A patient with acute renal failure and episcleritis, is there more than meets the eye?

array:21 ["pii" => "X2013251411051563" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Dec.10753" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2011;31:225-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5036 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 310 "HTML" => 4229 "PDF" => 497 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:17 [ "pii" => "X0211699511051566" "issn" => "02116995" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Dec.10753" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia. 2011;31:225-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3986 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 308 "HTML" => 2984 "PDF" => 694 ] ] "es" => array:8 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Paciente con insuficiencia renal aguda y episcleritis, ¿hay en ello más de lo que se ve?" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "225" "paginaFinal" => "226" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "A patient with acute renal failure and episcleritis, is there more than meets the eye?" ] ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A.P. Bernardo, J.M. Montalbán, E. Rocha" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => null 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A.P." "apellidos" => "Bernardo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Montalbán" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "E." "apellidos" => "Rocha" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "X2013251411051563" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Dec.10753" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251411051563?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0211699511051566?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/02116995/0000003100000002/v0_201502091417/X0211699511051566/v0_201502091417/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:17 [ "pii" => "X2013251411051547" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Nov.10725" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2011;31:227-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5286 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 336 "HTML" => 4297 "PDF" => 653 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Delayed diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria in a young patient with advanced chronic renal failure" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "227" "paginaFinal" => "229" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Hiperoxaluria primaria de diagnóstico tardío en paciente joven con insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10725_108_15829_en_10725f1.jpg" "Alto" => 696 "Ancho" => 600 "Tamanyo" => 232297 ] ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Martín, G. Martín Reyes, A. Torres de Rueda, R. Toledo Rojas, C. Jironda, I. García, T. García de la Oliva, M.L. Pérez Vaca, D. Hernández" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "Martín" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "G." "apellidos" => "Martín Reyes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Torres de Rueda" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "R." "apellidos" => "Toledo Rojas" ] 4 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "C." "apellidos" => "Jironda" ] 5 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "I." "apellidos" => "García" ] 6 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "T." "apellidos" => "García de la Oliva" ] 7 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M.L." "apellidos" => "Pérez Vaca" ] 8 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "D." "apellidos" => "Hernández" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "X021169951105154X" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Nov.10725" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X021169951105154X?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251411051547?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000003100000002/v0_201502091641/X2013251411051547/v0_201502091641/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "X2013251411051571" "issn" => "20132514" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Nov.10508" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-03-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Nefrologia (English Version). 2011;31:223-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 8435 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 314 "HTML" => 7465 "PDF" => 656 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "First case of peritoneal infection due to Oerskovia turbata (Cellulosimicrobium funkei)" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "223" "paginaFinal" => "225" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Primer caso de infección peritoneal por Oerskovia turbata (Cellulosimicrobium funkei)" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10508_108_15826_en_10508_1.jpg" "Alto" => 399 "Ancho" => 600 "Tamanyo" => 191528 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Oerskovia culture on a blood agar plate" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "L. BETANCOURT CASTELLANOS, E. PONZ CLEMENTE, D. FONTANALS AYMERICH, C. BLASCO CABAÑAS, D. MARQUINA PARRA, C. GRAU PUEYO, M. GARCÍA GARCÍA" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "L." "apellidos" => "BETANCOURT CASTELLANOS" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "L." "apellidos" => "BETANCOURT CASTELLANOS" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "E." "apellidos" => "PONZ CLEMENTE" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "D." "apellidos" => "FONTANALS AYMERICH" ] 4 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "C." "apellidos" => "BLASCO CABAÑAS" ] 5 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "D." "apellidos" => "MARQUINA PARRA" ] 6 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "C." "apellidos" => "GRAU PUEYO" ] 7 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "GARCÍA GARCÍA" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "X0211699511051574" "doi" => "10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Nov.10508" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X0211699511051574?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251411051571?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000003100000002/v0_201502091641/X2013251411051571/v0_201502091641/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "A patient with acute renal failure and episcleritis, is there more than meets the eye?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "225" "paginaFinal" => "226" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "A.P. Bernardo, J.M. Montalbán, E. Rocha" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => null 1 => array:4 [ "Iniciales" => "A.P." "apellidos" => "Bernardo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "anabernardo@portugalmail.pt" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Montalbán" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "E." "apellidos" => "Rocha" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Nephrology, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal, " "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Paciente con insuficiencia renal aguda y episcleritis, ¿hay en ello más de lo que se ve?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10753_108_11307_en_10753_f1.jpg" "Alto" => 174 "Ancho" => 600 "Tamanyo" => 76141 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Subconjunctival bleeding due to difuse episcleritis." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => " Dear Editor: The kidney and the eye, with their characteristic vascular anatomy, are vulnerable to vasculitis syndromes like antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated small vessel vasculitis1-3. Here we present a case of a 44 year old male patient complained of asthenia for one month. Two weeks before he developed bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhage without photophobia or ocular pain. The patient denied epistaxis, hemoptysis, abdominal pain, arthralgias or myalgias. On examination he had subconjunctival bleeding due to bilateral difuse episcleritis (Figure 1). There were no cardiopulmonary auscultatory findings, no purpura and no signs of arthritis. The patient past medical history was remarkable for chronic sinusitis with frequent episodes of epistaxis. The blood panel showed severe azotemia (serum creatinine 11,2 mg/dl, BUN 100 mg/dl), normocytic normochromic anaemia (Hb 11,3 g/dl; Ht 33,3%), C-reactive protein 16,9 mg/L  (0-10 mg/L), active urinary sediment (30 red blood cells per high-power field, 4 red blood cell casts), and a 24 hour proteinuria of 2,2 g. Renal imaging revealed normal size kidneys and normal corticomedular diferentiation. Hemodialysis was initiated due to uremic syndrome. Chest x-ray and chest CT scan did not show any evidence of active disease in the lower respiratory tract. Nasal sinus CT scan was compatible with a previous history of chronic sinusitis involving right etmoidal and both maxillary sinus. Nasal mucosa biopsy showed a non-specific inflammatory process. Serologic panel was negative for HIV1 and 2, HBV and HCV infection, complement fractions were within normal range. The immunological study was positive for circulating C-ANCA with anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) activity confirmed by enzimatic imunoassay (ELISA), and negative for anti-nuclear, anti DNAds and anti- glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. The renal biopsy revealed a segmentar necrotizing glomerulonephritis with circumferential crescents in more than 80% of glomeruli (Figure 2). Immunofluorescence microscopy was compatible with a pauci-imune glomerulonephritis The above investigation confirmed the diagnosis of ANCA associated small vessel vasculitis and the patient initiated treatment with cyclophosphamide (100 mg id po), methylprednisolone (1 g id ev) changed to prednisolone (70 mg id po) after 3 days, and prophylactic antibiotherapy with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. On hospital day four, he had a complete remission of the oftalmic disease, maintaining severe renal failure. Three months later, our patient remained on hemodialysis due to severe azotemia, without glomerular hematuria. Since renal function did not recover and there was no evidence of active extrarenal disease, immunesupressors were discontinued. The authors present a case report of systemic vasculitis associated with ANCAs with specificity for anti-proteinase 3 (PR3), with renal, upper respiratory tract and eye involvement suggestive of Wegener granulomatosis. The specificity of ANCA and its role on prognosis was shown by a retrospective study by Sven Weidner, involving 80 patients with confirmed pathological diagnosis of pauci-imune glomerulonephritis. In this study, patients with PR3 ANCAs had a higher risk of progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)4.The patient in our case report, besides having PR3 ANCAs, also presented with a pre-treatment serum creatinine above 500 µmol/L (5,7 mg/dl), which also predicts a worse outcome4. As for the type and number of crescents, the presence of circumferencial crescents in more than 80% of glomeruli, determines a dismal prognosis, indicating a worse response to immunesupressor treatment5. Our case report illustrates that an uncommon extra-renal involvement like an episcleritis, can be the form of presentation of a systemic disease with lethal potential.  Although the prognosis in terms of progression for ESRD is mainly determined by the renal histology, the type of ANCA involved and serum creatinine value when treatment is begun, the patient survival is still dependent on the level of clinical suspicion leading to an early diagnosis and treatment.<a href="grande/10753_108_11307_en_10753_f1.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10753_108_11307_en_10753_f1.jpg" alt="Subconjunctival bleeding due to difuse episcleritis."></img></a>Figure 1. Subconjunctival bleeding due to difuse episcleritis.<a href="grande/10753_108_11308_en_10753_f2.jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10753_108_11308_en_10753_f2.jpg" alt="Cellular circumferential crescents in more than 80% of glomeruli (Silver stain, x100)."></img></a>Figure 2. Cellular circumferential crescents in more than 80% of glomeruli (Silver stain, x100)." "pdfFichero" => "P1-E518-S2912-A10753-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10753_108_11307_en_10753_f1.jpg" "Alto" => 174 "Ancho" => 600 "Tamanyo" => 76141 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Subconjunctival bleeding due to difuse episcleritis." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "10753_108_11308_en_10753_f2.jpg" "Alto" => 319 "Ancho" => 342 "Tamanyo" => 118617 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Cellular circumferential crescents in more than 80% of glomeruli (Silver stain, x100)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Falk R, Nachman P, Hogan S, Jennette JC. ANCA Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis: A Chapel Hill Perspective. Semin Nephrol 2000;20:233-43. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10855933" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Savige J, Davies D, Falk R, Jennette JC,\u{A0}Wiik A. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and associated diseases: a review of the clinical and laboratory features. Kidney Int 2000;57:846-62. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720938" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:1 [ "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0735109710005103" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "07351097" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Harper SL, Letko E, Samson CM, Zafirakis P, Sangwan V, Nguyen Q, et al. Wegener¿s granulomatosis: the relationship between ocular and systemic disease. J Rheumatol 2001;28(5):1025-32. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11361183" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Weidner S, Geuss S, Hafezi-Rachti S, Wonka A, Rupprecht H. ANCA-associated vasculitis with renal involvement: an outcome analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1403-11. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15069175" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Jennette JC. Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2003;63:1164. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12631105" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000003100000002/v0_201502091641/X2013251411051563/v0_201502091641/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35437" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor - Brief Case Reports" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000003100000002/v0_201502091641/X2013251411051563/v0_201502091641/en/P1-E518-S2912-A10753-EN.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251411051563?idApp=UINPBA000064"]