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and its Flk-1&#47;KDR receptor&#46; The VEGF system plays a central role in the development of KS&#44; and so the effect of PSI is particularly relevant&#46; The results observed in SOT with KS after converting to PSI demonstrate this relationship&#44; and these drugs are currently the primary therapeutic option&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> In KS associated with HIV&#44; the first line of treatment is controlling the HIV with HAART&#44; and the usefulness of PSI is still being researched&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Here we present the case of an HIV patient with a kidney transplant &#40;KT&#41; that developed KS&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A 59-year old male infected with HIV &#40;by sexual transmission&#41; that was well controlled with HAART received a KT in May 2001&#46; He then continued treatment with HAART&#44; always maintaining a negative viral load and CD4&#62;200 cells&#47;&#181;l&#46; The immunosuppressant treatment consisted of steroids&#44; mycophenolate&#44; and tacrolimus&#46; The mycophenolate was suspended in January 2003 due to haematological intolerance&#46; In august 2003&#44; we performed a biopsy due to progressive deterioration of renal function and the patient was diagnosed with chronic nephropathy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In February 2010&#44; purple nodular lesions appeared on the patient&#8217;s left arm&#44; leading to the histopathological diagnosis of KS with intense immunohistochemical expression for CD31&#44; CD34&#44; and HHV-8&#46; An analysis of the extent of the disease ruled out visceral involvement&#46; Blood PCR analysis was negative for cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41;&#44; Epstein-Barr virus HHV-6&#44; HHV-7&#44; and HHV-8&#44; with positive HHV-8 serology &#40;IgG-IFI&#41;&#46; At this moment the patient already had creatinine levels nearing 4&#46;5mg&#47;dl due to the chronic nephropathy&#46; We decided to significantly reduce the tacrolimus prescription &#40;to 3-4ng&#47;ml&#41; and start treatment with sirolimus &#40;at 4-6ng&#47;ml&#46; We did not completely remove the tacrolimus treatment for fear of poor tolerance to PSI due to renal failure&#46; Renal function continued to deteriorate&#44; and we recommenced dialysis in November 2010&#44; suspending tacrolimus&#46; We continued sirolimus treatment at low doses until the KS was resolved in Match 2011&#46; The patient currently continues on dialysis with a complete remission of all lesions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our patient developed KS very late &#40;9 years post-KT&#41; and in spite of a good control of the HIV infection&#46; He had several different risk factors &#40;HHV-8&#44; HIV&#44; immunosuppressant treatment&#41; that were able to act synergistically&#44; favouring the development of the tumour with an atypical epidemiological pattern&#46; Given the experience published regarding HIV-negative SOT&#44; we believe that it was the conversion to sirolimus rather than the decreased tacrolimus levels that caused the favourable evolution of the KS&#46; Only three other cases of KS in HIV-positive SOT &#40;two KT&#44; one live transplant&#41; have been communicated with a positive response following conversion to PSI&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> However&#44; these cases were not described in detail since they made up part of a general series on SOT in patients with HIV&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although the most extensive treatment in HIV-positive SOT is the combination of MMF and anti-calcineurinics&#44; good results have also been obtained with protocols based on PSI&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span> Additionally&#44; PSI appear to have beneficial effects on the replication of HIV&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> We believe that a treatment regimen based on PSI could be the therapy of choice as the primary immunosuppressant following KT in transplant recipients with HIV infection and risk factors for KS &#40;male&#44; sexual practices&#44; ethnicity&#44; HHV-8 positive&#41;&#44; as long as contraindications do not exist&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p>"
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Unusual epidemiological pattern in kidney transplant patient with HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma. Resolution after sirolimus therapy
Patrón epidemiológico inusual en un paciente trasplantado renal con infección por VIH y sarcoma de Kaposi. Resolución tras tratamiento con sirolimus
L.. Callea, A.. Mazuecosb, T.. García Álvarezb, F.. Guerreroc, A.. Morenob, R.. Collantesb, M.. Riverob
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Puerta del Mar Cádiz,
b Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cádiz,
c Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cádiz,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">To the Editor&#44; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Kaposi&#8217;s sarcoma &#40;KS&#41; is associated with human herpes virus 8 &#40;HHV-8&#41;&#44; although&#44; alone&#44; HHV-8 is not a major risk factor&#46; Situations that affect immunity&#44; such as infection from human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; or immunosuppressant treatment in solid organ transplant &#40;SOT&#41; patients&#44; markedly increase risk&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span> KS in SOT patients tends to occur within the first few months post-transplant&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span> A high CD4 lymphocyte count and high-activity anti-retroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41; both significantly reduce the risk in patients with HIV&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Proliferation signal inhibitors &#40;PSI&#41; inhibit tumour angiogenesis by reducing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor &#40;VEGF&#41; and its Flk-1&#47;KDR receptor&#46; The VEGF system plays a central role in the development of KS&#44; and so the effect of PSI is particularly relevant&#46; The results observed in SOT with KS after converting to PSI demonstrate this relationship&#44; and these drugs are currently the primary therapeutic option&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> In KS associated with HIV&#44; the first line of treatment is controlling the HIV with HAART&#44; and the usefulness of PSI is still being researched&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Here we present the case of an HIV patient with a kidney transplant &#40;KT&#41; that developed KS&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A 59-year old male infected with HIV &#40;by sexual transmission&#41; that was well controlled with HAART received a KT in May 2001&#46; He then continued treatment with HAART&#44; always maintaining a negative viral load and CD4&#62;200 cells&#47;&#181;l&#46; The immunosuppressant treatment consisted of steroids&#44; mycophenolate&#44; and tacrolimus&#46; The mycophenolate was suspended in January 2003 due to haematological intolerance&#46; In august 2003&#44; we performed a biopsy due to progressive deterioration of renal function and the patient was diagnosed with chronic nephropathy&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In February 2010&#44; purple nodular lesions appeared on the patient&#8217;s left arm&#44; leading to the histopathological diagnosis of KS with intense immunohistochemical expression for CD31&#44; CD34&#44; and HHV-8&#46; An analysis of the extent of the disease ruled out visceral involvement&#46; Blood PCR analysis was negative for cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41;&#44; Epstein-Barr virus HHV-6&#44; HHV-7&#44; and HHV-8&#44; with positive HHV-8 serology &#40;IgG-IFI&#41;&#46; At this moment the patient already had creatinine levels nearing 4&#46;5mg&#47;dl due to the chronic nephropathy&#46; We decided to significantly reduce the tacrolimus prescription &#40;to 3-4ng&#47;ml&#41; and start treatment with sirolimus &#40;at 4-6ng&#47;ml&#46; We did not completely remove the tacrolimus treatment for fear of poor tolerance to PSI due to renal failure&#46; Renal function continued to deteriorate&#44; and we recommenced dialysis in November 2010&#44; suspending tacrolimus&#46; We continued sirolimus treatment at low doses until the KS was resolved in Match 2011&#46; The patient currently continues on dialysis with a complete remission of all lesions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our patient developed KS very late &#40;9 years post-KT&#41; and in spite of a good control of the HIV infection&#46; He had several different risk factors &#40;HHV-8&#44; HIV&#44; immunosuppressant treatment&#41; that were able to act synergistically&#44; favouring the development of the tumour with an atypical epidemiological pattern&#46; Given the experience published regarding HIV-negative SOT&#44; we believe that it was the conversion to sirolimus rather than the decreased tacrolimus levels that caused the favourable evolution of the KS&#46; Only three other cases of KS in HIV-positive SOT &#40;two KT&#44; one live transplant&#41; have been communicated with a positive response following conversion to PSI&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> However&#44; these cases were not described in detail since they made up part of a general series on SOT in patients with HIV&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although the most extensive treatment in HIV-positive SOT is the combination of MMF and anti-calcineurinics&#44; good results have also been obtained with protocols based on PSI&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span> Additionally&#44; PSI appear to have beneficial effects on the replication of HIV&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> We believe that a treatment regimen based on PSI could be the therapy of choice as the primary immunosuppressant following KT in transplant recipients with HIV infection and risk factors for KS &#40;male&#44; sexual practices&#44; ethnicity&#44; HHV-8 positive&#41;&#44; as long as contraindications do not exist&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p>"
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