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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Macular oedema in diabetic patients has been linked to the length of time patients have had diabetes&#44; the level of control of hy&#173;pertension&#44; levels of glycosylated haemoglobin&#44; the extent to which dyslipidaemia is controlled&#44; smoking&#44; the degree of renal failure&#63; and hypoproteinaemia in patients with nephrotic syndrome&#63; It has been reported that haemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; improves macular oedema in diabetic patients&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4 </span>Thus&#44; we studied the effect of an HD session on foveal thickness using pre-HD and post-HD optical coherence tomography &#40;OCT&#41; in 14 adult HD patients with type 2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">diabetes mellitus </span>and stage 5 chronic renal fail&#173;ure &#40;CRF&#41; secondary to diabetic nephropathy&#46; In contrast to other types of tests which are used to evaluate retinal pathology&#44; OCT enables foveal thickness to be quantitatively measured with minimal inter-observer variations&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">PATIENTS AND METHOD </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We examined 14 patients &#40;9 males and 5 females&#41; with an average age of 70&#46;64&#177;7&#46;01 years&#44; who had diabetes for 22&#46;86&#177;8&#46;98 years and had received HD for 21&#46;14&#177;16&#46;83 months&#46; Their pre-HD systolic blood pressure was 136&#46;54&#177;24&#46;55mm Hg and their pre-HD diastolic blood pressure was 65&#46;85&#177;8&#46;68mm Hg&#46; Thirteen patients had a past or current history of smoking&#46; The aver&#173;age time of the HD session was 3&#46;58&#177;0&#46;42 hours&#46; Ultrafiltration rate was 2&#44;042&#46;31&#177;1&#44;134&#46;28ml&#44; bath temperature 36&#46;46&#177;0&#46;19 &#186;C&#44; conductivity 14&#46;23&#177;0&#46;26mS&#47;cm&#44; blood flow 261&#46;54&#177;29&#46;96ml&#47;min and KT 37&#46;43&#177;6&#46;59&#46; The characteristics of the HD ses&#173;sion were as follows&#58; conventional HD&#44; consisting of a schedule of three HD sessions per week using a Hospal Integra monitor&#44; using a dialyser with a 2m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>polyarylethersulfone membrane &#40;kUF 27&#46;1ml&#47;h&#47;mm Hg&#44; Qd 500ml&#47;min with a composition of&#58; sodi&#173;um 140&#44; calcium 3 mg 0&#46;75 and K 1&#46;5 mEq&#47;l&#41;&#46; Eight patients received an initial dose of 20mg of enoxaparin and 6 patients re&#173;ceived 40mg&#46; UF&#44; sodium and temperature profiles were not recorded and there were no blood transfusions&#46; Eight patients were subjected to dialysis using a Hickman catheter and 6 patients via an arteriovenous fistula&#46; Eleven patients had less than 7&#37; A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1C </span>glycosylated haemoglobin&#46; Ten patients were being treated with insulin&#44; two with insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs and two by diet alone&#46; Their average values were as follows&#58; haemoglobin 11&#46;07&#177;0&#46;85mg&#47;dl&#44; haematocrit 33&#46;03&#177;3&#46;50&#37;&#44; intact PTH 374&#46;1&#177;278&#46;33pg&#47;ml&#44; calcium-phosphorus product 33&#46;3&#177;15&#46;19&#44; total cholesterol 143&#46;53&#177;33&#46;07mg&#47;dl&#44; triglycerides 165&#46;46&#177;61&#46;94mg&#47;dl and the average dose of intravenous beta erythropoietin was 5&#44;642&#46;8&#177;3&#44;045&#46;51 units after each HD session&#46; Nine eyes had received argon laser treatment prior to initiating HD and six showed evidence of active diabetic retinopathy when they were examined&#46; Diabetic macular oedema was only found in one patient&#46; HD patients with stage 5 CRF secondary to diabetic nephropathy and with corneal pathology or cataract affecting optical clarity&#44; optical neuropathy or amaurosis were excluded&#46; Patients who could not come to the centre for complementary ophthalmological tests were also excluded&#46; Twenty-five eyes corresponding to 14 patients were selected&#46; All the patients underwent haemogram&#44; urea&#44; creatinine&#44; sodium&#44; potassi&#173;um&#44; calcium&#44; bicarbonate&#44; osmolarity and total protein tests&#44; and pre-HD and post-HD OCT following drug-induced mydriasis&#44; which involved taking third-generation 3D TOPCON OCT-1000 radial macular images&#46; OCT was used to calculate whether the criteria for defining increased&#44; unchanged or decreased foveal thickness were met&#44; according to a normalisation scale that included variables such as age&#44; sex and race&#46; Foveal thickness was determined in micras and after haemodialysis any value above or below the baseline value was regarded as increased or decreased thickness&#46; All the patients underwent pre-HD visual acuity tests&#46; Both visual acuity tests and foveal thickness measurement were performed by the same ophthalmologist&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and numerical variables as mean values plus standard deviation&#46; Propor&#173;tions were compared by means of the chi-square test of independence or Fisher&#8217;s exact test and the Student t test was employed for continuous variables&#46; Findings which confirmed or contradicted our hypothesis were considered statistically significant when the corresponding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P </span>value was less than &#46;05&#46; The SPSS statistical package was used &#40;version 17&#46;0&#41;&#46; Patients were divided into 2 subgroups&#44; depending on their foveal thickness measurements&#58; &#8220;increased&#8221; and &#8220;unchanged&#47;decreased&#8221;&#46; Each of the vari&#173;ables was analysed in both subgroups using the statistical test indicated&#44; depending on whether they were quantitative or qualitative&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">With respect to the data obtained using OCT&#44; average foveal thickness shows a tendency to decrease &#40;from 245&#46;28&#177;52&#46;21&#181;to 240&#46;40&#177;30&#46;09&#181;&#41;&#44; but this finding was not statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#61;</span>&#46;428&#41;&#46; At baseline foveal thickness was found to be in&#173;creased in one patient&#44; but this was not related to any of the clinical or analytical parameters which were analysed&#46; Twelve of the eyes which were examined showed an increase in foveal thickness&#44; three remained unchanged and 10 showed a decrease&#46; With respect to visual acuity&#44; six of the eyes that were analysed showed a visual acuity of less than 0&#46;05&#59; in seven eyes it was less than 0&#46;5 but greater than 0&#46;05 and in 12 eyes it was greater than 0&#46;5&#46; Changes in OCT &#40;in the two subgroups which were studied&#41; failed to correlate with individual visual acuity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#61;</span>&#46;414&#41; or visual acuity divided into subgroups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#61;</span>&#46;663&#41;&#46; For the group as a whole the changes in foveal thickness were unrelated to demographic data&#44; the laboratory parameters analysed&#44; pre&#173;vious argon laser treatment&#44; the existence of active diabetic retinopathy or the dose of erythropoietin that was administered &#40;Table 1&#41;&#46; However&#44; when the subgroup of 13 eyes in which foveal thickness showed no change or decreased after HD was compared to the subgroup of 12 eyes in which there was an increase&#44; it was found that in the former subgroup the bath temper&#173;ature was significantly higher &#40;37&#46;00&#177;0&#46;00 compared to 36&#46;29&#186;C&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#61;</span>&#46;008&#41; and conductivity was significantly lower &#40;14&#46;00&#177;0&#46;00 compared to 14&#46;29&#177;0&#46;10mS&#47;cm&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#61;</span>&#46;030&#41; &#40;Table 2&#41;&#46; Six of the eyes that we examined showed evidence of active diabetic retinopathy and the remainder showed none&#46; Four eyes were affected by non-atrophic non-exudative age-related mac&#173;ular degeneration and another 4 eyes had epiretinal membranes which failed to meet criteria for surgical treatment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Numerous treatments are used to control diabetic retinopathy&#46; The most widely used of these include photocoagulation<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-8 </span>or vit-rectomy&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9-10 </span>with intravitreal injections becoming increasingly popular&#46; Diabetic macular oedema in non-dialysis patients with stage 5 CRF has been linked to systemic factors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-13 </span>such as increased volaemia&#44; hypertension and anaemia&#46; Thus&#44; in addition to treating diabetic retinopathy&#44; it is recommended that these patients also receive renal function replacement therapy&#44; which would improve the above mentioned factors&#46; An improvement in macular oedema&#44; together with a reduction in blood pressure and volaemia values&#44; has been reported one month after the start of peritoneal dialysis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>or HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4 </span>Similar results have been reported 6&#46;5 months after initiating HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14 </span>An improvement has also been demonstrated in thick macular exudates a year after starting HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>However&#44; in a fluorescein angiography no improvement in macular permeability was demonstrated 4 weeks after initiat&#173;ing HD&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15 </span>All the above mentioned studies were performed by angiography or ophthalmoscopy&#46; The only published study using OCT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16 </span>compared the retinal thickness of healthy people and HD patients and it found that HD patients showed a significant re&#173;duction in retinal thickness with respect to healthy controls&#46; This reduction was significant in all the quadrants which were analysed and it correlated with the age of the HD patients&#46; In this study no differences were found in foveal thickness between haemodialysis patients and healthy controls&#46; In the literature we did not find any comparative studies on the effect of an HD session on foveal thickness measured by OCT in type 2 diabetes patients&#46; In our study foveal thickness tended to decrease after a session of HD&#44; although this tendency was not statistically significant&#44; as only 13 out of the 25 eyes which were examined showed a decrease or remained unchanged&#46; These findings could be related to the time our patients had been receiving dialysis&#44; as the previous studies were conducted during periods which were closer to the start of HD&#46; The finding that the subgroup of eyes in which foveal thickness decreased or failed to change had been dialysed using a higher bath temperature could be linked to the dilation of retinal capillaries&#46; The fact that this subgroup of eyes had been dialysed with a lower level of conductivity compared to the subgroup in which foveal thickness increased following HD&#44; without any differences in ultrafiltration in the two subgroups&#44; could be related to a tendency towards the extravasation of osmotically active substances&#46; Only 6 out of the 23 eyes which were examined showed signs of active diabetic retinopathy&#44; which indicates a beneficial effect of HD on diabetic retinopathy&#44; bearing in mind that only 9 eyes had been subjected to argon laser treatment prior to starting HD and that none had received this therapy after starting HD&#46; Lastly&#44; it has been published that the administration of erythropoietin to HD patients improves macular permeability evaluated by angiography&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17 </span>Our study found no correlation between changes in foveal thick&#173;ness measured by pre-HD and post-HD OCT and the dose of erythropoietin that was administered so we have not ruled out the possibility that&#44; at least partially&#44; the beneficial effect of HD on diabetic retinopathy may be due to the fact that all the patients studied were being treated with erythropoietin&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To summarise&#44; this study suggests that the use of HD as an adjuvant to ophthalmological treatment may modify retinal capillary regulation&#44; depending on parameters such as bath temperature and conductivity&#46; New studies with larger sample sizes that involve the analysis of a greater number of HD sessions would be needed to corroborate this hypothesis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors would like to thank Professor Jos&#233; Mar&#237;a Limi&#241;ana for his help in performing the statistical analyses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10392&#95;108&#95;13931&#95;en&#95;t1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10392_108_13931_en_t1.jpg" alt="Data of patients and haemodialysis session "></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 1&#46; Data of patients and haemodialysis session </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10392&#95;108&#95;13932&#95;en&#95;t2&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10392_108_13932_en_t2.jpg" alt="Haemodialysis session parameters and changes in foveal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography "></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Table 2&#46; Haemodialysis session parameters and changes in foveal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography </p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Background&#58; </span>Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; on macular edema in diabetic patients&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Objec&#173;tive&#58; </span></span>To study the effects of a HD session on foveal thickness by optical coherence tomography &#40;OCT&#41; in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure &#40;CRF&#41; secondary to stage 5 diabetic nephropathy in HD&#46; Patients and methods&#58; We studied 25 eyes of 14 patients who underwent analytical studies and pre-HD and post-HD OCT&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58; </span>As a group&#44; the foveal thickness did not change after one session of HD in the 25 eyes studied &#40;245&#46;28&#177;52&#46;21 &#181;versus 240&#46;40&#177;40&#46;25 &#181;&#41; &#40;p&#61;0&#46;428&#41; &#40;2&#37; re&#173;duction&#41; or correlated with any clinical or laboratory parameters analyzed&#46; When comparing the subgroup of 13 eyes in which the foveal thickness did not change or decreased compared to the subgroup of 12 eyes in which the foveal thickness increased we found that in the first subgroup the bath temperature was significantly higher &#40;37&#46;00&#177;0&#46;00 versus 36&#46;29 &#176;C&#44; p&#61;0&#46;008&#41; and the con&#173;ductivity was significantly lower &#40;14&#46;00&#177;0&#46;00 versus 14&#46;29&#177;0&#46;10mS&#47;cm&#44; p&#61;0&#46;030&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58; </span>HD may modify the foveal retinal thick&#173;ness as a function of changing parameters such as bath temperature and conductivity&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antecedentes&#58; </span>Diversos estudios han demostrado la eficacia de la hemodi&#225;lisis &#40;HD&#41; sobre el edema macular de los pacientes diab&#233;ticos&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objetivo&#58; </span>Estudiar los efectos de una sesi&#243;n de HD sobre el grosor foveolar&#44; mediante tomograf&#237;a de coherencia &#243;ptica &#40;OCT&#41;&#44; en pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con insuficiencia renal cr&#243;nica &#40;IRC&#41; estadio 5 secundaria a nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica en HD&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pacientes y m&#233;todos&#58; </span>Se estudiaron 25 ojos de 14 pacientes a los cuales se les realiz&#243; anal&#237;tica y OCT pre-HD y post-HD&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultados&#58; </span>Como grupo&#44; el grosor foveolar no se modificaba tras una sesi&#243;n de HD en los 25 ojos estudiados &#40;245&#44;28 &#177; 52&#44;21 &#181; frente a&#160;240&#44;40 &#177; 40&#44;25 &#181;&#41; &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;428&#41; &#40;2&#37; de reducci&#243;n&#41; ni&#160;se correlacionaba con ninguno de los par&#225;metros cl&#237;nicos o anal&#237;ticos analizados&#46; Al comparar el subgrupo de 13 ojos en los que el grosor foveolar no se modificaba o disminu&#237;a respecto al subgrupo de 12 ojos en los que el grosor foveolar aumentaba se encontr&#243; que en el primer subgrupo la temperatura del ba&#241;o era significativamente mayor&#160;&#40;37&#44;00 &#177; 0&#44;00 frente a&#160;36&#44;29 &#186;C&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;008&#41; y la conductividad significativamente menor &#40;14&#44;00 &#177; 0&#44;00 frente a&#160;14&#44;29 &#177; 0&#44;10 mS&#47;cm&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;030&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;n&#58; </span>La HD podr&#237;a modificar el grosor foveolar retiniano en funci&#243;n de la modificaci&#243;n de par&#225;metros como la temperatura del ba&#241;o y la conductividad&#46;</p>"
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