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In a liver biopsy performed in 1986 slight chronic portal and lobular inflammation without any signs of activity were seen&#44; since then there has been ALT elevation 2-3fold&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient underwent her first transplant in 1992&#44; and lost graft function due to glomerulopathy of the transplant in 1996&#46; The second transplant was performed in 2001&#46; The patient received immunosuppression with mofetil mycophenolate&#44; tacrolimus and steroids&#46; The patient had a maximum panel reactive antibody &#40;PRA&#41; prior to transplant of 52&#37;&#44; which decreased to 0&#37; during the months prior to transplant surgery&#46; Plasma creatinine was stable &#40;1&#46;5-1&#46;7 mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; proteinuria positive and less than 500 mg&#47;24 hours&#46; In January 2007 prednisone was discontinued&#44; with a subsequent increase of proteinuria that reached nephrotic proportions in January 2009&#46; The HCV viral load was persistently positive&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient is admitted in February 2009 to Pneumology due to non-condensing respiratory infection and stable renal function&#46; Clinical symptoms improve on antibiotic therapy&#46; One week later the patient presents arthromyalgia&#44; fever&#44; oedemas and petechial lesions in lower limbs &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; The patient presents progressive deterioration with dyspnoea&#44; leukocytosis&#44; anaemia and creatinine rise &#40;4 mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; requiring therefore haemodialysis due to oligoanuria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We ruled out haemolytic-uremic syndrome &#40;peripheral blood smear with no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">schistocytes&#44; normal platelet count&#44; and absence of severe hypertension&#41;&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> </span>ANCA and anti-GBM were negative&#44; ruling out these causes of secondary rapidly progressive renal failure&#46; The patient was positive to plasma cryoglobulins &#40;30&#37;&#41;&#44; complements &#40;C4 &#60;2&#59; C3 111&#41; and rheumatoid factor &#40;positive&#59; 408 U&#47;l&#41;&#46; The HCV viral load was 31&#44;263&#44;906 copies&#47;ml&#44; genotype 1&#46; Renal biopsy showed changes compatible with cryoglobulinaemic membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis&#44; glomeruli with a proliferative membrane pattern&#44; cell proliferation and hyaline thrombi&#46; With a diagnosis of membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with HCV&#44; treatment with plasmapheresis was begun&#44; causing reversion of skin and lung lesions&#44; but the patient remained dialysis-dependent&#46; Given the advanced renal failure&#44; treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavarin was begun&#44; and haemoglobin was closely monitored&#46; Four months later the viral load was undetectable&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">HCV treatment was chosen&#44; with pegylated interferon and ribavarin&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5</span>&#160;but in patients with renal failure&#44; creatinine clearance must be monitored&#46; According to the levels of creatinine clearance&#44; ribavarin and&#47;or pegylated interferon may not be advisable or it may be necessary to monitor haemoglobin levels&#46; In cases in which this occurs plasmapheresis may be used or drugs such as rituximab<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>used for &#40;renal&#44; neurological or skin&#41; exacerbations&#46; Once overcome&#44; antiviral drugs will be administered&#46; Furthermore&#44; pegylated interferon is contraindicated in patients that have undergone transplant&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> but in our case the patient had already returned to dialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our patient we blamed the persistent proteinuria on possible chronic changes&#44; although it may have been related to cryoglobulinaemia&#46; We would like to highlight the importance of keeping this possibility in mind&#44; since this condition is quite frequent with a subclinical presentation and can lead to kidney transplant failure&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10384&#95;108&#95;7815&#95;en&#95;10384&#95;f1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10384_108_7815_en_10384_f1.jpg" alt="Vasculitis skin lesions "></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; 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Mixed Cryoglobulinaemia in a Patient after Kidney Transplant
Crioglobulinemia mixta en una paciente sometida a trasplante renal
C.. Cobeloa, E.. Solaa, V.. Lópeza, C.. Gutiérrez-de la Fuentea, D.. Hernández Marreroa
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Dear Editor&#44; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hepatitis C virus infection &#40;HCV&#41; is associated with cryoglobulinaemia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; mainly mixed type II&#44; associated or not with membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis&#46; The prevalence of cases with clinical symptoms is 1&#58;1&#44;000&#44;000&#44; but 40-&#173;60&#37; of the patients with HCV have elevated cryoglobulins&#46; In transplant patients&#44; who were previously HCV positive&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span>&#160;this is an important cause of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> glomerulonephritis&#46; In these patients the prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia after transplant is 2&#46;7-45&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We present a case of a 63 year old patient with renal failure due to postpartum cortical necrosis&#44; on haemodialysis since 1980&#46; She was HCV positive&#46; In a liver biopsy performed in 1986 slight chronic portal and lobular inflammation without any signs of activity were seen&#44; since then there has been ALT elevation 2-3fold&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient underwent her first transplant in 1992&#44; and lost graft function due to glomerulopathy of the transplant in 1996&#46; The second transplant was performed in 2001&#46; The patient received immunosuppression with mofetil mycophenolate&#44; tacrolimus and steroids&#46; The patient had a maximum panel reactive antibody &#40;PRA&#41; prior to transplant of 52&#37;&#44; which decreased to 0&#37; during the months prior to transplant surgery&#46; Plasma creatinine was stable &#40;1&#46;5-1&#46;7 mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; proteinuria positive and less than 500 mg&#47;24 hours&#46; In January 2007 prednisone was discontinued&#44; with a subsequent increase of proteinuria that reached nephrotic proportions in January 2009&#46; The HCV viral load was persistently positive&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The patient is admitted in February 2009 to Pneumology due to non-condensing respiratory infection and stable renal function&#46; Clinical symptoms improve on antibiotic therapy&#46; One week later the patient presents arthromyalgia&#44; fever&#44; oedemas and petechial lesions in lower limbs &#40;Figure 1&#41;&#46; The patient presents progressive deterioration with dyspnoea&#44; leukocytosis&#44; anaemia and creatinine rise &#40;4 mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; requiring therefore haemodialysis due to oligoanuria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We ruled out haemolytic-uremic syndrome &#40;peripheral blood smear with no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">schistocytes&#44; normal platelet count&#44; and absence of severe hypertension&#41;&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> </span>ANCA and anti-GBM were negative&#44; ruling out these causes of secondary rapidly progressive renal failure&#46; The patient was positive to plasma cryoglobulins &#40;30&#37;&#41;&#44; complements &#40;C4 &#60;2&#59; C3 111&#41; and rheumatoid factor &#40;positive&#59; 408 U&#47;l&#41;&#46; The HCV viral load was 31&#44;263&#44;906 copies&#47;ml&#44; genotype 1&#46; Renal biopsy showed changes compatible with cryoglobulinaemic membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis&#44; glomeruli with a proliferative membrane pattern&#44; cell proliferation and hyaline thrombi&#46; With a diagnosis of membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with HCV&#44; treatment with plasmapheresis was begun&#44; causing reversion of skin and lung lesions&#44; but the patient remained dialysis-dependent&#46; Given the advanced renal failure&#44; treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavarin was begun&#44; and haemoglobin was closely monitored&#46; Four months later the viral load was undetectable&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#160;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">HCV treatment was chosen&#44; with pegylated interferon and ribavarin&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5</span>&#160;but in patients with renal failure&#44; creatinine clearance must be monitored&#46; According to the levels of creatinine clearance&#44; ribavarin and&#47;or pegylated interferon may not be advisable or it may be necessary to monitor haemoglobin levels&#46; In cases in which this occurs plasmapheresis may be used or drugs such as rituximab<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>used for &#40;renal&#44; neurological or skin&#41; exacerbations&#46; Once overcome&#44; antiviral drugs will be administered&#46; Furthermore&#44; pegylated interferon is contraindicated in patients that have undergone transplant&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> but in our case the patient had already returned to dialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In our patient we blamed the persistent proteinuria on possible chronic changes&#44; although it may have been related to cryoglobulinaemia&#46; We would like to highlight the importance of keeping this possibility in mind&#44; since this condition is quite frequent with a subclinical presentation and can lead to kidney transplant failure&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><a href="grande&#47;10384&#95;108&#95;7815&#95;en&#95;10384&#95;f1&#46;jpg" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"><img src="10384_108_7815_en_10384_f1.jpg" alt="Vasculitis skin lesions "></img></a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Figure 1&#46; 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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
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