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nocturia&#44; and oedemas around the ankles for one week&#46; For 48 hours before his visit&#44; he had taken paracetamol every 8 hours&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the physical examination he had mucocutaneous paleness&#46; Blood pressure&#58; 120&#47;70&#59; temperature&#58; 37&#46;4&#186;C&#59; auscultation&#58; normal&#46; Abdominal palpation&#58; no findings&#46; Lower limbs had no oedemas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Laboratory tests showed creatinine&#58; 9&#46;8mg&#47;dl&#59; urea&#58; 198mg&#47;dl&#59; haemoglobin&#58; 9&#46;8g&#47;l&#59; potassium&#58; 4&#46;7mEq&#47;l&#59; sodium&#58; 134mEq&#47;l&#59; haemoglobin&#58; 9&#46;6mg&#47;dl&#59; haematocrit&#58; 27&#37;&#59; leukocytes&#58; 15&#160;900 with 71&#37; neutrophils&#59; platelets&#58; 135&#160;000&#59; creatine phosphokinase &#40;CPK&#41;&#58; 4&#46;62IU&#47;l&#59; calcium&#58; 15mg&#47;dl&#59; ionic calcium&#58; 7&#46;71mg&#47;dl&#46; Sediment&#58; proteinuria&#58; 300mg&#47;dl&#59; red blood cells&#58; 5&#47;10&#47;high power field &#40;HPF&#41;&#59; leukocytes&#58; 0-5&#47;HPF&#46; The kidney ultrasound showed that the kidneys were of normal size&#44; no hydronephrosis&#44; and increased echogenicity&#46; The chest X-ray was normal&#46; Tests pointed towards acute renal failure with severe hypercalcaemia&#46; Daily haemodialysis was started with low calcium concentrations in the solution and subcutaneous calcitonin&#46; On the third day after admission&#44; the patient developed acute respiratory failure and neurological deterioration&#46; He was therefore transferred to the ICU&#44; with suspected tumoural hypercalcaemia requiring thoracic and cranial CT scans and proteinogram&#46; We observed bilateral alveolar infiltration&#44; right fronto-tempo-parietal subdural haematoma with subfalcine and transtentorial herniation&#46; The haematoma was surgically drained and the patient died 8 hours after the intervention&#46; Monoclonal IgG kappa was detected in the proteinogram&#46; An autopsy was carried out&#44; diagnosing multiple myeloma kappa&#44; affecting the bone marrow&#59; metastatic calcification mainly in the kidneys&#44; stomach&#44; lungs&#44; liver and vessels&#44; and pulmonary haemorrhage with respiratory distress&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hypercalcaemia is produced in patients with multiple myeloma due to the increased bone resorption caused by osteoclast activation&#44; especially due to the hyperactivity of the RANK&#47;RANK-L receptor&#46; Kidney failure is produced by lesions on the renal tubular epithelium&#44; which alters the ability to concentrate urine and sometimes causes epithelial cell necrosis and obstruction of the tubules&#46; This can then lead to stasis and calcium deposits in the kidney&#46; Treatment should be started quickly&#44; ensuring the patient is hydrated and using anti-myeloma therapy&#44; including steroids&#46; Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption without risk of nephrotoxicity&#44; but its hypocalcaemic effect is modest and transitory&#46; Bisphosphonates&#44; potent osteoclast inhibitors&#44; are very effective for severe hypercalcaemia&#44; but are a risk for kidney toxicity and hypocalcaemia&#46; The most used are pamidronate&#44; and zoledronic acid&#44; but the latter is not recommended when creatinine levels are above 3mg&#47;dl&#46; Some studies recommend using ibandronate for patients with renal failure&#44; as it is less nephrotoxic&#44; and some authors have even used ibandronate for patients with myeloma and renal failure caused by hypercalcaemia or nephrocalcinosis&#44; recovering renal function and calcium levels&#46; Haemodialysis must be started for oliguric renal failure cases&#46; In our case&#44; we started treatment with calcitonin and daily haemodialysis&#44; but the patient&#8217;s condition progressed rapidly&#44; with multiple organ failure and respiratory distress due to tumoural calcinosis&#46; In conclusion&#44; we must highlight the need to closely monitor calcium levels in patients with multiple myeloma and start therapeutic measures early&#46; For cases of malignant hypercalcaemia&#44; we recommend bisphosphonates as be the most effective therapy&#44; and for renal failure the least nephrotoxic drugs at an adjusted dosage&#46;</p>"
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Multiple myeloma, severe hypercalcaemia, acute renal failure and multiple organ failure due to calcinosis
Mieloma múltiple, hipercalcemia severa, insuficiencia renal aguda y fallo multiorgánico por calcinosis
J.G.. Martínez Mateua, J.G.. Martínez Mateub, G.P.. Losada Gonzálezb, M.A.. Munar Vilab, M.. Uriol Riverab, G.. Gómez Marquésb, A.C.. Tugoresb
a Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain,
b Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">To the Editor&#44; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Renal failure in multiple myeloma is frequent&#59; it is found in 20&#37;-40&#37; of cases at diagnosis and is an unfavourable prognostic factor&#46; Myeloma kidney and hypercalcaemia are the most frequent causes&#46; Other contributing factors are dehydration&#44; hyperuricaemia&#44; nephrotoxic drugs and iodine contrasts&#46; Repeated episodes of hypercalcaemia can produce calcium salt deposits in tissues&#44; especially those with an alkaline medium&#44; such as kidneys&#44; lungs or gastric mucosa&#46; We present the case of a 38-year-old man&#44; with multiple myeloma&#44; severe hypercalcaemia&#44; acute renal failure&#44; metastatic calcinosis and multiple organ failure&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient had no pathological history&#44; was a smoker of 40 cigarettes&#47;day&#44; and an alcohol consumer&#46; He visited the emergency department with general polymyalgia&#44; nocturia&#44; and oedemas around the ankles for one week&#46; For 48 hours before his visit&#44; he had taken paracetamol every 8 hours&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the physical examination he had mucocutaneous paleness&#46; Blood pressure&#58; 120&#47;70&#59; temperature&#58; 37&#46;4&#186;C&#59; auscultation&#58; normal&#46; Abdominal palpation&#58; no findings&#46; Lower limbs had no oedemas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Laboratory tests showed creatinine&#58; 9&#46;8mg&#47;dl&#59; urea&#58; 198mg&#47;dl&#59; haemoglobin&#58; 9&#46;8g&#47;l&#59; potassium&#58; 4&#46;7mEq&#47;l&#59; sodium&#58; 134mEq&#47;l&#59; haemoglobin&#58; 9&#46;6mg&#47;dl&#59; haematocrit&#58; 27&#37;&#59; leukocytes&#58; 15&#160;900 with 71&#37; neutrophils&#59; platelets&#58; 135&#160;000&#59; creatine phosphokinase &#40;CPK&#41;&#58; 4&#46;62IU&#47;l&#59; calcium&#58; 15mg&#47;dl&#59; ionic calcium&#58; 7&#46;71mg&#47;dl&#46; Sediment&#58; proteinuria&#58; 300mg&#47;dl&#59; red blood cells&#58; 5&#47;10&#47;high power field &#40;HPF&#41;&#59; leukocytes&#58; 0-5&#47;HPF&#46; The kidney ultrasound showed that the kidneys were of normal size&#44; no hydronephrosis&#44; and increased echogenicity&#46; The chest X-ray was normal&#46; Tests pointed towards acute renal failure with severe hypercalcaemia&#46; Daily haemodialysis was started with low calcium concentrations in the solution and subcutaneous calcitonin&#46; On the third day after admission&#44; the patient developed acute respiratory failure and neurological deterioration&#46; He was therefore transferred to the ICU&#44; with suspected tumoural hypercalcaemia requiring thoracic and cranial CT scans and proteinogram&#46; We observed bilateral alveolar infiltration&#44; right fronto-tempo-parietal subdural haematoma with subfalcine and transtentorial herniation&#46; The haematoma was surgically drained and the patient died 8 hours after the intervention&#46; Monoclonal IgG kappa was detected in the proteinogram&#46; An autopsy was carried out&#44; diagnosing multiple myeloma kappa&#44; affecting the bone marrow&#59; metastatic calcification mainly in the kidneys&#44; stomach&#44; lungs&#44; liver and vessels&#44; and pulmonary haemorrhage with respiratory distress&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hypercalcaemia is produced in patients with multiple myeloma due to the increased bone resorption caused by osteoclast activation&#44; especially due to the hyperactivity of the RANK&#47;RANK-L receptor&#46; Kidney failure is produced by lesions on the renal tubular epithelium&#44; which alters the ability to concentrate urine and sometimes causes epithelial cell necrosis and obstruction of the tubules&#46; This can then lead to stasis and calcium deposits in the kidney&#46; Treatment should be started quickly&#44; ensuring the patient is hydrated and using anti-myeloma therapy&#44; including steroids&#46; Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption without risk of nephrotoxicity&#44; but its hypocalcaemic effect is modest and transitory&#46; Bisphosphonates&#44; potent osteoclast inhibitors&#44; are very effective for severe hypercalcaemia&#44; but are a risk for kidney toxicity and hypocalcaemia&#46; The most used are pamidronate&#44; and zoledronic acid&#44; but the latter is not recommended when creatinine levels are above 3mg&#47;dl&#46; Some studies recommend using ibandronate for patients with renal failure&#44; as it is less nephrotoxic&#44; and some authors have even used ibandronate for patients with myeloma and renal failure caused by hypercalcaemia or nephrocalcinosis&#44; recovering renal function and calcium levels&#46; Haemodialysis must be started for oliguric renal failure cases&#46; In our case&#44; we started treatment with calcitonin and daily haemodialysis&#44; but the patient&#8217;s condition progressed rapidly&#44; with multiple organ failure and respiratory distress due to tumoural calcinosis&#46; In conclusion&#44; we must highlight the need to closely monitor calcium levels in patients with multiple myeloma and start therapeutic measures early&#46; For cases of malignant hypercalcaemia&#44; we recommend bisphosphonates as be the most effective therapy&#44; and for renal failure the least nephrotoxic drugs at an adjusted dosage&#46;</p>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "3.\u{A0}García-Sanz\u{A0}R,\u{A0}Mateos MV,\u{A0}San Miguel JF. Mieloma múltiple. Med Clin (Barc) 2007;129(3):104-15."
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "4.\u{A0}Triner WR, Birdwell MD. Severe Hypercalcemia presenting with multisystem organ failure. Am J Emerg Med 13(6):673-6. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7575811" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "5.\u{A0}Weide R,\u{A0}Koppler H,\u{A0}Antras L,\u{A0}Smith M,\u{A0}Chang E,\u{A0}Green J, et al.\u{A0}Renal toxicity in patients with multiple myeloma receiving zoledronic acid vs ibandronato : A retrospective medical records review. J Can Res Ther 2010;6:31-5."
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "6.\u{A0}Henrich D,\u{A0}Hoffmann M,\u{A0}Uppenkamp M,\u{A0}Bergner R. Ibandronate for the Treatment of Hypercalcemia or Nephrocalcinosis in Patients with Multyple Myeloma and Acute Renal Failure: Case Reports. Acta Haematol 2006;116:165-72."
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