitted during the two-year studied period &#40;52&#46;2&#37; &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#93;&#46; The average number of hospitalisation days was 10&#46;7 for incident patients and 11&#46;5 for prevalent patients&#46; Together&#44; the average &#40;7316&#41; was 11&#46;2 hospitalisation days&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">During the two years studied&#44; 990 prevalent patients and 248 incident patient passed away&#59; in total&#44; 1238 out of 7316 patients died&#46; Among incident patients&#44; the causes of death were&#58; 29&#46;6&#37; CV&#44; sudden death or unknown cause 19&#46;3&#37;&#44; 9&#46;4&#37; infectious&#44; 7&#46;6&#37; cancer&#46; Among prevalent patients&#44; causes of death were&#58; 30&#46;5&#37; CV&#44; sudden death or unknown cause 24&#46;9&#37;&#44; 6&#46;1&#37; infectious&#44; 5&#46;2&#37; cancer&#46; An annual 4&#46;2&#37; of patients discontinued treatment&#58; 14 patients in 2009 and 26 in 2010 changed to PD technique&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mortality rates obtained through the formulae used by the GRER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> give the following results&#58; F1&#44; F2&#44; F3 2009 &#40;10&#46;8 &#37;&#44; 12&#46;2 &#37;&#44; 11&#46;9 &#37;&#41; respectively&#59; F1&#44; F2&#44; F3 2010 &#40;11&#46;6 &#37;&#44; 13&#46;1 &#37;&#44; 11&#46;9 &#37;&#41; respectively &#40;Table 4&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; these differences are maintained in the stratification by age group for both periods &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">During the controlled period&#44; 179 incident patients &#40;6&#46;8&#37;&#41; and 478 prevalent patients &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41; received a transplant&#46; The annual average of transplants was 4&#46;5&#37;&#46; 4&#46;2&#37; of patients per year were transferred&#44; 22 patients were lost for follow up due to unknown reasons and treatment was discontinued in 20 patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In 2009&#44; the 4679 prevalent patients on HD who were recruited in this study represent 20&#46;2&#37; of prevalent patients on HD in Spain&#46; That year&#44; Spain had 1039&#46;4 prevalent patients on renal replacement therapy per million population&#44; 47&#46;67&#37; of which were on HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> In 2010&#44; the prevalent patients included in this study accounted for 22&#46;8&#37; of the population on HD in Spain&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> They represent&#44; therefore&#44; a large sample of the total population&#46; At the same time&#44; it is a peculiar sample because they belong to outpatient HD centres&#44; while the general population includes both hospital and outpatient units&#46; HD patients treated on HD hospital centres would represent 41&#46;67&#37; &#40;source&#58; Annual Market&#38;Competitor Survey FME 2011&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With respect to HD incident patients&#44; those recruited during 2009 in this study represent 25&#46;8&#37; of the total population and 21&#37; of it during 2010&#46; These percentages are similar to those of the prevalent patient population&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">How are the patients in our study similar or different to the rest of patients in Spain&#63; How are they with respect to age&#44; gender&#44; and comorbidity&#63;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We can suppose that&#44; since they belong to outpatient services&#44; they would be younger and with less comorbidity&#46; However&#44; their mean age is 64 years old in the prevalent patients and 65 in the incident patients in this study&#44; which is similar to that of other studies in Spain&#58; 65&#46;2 years in the ANSWER study&#44; 62 years in the study referred by the Nephrology Department of the Hospital Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n in Madrid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#44; 61&#46;5 years for incident patients and 66&#46;1 for prevalent patients in the SEN Quality Group Revision&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> These studies include in-patient and outpatient HD patients&#46; In the ARO study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#44; which includes several European countries&#44; including Spain&#44; the mean age is 65&#44; though it varies by country&#46; It is a shame that the GRER does not provide this data with a concrete number&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The relation between men and women is 1&#46;7 among prevalent patients and 1&#46;8 among the incident patients&#46; This ratio is equal to the ANSWER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> study &#40;1&#46;7&#41; which included hospitalised patients&#44; and GRER&#39;s 2006 ratio of 1&#46;74&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span> This predominance of men appears also&#44; though less marked&#44; in France &#40;1&#46;43&#41;&#44; Italy &#40;1&#46;45&#41; and Portugal &#40;1&#46;48&#41;&#44; while not in countries like the Czech Republic &#40;0&#46;98&#41; or Hungary &#40;0&#46;97&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> Male dominance may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk and mortality&#44; although in some studies females have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death in HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;30</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The two leading causes of renal failure and starting of dialysis of this study patients are diabetes&#44; 22&#46;9&#37;&#44; and vascular causes&#44; 13&#46;9&#37;&#46; In the GRER data from 2009&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> these percentages are 21&#46;5&#37; and 13&#46;9&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; In 2010 they accounted for 24&#46;7&#37; and 14&#46;2&#37;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">If&#44; among prevalent patients&#44; those with diabetes in the GRER represent 14&#46;3&#37; in 2009 and 14&#46;8&#37; in 2010&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26 </span>then this group accounted for 25&#46;13&#37;&#46; As in the ANSWER study&#44; the frequency of diabetes as a concomitant disease was 10&#37; higher than diabetic nephropathy as the cause for renal failure&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> Among the incident patients of our study&#44; this percentage increases to 33&#46;45&#37;&#59; this number represents the gradual increase of diabetics within the HD population in Spain&#46; We must not forget that diabetes is a factor that increases the risk of death in the dialysis population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;31&#44;32</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">CV history is a fact of poor prognosis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> Approximately&#44; a third of patients who start HD in Spain suffer a CV event during the first two years&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> These events are more frequent and more lethal among patients with a previous history of CV events&#46; In the ANSWER study&#44; 44&#46;9&#37; of patients had a history of cardiovascular events&#44; while in our study 76&#46;3&#37; had it&#46; The difference is probably due in part to differences in definition and CVD event and in the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> documentation method&#46; In the ARO study&#44; with its definition of &#34;disease&#34;&#44; this same percentage was 73&#37;&#46; On the other hand&#44; certain vascular pathologies are underestimated in the clinics&#44; for example peripheral vascular disease&#46; In studies designed to value this pathology&#44; it reaches 39&#46;5&#37;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The previous history of tumour of 13&#46;4&#37; is higher that the 10&#37; in the ANSWER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> and the ARO study &#40;5&#37;-11&#37;&#41;&#59; it seems&#44; again&#44; that the EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> documentation criteria may be one of the reasons for these differences&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">BMI in HD patients is inversely related to mortality&#44; opposite to the general population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> It is an example of &#34;inverse epidemiology&#34; which comes from the existence of other death risk factors that act as confounding factors at the statistical level&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;33</span> In this study&#44; BMI&#44; which is 26&#46;8-26&#46;3 is in the high range of the ARO&#39;s study in which BMI varies between 24&#46;8 and 26&#46;5 in European countries&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">On our study the population follows a classic pattern with respect to vascular access&#46; A high percentage of incident patients start HD with a catheter &#40;39&#37;&#41; and some of them have a native AVF performed later&#46; Among prevalent patients&#44; the native FAV percentage reaches 68&#46;5&#37;&#44; a significantly lower number than the 78&#46;4&#37; mean for European countries&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> This percentage is similar to a recent study in the Canary Islands&#44; with 67&#37;&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> and higher than a study in Madrid with 47&#37; of patients with catheters&#46; These patients had a risk of death of 1&#46;86 times compared to a native AVF carriers&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span> The presence of a catheter for vascular access is an independent risk factor for mortality&#44; even adjusted for age&#44; BMI&#44; Karnofsky and Charlson index&#44; duration of HD sessions&#44; weight gain between dialysis sessions and various biochemical parameters in the ANSWER study&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> The percentage of native AVF in this study is low&#46; In Spain&#44; as in other countries&#44; an effort is being made to improve vascular accesses for HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There are factors of HD that may be related to a higher HD survival rate&#44; such as&#58; high-flux polysulfone membranes in diabetic patients with low albumin&#59; OL-HDF&#44; with more than 20l of infusion per session&#59; HD length greater than 4 hours&#44; less interdialytic weight gain and higher eKt&#47;V&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;32&#44;36&#44;37</span> In a multicentre study conducted in 2007 with 2526 HD patients in Spain&#44; both in hospital and outpatient units&#44; 89&#37; of patients were on conventional HD&#44; 56&#46;7&#37; with high-flux membranes and medium blood flow 348&#46;4ml&#47;min&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> In our series&#44; the proportion of patients with high-flux polysulfone membranes &#40;99&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; OL-HDF patients &#40;23&#46;2&#37;&#41; and other parameters listed is higher than in many HD units&#46; Blood flow &#40;386&#46;48ml&#47;min&#41; and eKt&#47;V &#40;1&#46;47&#41; obtained are above the mean in Spain and the mean for the ARO study&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> In the Madrid region&#44; the proportion of patients in OL-HDF is 8&#46;5&#37;&#44; associating this technique to better results in dialysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span> The high prevalence of OL-HDF in FME clinics is due to the belief by many Spanish nephrologists that this is a more complete dialysis technique than conventional HD&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mean duration of the HD &#40;t&#41; in Spain has always been low compared to other countries<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#44; although is increasing&#46; In DOPPS I&#44; t was 215 minutes&#44; 220 minutes in DOPPS II and 228 minutes in DOPPS III&#46; The duration of the session is a factor associated with improved survival even independently from Kt&#47;V&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;38&#46;</span>The mean duration of the HD in this study is 230 minutes and&#44; although half of patients do not reach the 240 minutes mark&#44; it is higher than that observed in DOPPS for Spain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Biochemical parameters&#44; some as albumin&#44; in relation to mortality are worse in incident patients than in prevalent patients&#44; possibly showing that even patients with advanced chronic kidney disease &#40;ACKD&#41; or predialysis come into dialysis precariously&#44; without good medical control&#46; We must take into account that rated analytical determinations are the average of six months&#44; so that this difference between incident and prevalent is attenuated&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study highlights the high percentage of patients receiving various types of drugs during its time period&#46; This percentage increases from incident to prevalent patients for certain drugs&#44; such as insulin&#44; vitamin D&#44; P binders and cinacalcet&#44; and decreases with others&#44; such as oral antidiabetics&#44; antihypertensive drugs&#44; including ACE inhibitors&#46; With other drugs&#44; such as statins and ESA it remains the same&#46; One of the possible reasons for this observation may be&#44; once again&#44; EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> methodology&#44; which includes the use of encryption ATC &#40;Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System&#41;&#44; which would facilitate the evaluation of the medication used from the statistical point of view&#46; While the use of classic oral antidiabetics is contraindicated in the case of HD patients&#44; they are still used in a small percentage&#46; Although in recent years concern for the diagnosis and treatment of bone mineral disease increased in patients with ACKD&#44; it is performed more completely during the HD stage&#44; as evidenced by the increased use of calcimimetics and vitamin D in prevalent patients in comparison with incident patients&#44; as occurs with phosphate binders&#44; higher in prevalent patients than in incident patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hospitalisation rates for these patients are low&#58; 0&#46;46 hospitalisations per incident patient&#47;year and 0&#46;52 per prevalent patient&#47;year&#44; lower than the average for Spain &#40;0&#46;75&#41; and Europe &#40;0&#46;99&#41; in the Dopps study&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span> Mean hospital stay is similar to that of most studies&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">HD patient mortality in this study is considerably lower than GRER&#39;s&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span> According to the formulae used&#44; it ranges from 10&#46;8&#37; in 2009 and 13&#46;1&#37; in 2010&#46; GRER mortality was of 14&#46;79&#37; for 2009 and 17&#46;3&#37; for 2010&#46; 2009 Mortality in GRER is in line with the figure for previous years&#44; between 14&#37; and 15&#37;&#46; On the other hand&#44; given the fact that the population of this study is part of the registry&#39;s population and represents 20&#37; of it&#44; implies that the difference is even greater between patients studied here and the rest of patients&#44; including hospital patients&#46; These differences are maintained in the stratification by age group for both periods &#40;Figure 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The formulae used to calculate mortality are the same ones used by records of different Spanish regions&#46; Regarding the criteria used to define patients who died&#44; this study was more demanding&#44; and it counted patients deceased in other centres during the three months after their transfer&#46; It attempts to avoid cases of patients transferred and who passed away soon after&#46; One possible explanation for the discrepancy is in how GRER assesses deceased patients&#46; Transplant patients in critical condition who lose kidney function&#44; are transferred to HD and die shortly after are recorded as HD patients&#46; The same can be applied to patients who are transferred from PD to HD for loss of peritoneal function&#44; such as peritoneal sclerosis sufferers&#44; who have very poor prognosis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mortality in other studies&#44; such as ANSWER&#44; is 13&#46;8&#37;&#44; 13&#46;8&#37; also in the ARO study and 22&#37; in DOPPS USA&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mortality of HD patients in this study is still very high&#46; It has to be situated between the mortality of patients with leukaemia and myeloma&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span> which gives an idea of the magnitude of the problem&#46; Another way to reference it is comparing it with the mortality rate in Spain in 2010&#44; which was 0&#46;79&#37;&#44; or that of people of 65 years old &#40;0&#46;90&#37;&#41;&#44; which means 13 times more mortality &#40;INE-base&#44; the National Statistics Institute&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The main cause of death in this study is CV death by 50&#37; among incident patients and 55&#37; among prevalent&#46; Note that sudden deaths occurred in 19&#37; of incident and 25&#37; of prevalent patients&#46; These percentages are similar to those of the ANSWER study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> &#40;23&#46;5&#37; sudden deaths&#41;&#44; the 22&#37; in the HEMO study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span> and the ARO study &#40;42&#37; of CV&#41;&#46; In GRER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span> the percentages for sudden deaths are 4&#37; in 2009 and 6&#37; in 2010&#46; Probably much of unknown origin causes correspond to sudden deaths&#44; 14&#37; and 15&#37; respectively&#46; We see great improvement on this type of death&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The percentages of deaths caused by infection in the GRER&#44; 18&#37; and 19&#37;&#44; are higher than those of this study &#40;between 6&#37; and 10&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Interruption of treatment in this series is very low&#44; both in incident and prevalent patients&#44; as it is usual in Spain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Patients treated in FME clinics seem to have comorbidity and epidemiological characteristics similar to those of GRER and other series of HD patients&#44; including hospital HD patients&#46; The result of morbidity and mortality in FME clinics can therefore be considered good as compared to the GRER and other international series&#46; This does not mean that there are no areas for improvement&#44; such as increasing the dialysis time&#44; convective techniques and the percentage of native AVF&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors are members of the ORD scientific group&#44; promoted by Fresenius Medical Care in Spain&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br></br>We wish to thank all the physicians of Fresenius Medical Care clinics in Spain for their participation&#44; the inclusion and collecting of the data essential for the realisation of this report&#58; <br></br>Aguilera Jover&#44; Josep&#59; Ajenjo Mas&#44; Enrique&#59; Al Massri&#44; Mohamad&#59; Alcal&#225; Rueda&#44; Mar&#237;a Luisa&#59; Almoguera Gonz&#225;lez&#44; Ana Mar&#237;a&#59; &#193;lvarez Francos&#44; Marta&#59; Amoedo Rivera&#44; Mar&#237;a Luisa&#59; Ampuero Mencia&#44; Jara&#59; Aramburu Hostench&#44; Javier&#59; Araque Juan&#44; Alicia&#59; Ariza Fuentes&#44; Francisco Javier&#59; Arruche Herrero&#44; M&#46; Mercedes&#59; Bar&#44; Andrzej Witold&#59; Barbacid Santos&#44; Ignacio Alberto&#59; Barbetta&#44; Massimo&#59; Barbosa Puig&#44; Francisco&#59; Barrera Padilla&#44; Rosario&#59; Berdud Godoy&#44; Isabel&#59; Berlanga Alvarado&#44; Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n&#59; Blanco Santos&#44; Ana&#59; Calvar Garc&#237;a&#44; Carlos Alberto&#59; Cant&#243;n Guerrero&#44; Petra&#59; Carazo Calvo&#44; Mar&#237;a Eugenia&#59; Cardoso Represa&#44; Alejandro&#59; Carretero Dios&#44; Diana&#59; Castellano Gasch&#44; Sandra&#59; Cid Parra&#44; Mar&#237;a Cruz&#59; Civex Mui&#241;o&#44; Alejandro Daniel&#59; Contreras R&#237;os&#44; Juan Jos&#233;&#59; Corredera Romero&#44; M&#46; Teresa&#59; Crespo Navarro&#44; Antonio&#59; De Miguel Anasagasti&#44; Teresa&#59; Devesa Such&#44; Ram&#243;n&#59; Dur&#225;n S&#225;nchez&#44; Victorino&#59; El Rifai El Sayed&#44; Abdallah&#59; Espada Guerrero&#44; Rosa Mar&#237;a&#59; Estadella Llobet&#44; Concepci&#243;&#59; Estrada Patricia&#44; N&#59; Faez Herrera&#44; Yamile&#59; Fai&#241;a Rodr&#237;guez-Vila&#44; Beatriz&#59; Feliz D&#237;az&#44; Tamara Carmelina&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Robres&#44; M&#46; Amparo&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Carbonero&#44; Enrique&#59; Fern&#225;ndez de Diego&#44; &#193;lvaro&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Marchena&#44; Dolores&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Ch&#225;vez&#44; Abelardo Claudio&#59; Fern&#225;ndez Sol&#237;s&#44; Mar&#237;a Antonia&#59; Gad&#44; Noura&#59; Gal&#225;n Gonz&#225;lez&#44; Josefa&#59; Galano Quiala&#44; Marilee&#59; Gallego Garc&#237;a&#44; Mar&#237;a Jos&#233;&#59; Garc&#237;a Guijosa&#44; M&#46; &#193;ngeles&#59; Garc&#237;a Lacomba&#44; Juan Jos&#233;&#59; Garc&#237;a Crespo&#44; Mar&#237;a del Mar&#59; Garc&#237;a de Vinuesa Calvo&#44; Elena&#59; Garc&#237;a-Izquierdo Otero&#44; Ambrosio&#59; Giner Segui&#44; Rafael&#59; Gir&#225;ldez Casasnovas&#44; Jos&#233; Diego&#59; G&#243;mez Cou&#241;ago&#44; Inmaculada&#59; Gonz&#225;lez Olmedo&#44; Petronila&#59; Gorostiza Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Guillermo&#59; Grisales Arroyave&#44; Juan Carlos&#59; Gurpegui Prieto&#44; Mar&#237;a Luz&#59; Hern&#225;ndez Moreno&#44; Mar&#237;a Teresa&#59; Herrera Denis&#44; Imara&#59; Hidalgo Garc&#237;a&#44; Patricia&#59; Hurtado Mu&#241;oz&#44; Sara&#59; Ibrik Ibrik&#44; Omar&#59; Insense Pons&#44; Alberta&#59; Izaguirre Mart&#237;n&#44; Ana Isabel&#59; Jordan P&#233;rez&#44; Joel&#59; Juan P&#233;rez&#44; M&#46; &#193;ngeles&#59; Loras Amor&#243;s&#44; Laura&#59; Mac&#237;as Gal&#225;n&#44; Rosa Mar&#237;a&#59; M&#225;rquez Ram&#243;n&#44; Juan Antonio&#59; Mart&#237;n Gil&#44; Alfredo Javier&#59; Mart&#237;n P&#233;rez&#44; Mar&#237;a Bel&#233;n&#59; Mart&#237;nez Rubio&#44; M&#46; Pilar&#59; Matas Serra&#44; Margarita&#59; Merin Serra&#44; Ana&#59; Mestres Capdevila&#44; Rosa&#59; Mora Macia&#44; Josep&#59; Moreno Vega&#44; Dar&#237;o Manuel&#59; Moreno Mu&#241;oz&#44; Mar&#237;a Victoria&#59; Morente Esquivel&#44; Jorge Camilo&#59; Moreso Mateos&#44; Francesc&#59; Munteanu&#44;&#160; Oana Mihaela&#59; Nin Zulueta&#44; Jordi&#59; Olivares Ortiz&#44; &#193;lvaro Mauricio&#59; Olivas Ferrandis&#44; Juan Luis&#59; Ortu&#241;o Celdran&#44; Tom&#225;s Antonio&#59; Pascual Dom&#237;nguez&#44; Francisco Javier&#59; Paz Mart&#237;n&#44; Rodrigo&#59; P&#233;rez Velasco&#44; Cristina&#59; Pons Aguilar&#44; Mercedes&#59; Ruiz Carrero&#44; Mar&#237;a Asunci&#243;n&#59; Puyuelo Lanao&#44; Trinidad&#59; Quintana Rozadilla&#44; Elena&#59; Quintanilla Valles&#44; Nuria&#59; Quiroz Morales&#44; Manuel Augusto&#59; Ramos S&#225;nchez&#44; Rosa&#59; Redondo Garc&#237;a&#44; Concepci&#243;n&#59; Requena Soriano&#44; Juan Francisco&#59; Ria&#241;o Casta&#241;edo&#44; Mar&#237;a Jes&#250;s&#59; Ribera Tello&#44; Laura&#59; Rico Salvador&#44; Inmaculada&#59; R&#237;os Moreno&#44; Francisco&#59; Rivera P&#233;rez&#44; Mariana&#59; Rodr&#237;guez de O&#241;a&#44; Mar&#237;a del Mar&#59; Romero Nieves&#44; M&#46; del Carmen&#59; Romero Jim&#233;nez&#44; Rafaela&#59; Romero Mallorca&#44; Alonso&#59; Rubia Garc&#237;a&#44; Francisco Manuel&#59; Rueda Lombillo&#44; Mar&#237;a Emma&#59; Ruiz Caro&#44; Mar&#237;a Caridad&#59; Ruiz Roda&#44; Jes&#250;s&#59; Ruiz Alaminos&#44; Jes&#250;s Daniel&#59; Ruiz Losada&#44; Ana Mar&#237;a&#59; S&#225;nchez Enr&#237;quez&#44; Carlos Alberto&#59; S&#225;nchez Garc&#237;a&#44; Olga Mar&#237;a&#59; S&#225;nchez Sancho&#44; Mercedes&#59; S&#225;nchez Torres&#44; Dolores&#59; Santos Herrera&#44; Marta&#59; Sastre Romaniega&#44; M&#46; Lourdes&#59; Sese Torres&#44; Josep&#59; Seti&#233;n Conde&#44; Mar&#237;a &#193;ngeles&#59; Silgado Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Gema&#59; Simonyan Hamazasp&#59; Soler Garc&#237;a&#44; Jordi&#59; Soto Monta&#241;ez&#44; Carlos Antonio&#59; Sujan Sujan&#44; Seema&#59; Suria Arenes&#44; Miguel Carlos&#59; Uribe Echeverri&#44; Juan Diego&#59; Vald&#233;s Chiong&#44; Evaristo&#59; Valent&#237;n Gonz&#225;lez&#44; F&#233;lix&#59; V&#225;zquez Cruzado&#44; Juan&#59; Vidiella Martorell&#44; Juan&#59; Villaverde Ares&#44; M&#46; Teresa&#59; Virguez Pedreros&#44; Leonardo&#46;<br></br><br></br><br></br><br></br></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38898&#95;en&#95;table3&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38898&#95;en&#95;table3&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3&#46; Medication </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38899&#95;en&#95;table4&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38899&#95;en&#95;table4&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 4&#46; Mortality index</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38900&#95;en&#95;figure1&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38900&#95;en&#95;figure1&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; Method of calculating mortality index</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38901&#95;en&#95;figure2&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38901&#95;en&#95;figure2&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2&#46; Mortality by ages&#44; between 2009 and 2010</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38912&#95;en&#95;table1&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38912&#95;en&#95;table1&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Characteristics of haemodialysis treatment &#40;at 6 months&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11549&#95;19157&#95;38913&#95;en&#95;table2&#46;doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11549&#95;19157&#95;38913&#95;en&#95;table2&#46;doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Analytical controls &#40;At 6 months&#41;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Estudio observacional de los pacientes dializados en las cl&#237;nicas de Fresenius Medical Care en Espa&#241;a &#40;FME&#41; durante los a&#241;os 2009 y 2010&#46; Los datos se recogen de la base de datos EuCliD<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; implementada en las cl&#237;nicas FME&#44; que cumple con las siguientes caracter&#237;sticas&#58; registro en l&#237;nea&#44; obligatorio&#44; realizado en pacientes incidentes y que abarca a toda la poblaci&#243;n en hemodi&#225;lisis &#40;HD&#41; atendidos en esas cl&#237;nicas&#46; Su objetivo es comprender las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes y los patrones de tratamiento&#44; compar&#225;ndolos con otros estudios descritos en la literatura y con el fin de mejorar su pron&#243;stico y calidad de vida&#46; Se incluyen 2637 pacientes incidentes y 4679 prevalentes&#44; lo que hace un total de 7316 pacientes&#46; Un 24&#44;4 &#37; de los pacientes prevalentes eran diab&#233;ticos&#44;&#160;un 76&#44;3 ten&#237;an antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;ECV&#41; y un 13&#44;4 &#37; de c&#225;ncer&#46; Entre los incidentes estos porcentajes eran&#58; 33&#44;5 &#37; diab&#233;ticos&#59; 80&#44;6 &#37; hab&#237;an presentado ECV y el 12&#44;6 &#37; c&#225;ncer&#46; Los pacientes prevalentes ten&#237;an como acceso vascular&#58; f&#237;stula arteriovenosa &#40;FAV&#41; 68&#44;5 &#37;&#44; pr&#243;tesis 5&#44;6 &#37;&#44; cat&#233;ter permanente 23&#44;7 &#37; y cat&#233;ter temporal 2&#44;3 &#37;&#46; El promedio de la duraci&#243;n de las sesiones de HD era de 230 minutos&#46; Un 23&#44;2 &#37; de los pacientes prevalentes estaban en t&#233;cnica de hemodiafiltraci&#243;n en l&#237;nea&#46; Los &#237;ndices de hospitalizaci&#243;n de estos pacientes son bajos&#58; 0&#44;46 hospitalizaciones por paciente incidente y a&#241;o y 0&#44;52 por paciente prevalente y a&#241;o&#46; La tasa de mortalidad bruta anual es de un 12 &#37;&#46; La mortalidad de los pacientes en HD de este estudio es menor que la del Registro Espa&#241;ol &#40;GRER&#41;&#46; El resultado de morbilidad y mortalidad de las cl&#237;nicas FME se puede&#44; por tanto&#44; considerar como bueno en comparaci&#243;n con el del Registro Espa&#241;ol de Di&#225;lisis y Trasplante y de otras series internacionales&#46; Eso no quiere decir que no haya &#225;reas de mejora&#44; como el aumento del tiempo de di&#225;lisis&#44; de las t&#233;cnicas convectivas y del porcentaje de FAV&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Observational study of patients on haemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; in FMC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#160;Spain clinics over the years 2009 and 2010&#46; Data was collected from the EuClid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> database&#44; implemented in the FMC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174; </span>clinics&#44; which complies with the following features&#58; online record&#44; mandatory&#44; conducted in incident patients and covering the entire population on HD in these clinics&#46; It aims to understand the characteristics of patients and treatment patterns&#44; comparing them with other studies described in the literature and in order to improve their prognosis and quality of life&#46; It includes 2637 incident and 4679 prevalent patients&#44; which makes a total of 7316 patients&#46; In prevalent patients&#58; 24&#46;4&#37; were diabetic&#59; 76&#46;3&#37; had cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41; and 13&#46;4&#37; cancer&#46; Among the incident patients these percentages were&#58; 33&#46;5&#37; diabetic&#59; 80&#46;6&#37; had CVD and 12&#46;6&#37; cancer&#46; The prevalent patients had vascular access such as&#58; AVF 68&#46;5&#37;&#44; prosthesis 5&#46;6&#37;&#44; permanent catheter 23&#46;7&#37; and 2&#46;3&#37; temporary catheter&#46; The average duration of the sessions of HD was 230 minutes&#46; 23&#46;2&#37; of prevalent patients were on on-line haemodiafiltration&#46; These patients&#8217; hospitalisation rates were 0&#46;46 hospitalisations per incident patient per year and 0&#46;52 per prevalent patient per year&#46; The annual gross mortality rate was 12&#37;&#46; The mortality of HD patients in this study is smaller than those of the Spanish Registry of Dialysis and Transplant &#40;GRER&#41;&#46; The result of morbidity and mortality of the FMC clinics of Spain can&#44; therefore&#44; be considered good when compared with those of the GRER and other international series&#46; This does not mean that there are no areas of improvement as the increase in the dialysis time&#44; the percentage of patients on on-line haemodiafiltration&#44; convective techniques and the percentage of FAV&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
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