Awareness and implementation in daily practice of the S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease
Conocimiento y aplicación en la práctica real del Documento de consenso S.E.N.-semFYC sobre la enfermedad renal crónica
M. Isabel Egocheagaa, Roberto Alcázarb, José M. Lobosc, J. Luis Górrizd, Alberto Martínez-Castelaoe, Ana Pastorf, Isabel Martínezg, Fernando Caballeroh, Marta Sánchez-Celayai
a Centro de Salud Isla de Oza, Madrid,
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid,
c Centro de Salud Jazmín, Madrid,
d Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia,
e Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona,
f Gerencia de Atención Primaria, Madrid,
g Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Galdakao, Galdakao, Bizkaia,
h Unidad de Investigación Clínico-Epidemiológica, Luzán 5 Ed, Madrid,
i Dirección de Continuidad Asistencial, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid,
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CKD is associated with an aging population, arterial hypertension (AHT), and diabetes mellitus (DM).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> The prevalence of this disease increases with age. According to the results of the EPIRCE study, the prevalence of CKD in Spain is 9.16%, a number that increases to 23.7% in individuals older than 64 years of age.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> CKD also makes individuals 3-10 times more at risk for cardiovascular events as compared to reference populations,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span> and is associated with increased mortality and hospitalisation rates.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span> Early stages of CKD tend to be asymptomatic and easily detectable in the primary care (PC) setting during routine check-ups in older patients, those with hypertension, and those with diabetes, by determining plasma creatinine levels, GFR as estimated using standard formulas,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span> and by calculating urine albumin/creatinine ratios in a simple urine sample. However, these tests are not always applied, such that a large portion of patients have hidden CKD; that is to say, reduced GFR but with plasma creatinine values that fall within the normal range in laboratory tests.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> The importance of early detection of CKD is based on the fact that early actions to combat factors that favour the progression of kidney disease (such as proteinuria, AHT, and DM), cessation of potentially nephrotoxic medications, and optimising drug doses for GFR may slow the progression of renal failure and its associated complications.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Given the high prevalence of CKD, its economic repercussions (in Spain, the cost of treating this disease in its advanced stages is estimated at 800 million Euros/year),<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> the associated risk for cardiovascular disease, and the availability of medications that are effective at impeding or slowing its progression,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> clinical guidelines have been developed for the diagnosis and proper follow-up of cases of CKD directed towards both PC doctors and nephrologists (K/DOQI<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>, KDIGO,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> S.E.N.,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> CMJA,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> NICE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">,13</span> SIGN,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span> Renal Association,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> among others). Experts and health authorities such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) have alerted the medical community as to the need for effectively disseminating the information in these documents in order to facilitate appropriate medical practices. However, the level of awareness and implementation of these evidence-based clinical recommendations is insufficient.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In 2007, the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC) and the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.) created a consensus document with the goal of decreasing the variability in clinical practices for the detection, treatment, and referral of patients with CKD, and to promote health care collaboration and coordination between PC and nephrology.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> This <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> included 13 recommendations based on scientific evidence covering the following topics: 1) optimisation of treatment; 2) urinary pathology; 3) patient screening; 4) evaluation of renal function; 5) estimating GFR using equations; 6) estimating GFR using other methods; 7) evaluating urinary excretion of proteins; 8) vascular risk (detection and management) 9) controlling vascular risk factors; 10) prevention of iatrogenic events; 11) referral to nephrology; 12) referral of diabetic patients to nephrology; and 13) PC-nephrology collaboration.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of acceptance, awareness, agreement, and implementation of these guidelines among Spanish nephrologists and PC physicians two years after publication.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">MATERIAL AND METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Ours was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study carried out through the application of a self-administered, voluntary, written survey between May and November 2009. The questionnaire was composed of 24 items regarding the recommendations made in the S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document, grouped into four sections: the concept of CKD, detection and diagnosis of CKD, therapeutic approach, and referral to nephrology. Each of the items comprised two multiple choice questions with answers referring to the appropriateness and use of the S.E.N.-semFYC recommendations evaluated in each item (Appendix I).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The questionnaires were distributed along with a letter of invitation to both medical societies (nephrology and primary care) by mail, with a second dispatch if necessary, to 550 family doctors and 200 nephrologists, of which 326 PC physicians and 150 specialists responded. The total number of doctors participating in the survey was then stratified into sub-samples corresponding to the proportion of the population treated in each autonomous community. The sample of randomly selected participants was large and geographically diverse, yielding a high estimated precision for the responses to the survey items, with a maximum error of ±5% for PC and ±8% for nephrology, with a 95% confidence level.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The eligibility criteria for participation in the study were: practicing nephrologists and PC physicians of any sex or age, working at public and private Spanish health care institutions anywhere within the country, and who frequently treat patients with AHT, diabetes, and/or CKD.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables and measurements</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The initial block of questions in the survey referred to the profile of each participant (demographic data, professional experience, field of medicine, type of patients treated, workload, etc.). The second block of questions was a questionnaire designed to evaluate the participant’s level of awareness, agreement, and implementation in daily practice of the clinical recommendations regarding CKD contained within the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> (Table 1). The questionnaire ended with questions concerning the opinion of each participant regarding the usefulness and need for this document.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Members of each professional society also responded to a group of questions considered by the scientific committee of the study to be of particular interest for each speciality: PC (items 1-11 and 13-18) and nephrology (items 4-5, 8-12, and 15-24). Some of these items were designed exclusively for only one speciality (PC: 1-3, 6-7, 13, and 14; nephrology: 12 and 19-24), whereas others were responded to by members of both specialities.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">For each clinical recommendation evaluated, different aspects were assessed based on the speciality of the survey participant. PC physicians were asked for their personal evaluation regarding prior awareness of the recommendation and the level of implementation in their daily practice. Nephrologists were asked to give a professional evaluation of the recommendation and to state their level of implementation of each recommendation based on personal criteria.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Once completed, the paper questionnaires were scanned by trained personnel using mrScan<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> software, an application that facilitates automatic preparation of printed questionnaires for scanning and digitalising the results. This obviated the need for double manual entry of information.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Preparation, analysis, and interpretation of the results</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The survey results were tabulated in terms of relative frequency distributions (%) for each response option for each item and for each medical speciality (PC and nephrology).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We analysed the significance of differences between PC physicians and nephrologists in self-reported awareness regarding each recommendation using chi-square tests.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In order to identify possible differences in the global level of agreement expressed by survey participants on an ordinal scale, we obtained mean and median values for the score reported for each item (categorising these responses on an ordinal scale of 1 to 5), and constructed a 95% confidence interval around the mean. We analysed the significance of differences in the criteria/opinion expressed by members of each speciality using Mann-Whitney non-parametric U-tests.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We also used standard statistical tests (chi-square, Student’s t, analysis of variance, or their non-parametric equivalents) to analyse possible associations between personal and professional characteristics of the survey participants (medical speciality, age, field of medicine, professional experience, etc.) and certain characteristics of the test.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ethical/legal aspects</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our study was a survey of professional attitudes and opinions that did not affect routine clinical practice or produce any type of intervention on patients. The study also did not compile any information regarding patient identities or their pathologies. The data compiled regarding professional attitudes and opinions were processed anonymously, and results were not linked in any way to the identity of study participants. Data regarding researchers were treated based on organic law 15/1999, from 13 December, for the protection of personal information.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Professional environment and participant profiles</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We surveyed a total of 476 doctors from all Spanish autonomous communities. The profiles of the study participants are summarised in Table 2. Compared to nephrologists, PC physicians had a longer history of medical practice and attended to more patients/week with cardiovascular risk, defined as patients >60 years of age, with AHT, or with DM. Nephrologists, on the other hand, tended to treat patients in urban areas and treated more patients with CKD than PC physicians.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Nephrologists had a greater level of access to GFR estimates using the MDRD formula (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, MDRD-GFR)</span> in their normal laboratory analyses (86.8% vs 66.6% in PC physicians; P<.001). There were no differences in terms of creatinine clearance estimates using the Cockcroft-Gault formula (72.1% in PC physicians vs 64.6% in nephrologists) or albumin/creatinine ratios (Alb/Cr) in urine samples (94.4% in nephrologists vs 94.1% in PC physicians).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">None of the following descriptive variables of the professional profiles of the study participants (age, sex, public or private practice, professional experience, geographical area, number of patients with CKD or risk factors treated, or access to diagnostic tests of renal function in laboratory analyses) were associated with the level of awareness or perceived need/usefulness of the consensus document.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Level of awareness of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> in primary care</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Only 51.1% of PC physicians reported familiarity with the contents of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document</span> before participation in the survey.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The level of awareness among PC physicians of each of the 24 items in the questionnaire regarding the consensus document (Table 1) that were selected specifically for PC physicians (1-11, 13-18) varied widely: between 0.9% and 50% of PC physicians surveyed reported that they had no previous familiarity with these characteristics. In 5 of the 24 items (5, 9, 10, 15, and 16a), the percentage of prior unfamiliarity surpassed 20% of survey participants (Table 3), this constituting poor awareness of the recommendation. A level of unfamiliarity of 10%-20% was considered to be normal, and 0%-10% was considered to be indicative of good awareness. These five items of “poor awareness” among PC physicians are particularly relevant, since these include the criteria for the appropriateness of urinary ultrasound analyses in males older than 60 years of age with CKD, and the criteria for referring patients to nephrology.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Level of agreement with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> among nephrologists</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The level of professional agreement (consideration of the document as appropriate) with each of the recommendations made as manifested by the nephrologists surveyed reached a high level in all cases (total or partial agreement) (Figure 1).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The mean percentage of nephrologists in complete agreement with the specific recommendations for their speciality (“total agreement”) was 64.1% (range: 34.7%-83.1%), and the level of partial agreement (“tends to agree”) was 29.7% (range: 16.9%-52%).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The recommendation that yielded the greatest level of agreement was item 20: “In addition to the aforementioned criteria, diabetic patients should be referred to nephrology when also suffering from AHT refractory to treatment (three different drugs at maximum doses and still no control)”, with an 83.1% rate of total agreement among nephrologists surveyed.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We also observed a strong correlation between the level of professional agreement reported for each recommendation and the level of implementation of said recommendation in routine clinical practice (Spearman’s coefficient >0.4).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Level of implementation of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> in nephrologists and primary care physicians</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The level of implementation in routine clinical practice reported for the recommendations in the consensus document that were specific for nephrologists was very high; in all cases (Figure 2), the mean score was situated between “always” (51.2%) and “almost always” (38%). Only 0.7% and 8.1% of nephrologists answered “never” or “rarely”, respectively. The recommendation corresponding to item 12: “Albumin/creatinine ratio provides a good estimate of proteinuria and obviates the need for taking 24-hour urine samples” was the least closely followed recommendation of all, with 8.1% of survey participants reporting “never” or “rarely”.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Upon comparing the level of implementation of recommendations between PC physicians and nephrologists, only 2 items (11 and 15, regarding the evaluation of urinary protein excretion and referral to nephrology, respectively) were equally followed by nephrologists and PC physicians. For all other items, nephrologists reported a greater level of implementation than PC physicians; “always”: nephrologists: 51.2% (range: 27.4%-74.8%) vs. PC physicians: 35.8% (range: 22.7%-72.3%); “almost always”: nephrologists: 38% (range: 22.4%-49.3%) vs PC physicians: 42.6% (range: 23.9%-54.4%). This difference was especially notable for three items (Table 4): item 5, regarding obstructive pathologies in male patients >60 years of age (93.6% vs 60.4%); item 9, regarding creatinine clearance measurements in 24-hour urine samples for estimating GFR (80.4% vs 64.5%), and item 10, regarding the numerical results of GFR (85% vs 44.1%).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Perception of the need and usefulness of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span></span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">As a group, nephrologists manifested a greater perceived need for the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> in order to improve the quality of clinical practice. However, the usefulness of the document for clinical practice was given greater value among PC physicians than among nephrologists (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001) (Figure 3).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The results from our study provide useful information regarding the profiles of doctors who treat CKD patients, their level of familiarity with this pathology, and their opinions regarding the recommendations and level of application of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease.</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">CKD has a high prevalence in the general population, which places the PC physician at an ideal position for identifying the at-risk population and providing early detection and treatment of this disease.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span> Referral of patients to nephrology should be limited to select cases, primarily those with the greatest risk for progression or already in advanced stages of CKD. In fact, some programmes for shared treatment of CKD between PC and nephrology reveal that a substantial number of renal patients do not require referral.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">One of the most notable results from our survey is that, despite a major effort for dissemination throughout all implicated scientific societies, only half of the PC physicians that responded to the questionnaire were familiar with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span>. These results are similar to those published regarding awareness of CKD clinical practice guidelines from other countries.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18-20</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We also observed that PC physicians are not very familiar with the recommendations regarding patient referral to nephrology, and these are the items that are least applied in clinical practice. Two of every three PC physicians surveyed reported that they always or almost always apply recommendation 15 (no need for referring patients >70 years of age with stable CKD in stage 1-3 and albuminuria <500mg/g). Taking into account the large number of CKD patients that fall under these criteria (in the EPIRCE study,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> 52% of all patients with CKD were older than 65 years of age with stage 1-3 CKD), lack of awareness and implementation of this recommendation among PC physicians is an important point for improvement.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The results of our survey reflect a very positive opinion among nephrologists regarding these guidelines, with 70.8% of those surveyed reporting that they considered the guidelines to be useful and at least moderately influential in daily clinical practice (52.1%). These results are similar to those from surveys carried out in other countries,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,22</span> and reflect the potential capacity of evidence-based documents for modifying the clinical decision making process.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The survey demonstrated that 30% of PC physicians and 20% of nephrologists do not normally use the CKD stage classification system provided in the consensus document (the same as proposed by the KDIGO and National Kidney Foundation guidelines). This may be due to the fact that insufficient time has passed since the publication of the consensus document and guidelines for CKD in order to completely modify the clinical practice of the health care professionals surveyed. This is compounded by the variability in the definitions used for CKD in original publications from the medical literature. In a recent review, the internationally accepted definition of CKD was specifically mentioned and clearly adopted in only 20% of all articles on CKD published in 2009.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">As regards the laboratory analyses used to evaluate renal function, the Spanish  Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, together with the S.E.N., established recommendations in 2007<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> specifying that glomerular filtration rates “must be estimated using equations based on serum creatinine levels, thus obviating the need for measuring creatinine clearance in 24-hour urine samples” in clinical practice. However, our survey showed that almost 30% of PC physicians did not recognise that “creatinine clearance as measured in 24-hour urine samples does not generally improve the accuracy of GFR values as obtained using equations”, which highlights the need for implementing strategies for disseminating these recommendations among Spanish doctors.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">At the time of the survey, the normally used equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate (Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD) were well-known and routinely used by PC physicians (practically 85% were familiar with the equations and more than 75% were in complete agreement with their use). The most recent equation, the CKD-EPI, was not well established at the time of the survey, and so it was not included in the questionnaire.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We observed a high level of professional agreement among nephrologists with the recommendations outlined in the consensus document, as was the case for the level of implementation of these recommendations, except for the item regarding urinary albumin excretion: “albumin/creatinine ratios provide a good estimate of proteinuria and obviate the need for taking 24-hour urine samples”, in which the level of implementation was lower. Three different tests are commonly used in the medical literature for measuring proteinuria: dipstick, protein/creatinine ratio in urine samples, and 24-hour urine samples,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> although current guidelines preferably recommend the use of the albumin/creatinine ratio.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> The reference intervals for Alb/Cr do not take into account differences in creatinine excretion between different populations of patients (related to differences in sex, age, and ethnicity) or the increase in risk related to albumin excretion,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> which could explain why this is the least commonly applied of all recommendations from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease</span> by nephrologists (8.1% reported that they “never” or “almost never” followed this recommendation).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The level of implementation appears to be correlated with prior familiarity as reported by the survey participants. Although PC physicians declared a substantial level of implementation of the consensus document recommendations, this was significantly lower than the high level of implementation reported by nephrologists. This could be due to the fact that, compared with nephrologists, PC physicians use much more heterogeneous criteria for evaluating patients with CKD.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This is the first cross-sectional study to evaluate the opinions of both PC physicians and nephrologists regarding guidelines and recommendations that are widely distributed among practitioners of both specialities. Our results show that the implementation of clinical practice guidelines, in this case regarding CKD, is not a simple process due to the presence of barriers for development and application. We have shown that the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document</span> would have the potential to modify the clinical practice of health care professionals if the dissemination of these recommendations among PC physicians were greater. The information provided by our study could provide a strong baseline upon which to develop future training measures for the health care professionals involved in the global process of treating patients with CKD (both nursing staff and medical residents), primarily in the form of prevention. Our study has also pointed out the need for improving the awareness and use of this document among PC physicians, with special emphasis on the criteria for referring patients to nephrology.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Acknowledgements</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We would like to thank all family doctors and nephrologists who participated in this study by completing an anonymous and impartial survey, which produced the information used to elaborate this manuscript.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors declare the following potential conflicts of interest: this study was sponsored and supported by the S.E.N. and the semFYC. We also received logistical support from Luzan Editores (Research Division). The project was funded by Chiesi laboratories.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39288_en_w477712109113ref.1136717858_11367_16025_26453_es_11367_tabla1.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39288_en_w477712109113ref.1136717858_11367_16025_26453_es_11367_tabla1.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1. Content of the context recommendations evaluated in our study</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39289_en_w477712109114ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37398_es_11367_tabla2.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39289_en_w477712109114ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37398_es_11367_tabla2.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2. Profiles of the doctors surveyed</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39290_en_w477712109115ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37400_es_11367_tabla3_copy11.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39290_en_w477712109115ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37400_es_11367_tabla3_copy11.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 3. Level of awareness of the consensus recommendations as reported by primary care physicians surveyed</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39291_en_w477712109116ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37411_es_11367_tabla4_copy2.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39291_en_w477712109116ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37411_es_11367_tabla4_copy2.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 4. Difference in the level of implementation of consensus recommendations reported by physicians of both specialties</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39292_en_w477712109117ref.1136717858_11367_19115_26454_es_11367_figura1.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39292_en_w477712109117ref.1136717858_11367_19115_26454_es_11367_figura1.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1. Level of agreement with the S.E.N-semFYC guidelines, nephrologists</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39293_en_w477712109118ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37409_es_11367_figura2.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39293_en_w477712109118ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37409_es_11367_figura2.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 2. Level of implementation of the S.E.N.-semFYC consensus guidelines among nephrologists and primary care physicians</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39294_en_w477712109119ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37414_es_11367_figura3.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39294_en_w477712109119ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37414_es_11367_figura3.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 3. Need for the consensus document and usefulness for improving clinical practices for treating chronic kidney disease</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="11367_19157_39295_en_11367_anexo_1_en.doc" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">11367_19157_39295_en_11367_anexo_1_en.doc</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Survey-evaluation of the S.E.N.-semFYC document</p>" "pdfFichero" => "P1-E544-S3760-A11367-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437109" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Prevención" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437111" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Guías clínicas" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437113" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Nefrología" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437115" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Guía de consenso S" 1 => "E" 2 => "N" 3 => "-semFYC" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437117" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Enfermedad renal crónica" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437119" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Atención Primaria" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437121" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Detección precoz" ] ] 7 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437123" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Seguimiento" ] ] ] "en" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437110" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Prevention" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437112" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Clinical guidelines" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437114" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Nephrology" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437116" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "S" 1 => "E" 2 => "N" 3 => "-semFYC Consensus Document" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437118" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Chronic kidney disease" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437120" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Primary health care" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437122" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Early detection" ] ] 7 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec437124" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Follow-up" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antecedentes:</span> En el año 2007 la Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (semFYC) y la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (S.E.N.) realizaron un documento de consenso para disminuir la variabilidad en la práctica clínica en la detección, tratamiento y derivación de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objetivos:</span> Evaluar a los dos años de su publicación el conocimiento, difusión, grado de acuerdo y aplicación del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Documento de consenso S.E.N.-semFYC sobre la enfermedad renal crónica</span>. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Métodos:</span> Estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional realizado en 476 médicos, incluyendo médicos de Atención Primaria (AP) y nefrólogos, mediante encuesta de opinión. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultados:</span> De los 326 médicos de AP y 150 nefrólogos encuestados, 51,1 % y 89,6 % respectivamente conocían el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Documento de consenso</span>. El 70,8 % de los nefrólogos lo considera muy necesario, con alto grado de acuerdo con sus contenidos. Los médicos de AP valoran más su utilidad práctica (63,2 % AP vs. 52,1 % nefrólogos). El mayor grado de desconocimiento en AP (> 20 % de los encuestados) incluye recomendaciones sobre la idoneidad del estudio ecográfico en varones con ERC mayores de 60 años y sobre los criterios de derivación a Nefrología. El grado de aplicación de las recomendaciones entre ambos especialistas resulta muy variable, siendo superior en nefrólogos. Edad, sexo, ámbito de trabajo, experiencia profesional, hábitat poblacional y presión asistencial no se asociaron con diferencias en el conocimiento, percepción de necesidad y aplicación del consenso. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusiones:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> </span>Esta encuesta constata que el grado de difusión del documento S.E.N.-semFYC sobre ERC es mejorable, sobre todo en AP. Su aplicación puede modificar la práctica clínica. Se han identificado varios aspectos críticos en la evaluación y la derivación de los pacientes con ERC sobre los que deberían establecerse estrategias de difusión y formación continuada por las sociedades científicas implicadas.</p>" ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background:</span> In 2007, the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC) and the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.) created a consensus document in order to reduce the variability in clinical practices for the detection, treatment, and referral of cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD). <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectives:</span> To evaluate the level of awareness, dissemination, agreement, and application of the S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method:</span> Ours was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational study carried out among 476 primary health care doctors and nephrologists using a survey. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results:</span> Of the 326 primary care doctors and 150 nephrologists surveyed, 51.1% and 89.6% respectively knew of the consensus document. A total of 70.8% of nephrologists considered the document to be highly necessary, and were very much in agreement with the content. Primary care (PC) doctors placed more value on the practical usefulness of the document (63.2% PC vs. 52.1% nephrologists). The sections that reported the greatest level of unfamiliarity among primary care doctors (>20% of those surveyed) included recommendations regarding the suitability of ultrasound examinations in male patients with CKD older than 60 years of age and in regards to the criteria for patient referral to the nephrology department. The level of application of the recommendations set forth in the document varied widely between the two specialties, with greater compliance among nephrologists. Age, sex, field of medicine, professional experience, the population treated, and health care workload were not significantly associated with differences in awareness, perceived need, or application of the consensus document. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions:</span> This survey demonstrates that the level of implementation of the S.E.N.-semFYC consensus document for CKD has much room for improvement, above all among primary care physicians. The application of this consensus document can improve clinical practice. Several critical aspects have been identified in the evaluation and referral of patients with CKD that must be addressed through the establishment of strategies for disseminating information and continued training for the scientific societies involved in treating these patients.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc1" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39288_en_w477712109113ref.1136717858_11367_16025_26453_es_11367_tabla1.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 309248 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Content of the context recommendations evaluated in our study" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc2" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39289_en_w477712109114ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37398_es_11367_tabla2.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 195584 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Profiles of the doctors surveyed" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc3" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39290_en_w477712109115ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37400_es_11367_tabla3_copy11.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 249344 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Level of awareness of the consensus recommendations as reported by primary care physicians surveyed" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc4" "etiqueta" => "Tab. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39291_en_w477712109116ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37411_es_11367_tabla4_copy2.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 219648 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Difference in the level of implementation of consensus recommendations reported by physicians of both specialties" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc5" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39292_en_w477712109117ref.1136717858_11367_19115_26454_es_11367_figura1.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 67072 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Level of agreement with the S.E.N-semFYC guidelines, nephrologists" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc6" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39293_en_w477712109118ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37409_es_11367_figura2.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 264192 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Level of implementation of the S.E.N.-semFYC consensus guidelines among nephrologists and primary care physicians" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc7" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39294_en_w477712109119ref.1136717858_11367_19115_37414_es_11367_figura3.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 77824 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Need for the consensus document and usefulness for improving clinical practices for treating chronic kidney disease" ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "mmc8" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "11367_19157_39295_en_11367_anexo_1_en.doc" "ficheroTamanyo" => 1325056 ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Survey-evaluation of the S.E.N.-semFYC document" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "National Kidney Foundation. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2023 August | 75 | 19 | 94 |
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| 2023 June | 74 | 34 | 108 |
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| 2021 July | 28 | 36 | 64 |
| 2021 June | 29 | 23 | 52 |
| 2021 May | 31 | 31 | 62 |
| 2021 April | 44 | 33 | 77 |
| 2021 March | 45 | 38 | 83 |
| 2021 February | 21 | 15 | 36 |
| 2021 January | 23 | 20 | 43 |
| 2020 December | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2020 November | 17 | 11 | 28 |
| 2020 October | 13 | 16 | 29 |
| 2020 September | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2020 August | 35 | 11 | 46 |
| 2020 July | 29 | 8 | 37 |
| 2020 June | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2020 May | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2020 April | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2020 March | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 2020 February | 51 | 21 | 72 |
| 2020 January | 37 | 22 | 59 |
| 2019 December | 31 | 17 | 48 |
| 2019 November | 17 | 17 | 34 |
| 2019 October | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2019 September | 19 | 21 | 40 |
| 2019 August | 12 | 13 | 25 |
| 2019 July | 20 | 17 | 37 |
| 2019 June | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2019 May | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2019 April | 42 | 22 | 64 |
| 2019 March | 32 | 23 | 55 |
| 2019 February | 23 | 19 | 42 |
| 2019 January | 39 | 16 | 55 |
| 2018 December | 80 | 35 | 115 |
| 2018 November | 106 | 7 | 113 |
| 2018 October | 66 | 11 | 77 |
| 2018 September | 54 | 12 | 66 |
| 2018 August | 38 | 28 | 66 |
| 2018 July | 41 | 12 | 53 |
| 2018 June | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| 2018 May | 30 | 14 | 44 |
| 2018 April | 74 | 9 | 83 |
| 2018 March | 30 | 12 | 42 |
| 2018 February | 33 | 9 | 42 |
| 2018 January | 32 | 8 | 40 |
| 2017 December | 36 | 11 | 47 |
| 2017 November | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2017 October | 42 | 11 | 53 |
| 2017 September | 41 | 11 | 52 |
| 2017 August | 37 | 16 | 53 |
| 2017 July | 33 | 11 | 44 |
| 2017 June | 32 | 19 | 51 |
| 2017 May | 49 | 21 | 70 |
| 2017 April | 32 | 16 | 48 |
| 2017 March | 32 | 30 | 62 |
| 2017 February | 24 | 20 | 44 |
| 2017 January | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2016 December | 95 | 16 | 111 |
| 2016 November | 75 | 7 | 82 |
| 2016 October | 115 | 18 | 133 |
| 2016 September | 144 | 11 | 155 |
| 2016 August | 219 | 6 | 225 |
| 2016 July | 190 | 5 | 195 |
| 2016 June | 124 | 0 | 124 |
| 2016 May | 129 | 0 | 129 |
| 2016 April | 109 | 0 | 109 |
| 2016 March | 88 | 0 | 88 |
| 2016 February | 130 | 0 | 130 |
| 2016 January | 120 | 0 | 120 |
| 2015 December | 126 | 0 | 126 |
| 2015 November | 104 | 0 | 104 |
| 2015 October | 96 | 0 | 96 |
| 2015 September | 71 | 0 | 71 |
| 2015 August | 80 | 0 | 80 |
| 2015 July | 80 | 0 | 80 |
| 2015 June | 49 | 0 | 49 |
| 2015 May | 53 | 0 | 53 |
| 2015 April | 7 | 0 | 7 |
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