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A metaanalysis of the data published in randomized studies with more than 200 pre-dialysis patients up to 2001 showed&#44; as others&#44; that early treatment with rHuEPO corrected anaemia&#44; eliminated the need for transfusions and improved quality of life and capacity for exercise&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The effect of correcting renal anaemia on mortality was studied retrospectively&#46; One retrospective longitudinal study carried out on 44&#44;550 haemodialysis patients &#40;Fresenius Medical Care&#44; USA&#41; showed that survival rates were lower in patients with haemoglobin below 9g&#47;dl and higher in patients whose haemoglobin was at or higher than 13g&#47;dl&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> Furthermore&#44; data from the Spanish prospective study MAR&#44; which included 1&#44;428 patients from 119 centres<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> and from the American organisation DaVita&#44; with 58&#44;058 patients&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> supported the observation that haemoglobin values below 12g&#47;dl increased mortality of patients on haemodialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Therefore&#44; rHuEPO was shown to be an effective drug which improved the clinical profile and survival rates in retrospective studies carried out on CKD patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">But&#8230;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The first troubling observations arrived with Besarab&#8217;s prospective study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>&#58; in haemodialysis patients with clinical signs of congestive heart failure or ischaemic heart disease&#44; administering rHuEPO in order to raise haematocrit to 42&#37; was associated with more deaths due to all causes than was predicted for the group with normal &#40;39-45&#37;&#41; or low haematocrit levels &#40;27-33&#37;&#41;&#46; Two simultaneous&#44; prospective&#44; randomised studies from Europe &#40;CREATE&#41; and the United States &#40;CHOIR&#41; in pre-dialysis patients concluded that the target haemoglobin level of 13-15g&#47;dl vs&#46; 10&#46;5-11&#46;5g&#47;dl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> and 13&#46;5g&#47;dl vs&#46; 11&#46;3g&#47;dl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> was associated with increased cardiovascular risk&#44; and that complete&#44; early resolution of the anaemia did not reduce the risk of cardiovascular episodes&#46; It is true that the three mentioned studies may be subject to critical analysis due to having some methodological weaknesses&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> but they were followed by safety warnings issued by the FDA in the United States and by the EMEA in Europe&#46; Both stated that in CKD treatment&#44; haemoglobin levels higher than 12g&#47;dl were associated with an increase in severe cardiovascular complications and mortality due to all causes&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> Furthermore&#44; these safety warnings included important references to cancer patients treated with rHuEPO&#58; &#8220;tumour progression time in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiation therapy is shortened&#44; survival rates decrease and mortality attributed to disease progression in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma on chemotherapy increases&#8221;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">As a result of the above observations&#44; the clinical practice guidelines changed the haemoglobin recommendations for CKD patients treated with rHuEPO&#46; The European anaemia group made the following recommendation in 2009&#58; &#8220;In the opinion of the ERBPWork Group&#44; it appears reasonable to maintain the lower limit of the target&#44; although the actual evidence for choosing this value is also very limited&#46; On the basis of new evidence&#44; Hb values of 11&#8211;12g&#47;dl should be generally sought in the CKD population without intentionally exceeding 13g&#47;dl&#8221;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The results of the TREAT study were subsequently published and presented in the U&#46;S&#46; conference held at the end of October 2009&#44; on the same day that they appeared in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New England Journal of Medicine</span>&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> In summary&#44; the study analysed 4&#44;038 patients with diabetes&#44; CKD and anaemia&#46; 2&#44;012 patients were randomly assigned treatment with darbepoetin alpha in order to reach a haemoglobin level of approximately 13g&#47;dl and 2&#44;026 patients were treated with a placebo&#44; although they were able to receive rescue darbepoetin alpha when their haemoglobin level dropped below 9&#46;0g&#47;dl&#46; The primary end points were the time to the composite outcome of death from any cause or a cardiovascular event &#40;nonfatal myocardial infarction&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; stroke&#44; or hospitalization for myocardial ischemia&#41; and the time to the composite outcome of death or end-stage renal disease&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The Spanish Society of Nephrology &#40;SEN&#41; was invited to participate in this study three years before&#46; After the meeting with the study coordinators in Madrid&#44; we decided not to participate due to our opposition to having patients in the placebo group who would not receive rEPO treatment until haemoglobin levels dropped below 9g&#47;dl&#46; This decision did not seem ethically acceptable to the nephrologists who met at that time&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This issue also contains an excellent structured analysis by members of NEFROLOG&#205;A&#8217;s editorial team which addresses the results from this study&#44; in which the risks of rEPO treatment in diabetic patients with CKD without replacement therapy and anaemia overshadow the potential benefits&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">OUR OPINION ON THE TREAT STUDY</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study will undoubtedly have an impact on clinical practice&#46; However&#44; some points must be clarified&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#46; According to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Real Academia Espa&#241;ola </span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de la Lengua</span> &#40;Spanish Language Royal Academy&#41;&#44; placebo is defined as follows&#58; &#8220;Substance lacking any inherent therapeutic properties which produces a curative effect in a patient if he&#47;she is convinced that the substance is actually able to produce such an effect&#8221;&#46; In the TREAT study&#44; the placebo group received three interventions that have therapeutic properties&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">a&#41; 46&#37; of the patients assigned to the placebo received at least one dose of darbepoetin as a rescue treatment&#46; <br></br>b&#41; The placebo group received more intravenous iron &#40;20&#46;4 vs&#46; 14&#46;8&#37;&#59; p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; <br></br>c&#41; The placebo group required more transfusions &#40;24&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 14&#46;8&#37;&#59; p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; thus receiving even more iron&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">These interventions led to a progressive increase in haemoglobin throughout the study&#44; with a median of 10&#46;6g&#47;dl &#40;IR&#58; 9&#46;9-11&#46;3&#41; in the placebo group&#46; Therefore&#44; many of the patients reached levels recommended in the guidelines for optimum treatment of diabetics&#46; This bears little resemblance to the intention for this group according to the initial design&#46; It seems obvious that TREAT&#8217;s initial proposal was to create a clear difference in haemoglobin levels between the two groups&#44; and this aim was not completely accomplished &#40;the group treated with darbepoetin reached a median of 12&#46;5g&#47;dl&#59; IR&#58; 12&#46;0-12&#46;8&#41;&#46; One adequate strategy for the design of the study might have been if all of the patients had begun the study after receiving adequate iron replenishment&#44; most likely by the intravenous route&#46; Only after verifying that all of the patients presented iron levels within the recommended targets by guidelines &#40;ferritin &#62; 100ng&#47;ml and transferrin saturation index &#91;TSI&#93; &#62;20&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> would the sample have been randomised&#46; This would have help to define a more clear difference in haemoglobin between both arms&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#46; Another factor that we should consider is the median of the darbepoetin doses used in the intervention group&#58; 176&#181;g&#47;month &#40;IR&#58; 104-305&#41;&#46; These doses are very high&#46; In studies that aimed to maintain haemoglobin within the recommended ranges by the monthly administration of darbepoetin to Australian patients with CKD &#40;mean haemoglobin of 11&#46;4g&#47;dl&#41;&#44; mean doses of 80&#181;g were necessary&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> In American studies of non-dialysis CKD patients&#44; the mean darbepoetin dose during the study period was 124&#46;4&#181;g&#47;month &#40;106&#46;2-140&#46;0&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This is important&#44; since doses of ESA can intensify complications&#46; Szczech et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> performed a secondary analysis of the CHOIR study to evaluate the relationship between the erythropoietin doses and evolution with death&#44; hospitalisation&#44; heart failure&#44; stroke and myocardial infarction as the primary compound objective&#46; In the adjusted model&#44; the risk associated with high haemoglobin levels was not significant &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;49&#41;&#44; while a high dose of erythropoietin was associated with a 57&#37; higher risk of the main evaluated variable &#40;HR &#61; 1&#46;57&#59; CI&#58; 1&#46;04-2&#46;36&#59; p &#61; 0&#46;03&#41;&#46; The Spanish study ANSWER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span> also found such a relationship between high doses of erythropoietin and mortality in non-responders&#46; However&#44; when we adjust for comorbidities&#44; malnutrition&#44; vascular access and iron deficiency&#44; the high doses of ESA do not increase the morbidity&#47;mortality RR&#46; We must examine whether or not the comorbidities are causes that would require the administration of high doses in order to achieve a sufficient response&#46; That is&#44; some of the results found by TREAT could have more to do with the excessive doses of darbepoetin received by patients than with their haemoglobin levels&#46; It is clear that we must examine whether this is due to the high doses alone or if&#44; as we have suggested&#44; it is due to underlying causes that require high doses to be administered in order to obtain a sufficient response&#46; Other actions of erythropoietin differents from erythropoiesis&#44; such as angiogenic&#44; anti-apoptotic&#44; haemostatic actions&#44; etc&#46; on erythropoietin receptors in non-erythropoietic cells and tissues&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span> could explain its harmful effect when administered in high doses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Advancing certain recommendations that support a prudent strategy seems to be necessary&#46; These recommendations limit the ESA dose in those special cases that do not reach the target haemoglobin levels&#44; and in cases in which raising the dosage without limits would be ineffective&#44; expensive&#44; and with real side effects&#46; One idea of where the ESA upper dose limit may be considered can be found in two studies&#58; one is an observational study by Regidor et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> and the other is Szczech&#8217;s secondary analysis of the CHOIR study&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> they advice an upper dosage at 48&#44;000 and 80&#44;000U per month&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#46; Although there were no statistically significant differences in the primary objective &#40;31&#46;4 vs&#46; 29&#46;7&#37;&#41; and cardiac revascularisation procedures were significantly less frequent in the group treated with darbepoetin&#44; there were differences in the number of cerebrovascular accidents&#46; In the study&#44; we can see an increase in strokes&#44; although there were very few cases &#40;101 vs&#46; 53&#59; 5&#37; in the treatment group vs&#46; 2&#46;6&#37; in the placebo group&#41;&#46; The HR was 1&#46;92&#44; although the main difference was observed in patients with previous history of strokes&#58; 12&#37; of the patients in the darbepoetin group compared with 4&#37; in the placebo group&#46; It is important to remind that patients with strokes have a higher risk of repeat strokes&#44; and thus a higher overall risk than a person who had not previously suffered a stroke&#46; Among patients without a previous history of strokes the difference although significative was much lower&#58; 4&#37; in the darbepoetin group versus 2&#37; in the placebo group&#46; The increase in the risk of strokes was not found in either the CHOIR or the CREATE studies of CKD patients&#44; containing 48&#37; and 26&#37; diabetic patients respectively&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span> This increase in the risk of strokes was neither found in Strippoli&#8217;s metaanalysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> This increase cannot be explained by differences in systolic blood pressure&#46; We need a secondary analysis of these populations to address the following questions&#58; What haemoglobin level was reached&#63; What dose of ESA did patients receive&#63; What was the distribution by race&#63; By sex&#63; Are there differences between the American and European populations&#63;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4&#46; For some time now&#44; we have known that correcting renal anaemia improves quality of life&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-23</span> This improvement in physical exercise&#44; vitality and mental state was observed in the CREATE study&#46; With the use of three validated instruments &#40;LASA&#44; KDQ and SF36&#41;&#44; the CHOIR study also observed an improvement in quality of life when anaemia was treated with erythropoietin&#44; but this improvement did not occur when the target haemoglobin level was raised to 13g&#47;dl&#46; Supporting this conclusion are a recent review and a meta-analysis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> that find a slight&#44; clinically insignificant difference in quality of life when haemoglobin is raised to levels above 12g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the TREAT study&#44; there is only a slight&#44; clinically insignificant improvement in the FACT-Fatigue score&#44; and no improvement in other tests that measure energy and physical function&#46; In fact&#44; this is compatible with findings from previous studies&#46; It is possible that since the window between the haemoglobin groups was too narrow to establish clear differences between the two groups &#40;iron was administered in the placebo group&#44; reaching median levels indicated by guidelines&#41;&#59; the difference between the groups was unremarkable due to an improvement in the placebo group&#46; A recent study of patients with heart failure and an iron deficit clearly showed that the replenishment of iron alone&#44; whether or not patients had anaemia&#44; improved symptoms&#44; functional capacity and quality of life&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In summary&#44; it is difficult to observe differences in quality of life when iron deficiencies are corrected and median haemoglobin levels are at 10&#46;6g&#47;dl&#46; It is necessary&#44; however&#44; to point out that in our normal clinical practice&#44; we often find differences in iron repleted patients&#8217;well-being when we use erythropoietin to raise haemoglobin levels from 10&#46;5g&#47;dl to 12g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">5&#46; It is a well-known that administration of ESA to cancer patients is associated with an increase in the risk of thrombosis and mortality&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> But anaemia from cancer differs from anaemia accompanying CKD&#58; the endogenous EPO levels are normal&#44; the inflammatory component is very important and patients receive drugs that interfere with erythropoiesis&#46; In addition&#44; the cancer patient has a significant predisposition toward venous thrombosis&#46; The TREAT study showed significant differences between episodes of venous thromboemboli &#40;2 vs&#46; 1&#46;1&#37;&#41; and arterial thromboemboli &#40;8&#46;9 vs&#46; 7&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; with a higher frequency in the group treated with darbepoetin than in the placebo group&#46; These significant differences were not found in the CHOIR and CREATE studies&#44; even as complications of arteriovenous fistulae&#46; Once again&#44; we need specific complementary analysis of this group in order to learn about its characteristics regarding maximum haemoglobin&#44; EPO dose&#44; age&#44; race&#44; sex&#44; pro-thrombotic factors&#44; type&#44; etc&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">6&#46; In both the darbepoetin and the placebo groups&#44; a high transfusion rate was recorded &#40;14&#46;8 vs&#46; 24&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and the percentage of patients receiving intravenous iron was significantly higher in the control group &#40;20&#46;4 vs&#46; 14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Despite the fact that the ferritin and IST data are recorded as a mean and interquartile range &#40;values between the first and third quartile&#44; the range in which 50&#37; of the data falls&#41;&#44; we do not know what percentage of patients presented an iron deficiency at some time during the study&#46; Mean ferritin at the beginning of the study&#44; 131 and 137ng&#47;ml in the treatment and placebo groups respectively&#44; was below the limit recommended in guidelines particularly when we consider that patients were to receive ESA and would probably present an iron deficiency during the course of their condition&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">7&#46; One particularity of the TREAT study is its high population of patients from the United States &#40;more than 50&#37;&#41;&#46; It is well-known that mortality rates and ESA doses are higher in the United States than in Europe&#44; Acomparative analysis of the two populations would then be necessary&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">8&#46; Finally another aspect that was not clearly explained in he TREAT study is the result for the event &#8220;death or end-stage kidney disease&#8221; with regard to race&#46; The highest risk was found in the group of non-white&#44; non-black patients &#40;n &#61; 653&#59; HR &#61; 1&#46;46&#41;&#59; the next-highest risk was in white patients &#40;n &#61; 2570&#59; HR &#61; 1&#46;05&#41;&#44; and the lowest risk was in black patients &#40;n &#61; 815&#59; HR &#61; 0&#46;87&#41;&#46; Once more&#44; secondary analyses are needed in order to explain these differences&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It is quite possible that this study will lead us to redefine overall target levels of haemoglobin in our CKD patients&#46; However&#44; we must consider that it is very difficult to maintain patient levels within a narrow range<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> and those goals must be individualized according to each patient&#8217;s profile&#46; Recommendations about the correction speed&#44; the maximum doses and adequate control of blood pressure &#40;among other factors&#41; may be as important as redefining haemoglobin objectives&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSIONS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#46; The TREAT is the first study comparing a placebo treatment &#40;&#63;&#41; with ESA in diabetic patients with anaemia secondary to CKD&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#46; No effects of darbepoetin treatment were noted relating to death&#44; end-state kidney failure or cardiovascular events&#46; A significant increase in stroke risk&#44; in the group receiving darbepoetin treatment was observed&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#46; TREAT study showed fewer blood transfusions and improvement in some quality of life issues in the group treated with darbepoetin&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4&#46; TREAT data may only be applied to diabetic patients with CKD&#44; and not to those on dialysis or having received a transplant&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">5&#46; New secondary analyses of the TREAT study must be carried out in order to clear up certain aspects&#44; particularly those referring to compare patients in the placebo group whose haemoglobin level was below 10g&#47;dl after correcting the iron deficiency with patients in the treatment group whose haemoglobin was above 12g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RECOMMENDATIONS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Following the TREAT study&#44; the recommendations by the SEN&#8217;s Anaemia Group for non-dialysis CKD patients in stages 3-5 are as follows&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#46; All CKD patients not undergoing dialysis with haemoglobin below 11g&#47;dl and iron deficiency &#40;IST &#60; 20&#37;&#59; ferritin &#60; 100ng&#47;ml&#41; must receive iron orally &#40;CKD 3-4&#41; or intravenously &#40;CKD 4-5&#41; until guidelines targets are met&#44; without allowing ferritin values to exceed 500ng&#47;ml&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#46; Once the recommended iron parameters have been achieved and if anaemia is still present we recommend&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">a&#41; For diabetic patients&#44; use ESA provided that haemoglobin is below 10g&#47;dl in order to meet a target between 10 and 11g&#47;dl&#44; and in selected cases without exceeding 12g&#47;dl&#46; For patients with a prior history of stroke we do not recommend treatment with ESA&#46; It should be administered &#40;exceptionally&#44; for symptomatic anaemia&#41; only as a recovery measure when the haemoglobin level is below 9&#46;0g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">b&#41; For non-diabetic patients&#44; once the iron parameters have been corrected&#44; ESA should be used provided that haemoglobin is below 11g&#47;dl&#59; Target is between 11 and 12g&#47;dl&#44; and the level should not exceed 13g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#46; In any case&#44; the maximum monthly ESA dose for non-dialysis anaemic CKD patients in stages 3-5 are as follows&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">a&#41; 40&#44;000U&#47;month of Epo alpha or beta&#46;<br></br>b&#41; 200&#181;g&#47;month darbepoetin&#46;<br></br>c&#41; 200&#181;g&#47;month CERA&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although this is not a direct conclusion of the TREAT study&#44; the need for higher doses calls for a more complete study of the potential causes of hyporresponse&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We hope that our recommendations will lead to more secondary analyses of the TREAT study and further studies to clarify these findings&#46;</p>"
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Anaemia correction in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: lessons from the TREAT study
Corrección de la anemia en pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad renal crónica sin tratamiento sustitutivo: enseñanzas del estudio TREAT
AML de Franciscoa, P.. Aljamab, M.. Ariasa, E.. Fernándezc, J.L.. Górrizd, J.M.. López Gómeze, A.. Martínez Castelaof, J.. Portolésg
a Servicio de Nefrología, REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red 6/0016), Hospital Universitario Valdecilla, Santander, España,
b Servicio de Nefrología, REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red 6/0016), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España,
c Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz, España,
d Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, España,
e Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España,
f Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, España,
g Servicio de Nefrología, REDinREN (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red 6/0016), Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, Madrid, España,
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        "titulo" => "Correcci&#243;n de la anemia en pacientes diab&#233;ticos con enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica sin tratamiento sustitutivo&#58; ense&#241;anzas del estudio TREAT"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">One of the most important therapeutic advances in controlling anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; was the synthesis of recombinant human erythropoietin &#40;rHuEPO&#41; in 1985&#46; The only option for those of us who were treating dialysis patients with a haemoglobin level of 5 or 7g&#47;dl at that time was to perform multiple transfusions&#44; which not only increased the probability of viral infections&#44; but also created sensitivities in patients who might eventually undergo a kidney transplant&#44; or produced an iron overload&#46; The clinical trials produced such favourable results<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span> that rHuEPO was accepted by health regulation agencies as a treatment agent in 1988&#44; only three years after its discovery&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It was soon noted that correcting anaemia in CKD patients not yet on dialysis also produced beneficial effects&#46; A metaanalysis of the data published in randomized studies with more than 200 pre-dialysis patients up to 2001 showed&#44; as others&#44; that early treatment with rHuEPO corrected anaemia&#44; eliminated the need for transfusions and improved quality of life and capacity for exercise&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The effect of correcting renal anaemia on mortality was studied retrospectively&#46; One retrospective longitudinal study carried out on 44&#44;550 haemodialysis patients &#40;Fresenius Medical Care&#44; USA&#41; showed that survival rates were lower in patients with haemoglobin below 9g&#47;dl and higher in patients whose haemoglobin was at or higher than 13g&#47;dl&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> Furthermore&#44; data from the Spanish prospective study MAR&#44; which included 1&#44;428 patients from 119 centres<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> and from the American organisation DaVita&#44; with 58&#44;058 patients&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> supported the observation that haemoglobin values below 12g&#47;dl increased mortality of patients on haemodialysis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Therefore&#44; rHuEPO was shown to be an effective drug which improved the clinical profile and survival rates in retrospective studies carried out on CKD patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">But&#8230;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The first troubling observations arrived with Besarab&#8217;s prospective study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span>&#58; in haemodialysis patients with clinical signs of congestive heart failure or ischaemic heart disease&#44; administering rHuEPO in order to raise haematocrit to 42&#37; was associated with more deaths due to all causes than was predicted for the group with normal &#40;39-45&#37;&#41; or low haematocrit levels &#40;27-33&#37;&#41;&#46; Two simultaneous&#44; prospective&#44; randomised studies from Europe &#40;CREATE&#41; and the United States &#40;CHOIR&#41; in pre-dialysis patients concluded that the target haemoglobin level of 13-15g&#47;dl vs&#46; 10&#46;5-11&#46;5g&#47;dl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> and 13&#46;5g&#47;dl vs&#46; 11&#46;3g&#47;dl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> was associated with increased cardiovascular risk&#44; and that complete&#44; early resolution of the anaemia did not reduce the risk of cardiovascular episodes&#46; It is true that the three mentioned studies may be subject to critical analysis due to having some methodological weaknesses&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> but they were followed by safety warnings issued by the FDA in the United States and by the EMEA in Europe&#46; Both stated that in CKD treatment&#44; haemoglobin levels higher than 12g&#47;dl were associated with an increase in severe cardiovascular complications and mortality due to all causes&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> Furthermore&#44; these safety warnings included important references to cancer patients treated with rHuEPO&#58; &#8220;tumour progression time in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiation therapy is shortened&#44; survival rates decrease and mortality attributed to disease progression in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma on chemotherapy increases&#8221;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">As a result of the above observations&#44; the clinical practice guidelines changed the haemoglobin recommendations for CKD patients treated with rHuEPO&#46; The European anaemia group made the following recommendation in 2009&#58; &#8220;In the opinion of the ERBPWork Group&#44; it appears reasonable to maintain the lower limit of the target&#44; although the actual evidence for choosing this value is also very limited&#46; On the basis of new evidence&#44; Hb values of 11&#8211;12g&#47;dl should be generally sought in the CKD population without intentionally exceeding 13g&#47;dl&#8221;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The results of the TREAT study were subsequently published and presented in the U&#46;S&#46; conference held at the end of October 2009&#44; on the same day that they appeared in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New England Journal of Medicine</span>&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> In summary&#44; the study analysed 4&#44;038 patients with diabetes&#44; CKD and anaemia&#46; 2&#44;012 patients were randomly assigned treatment with darbepoetin alpha in order to reach a haemoglobin level of approximately 13g&#47;dl and 2&#44;026 patients were treated with a placebo&#44; although they were able to receive rescue darbepoetin alpha when their haemoglobin level dropped below 9&#46;0g&#47;dl&#46; The primary end points were the time to the composite outcome of death from any cause or a cardiovascular event &#40;nonfatal myocardial infarction&#44; congestive heart failure&#44; stroke&#44; or hospitalization for myocardial ischemia&#41; and the time to the composite outcome of death or end-stage renal disease&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The Spanish Society of Nephrology &#40;SEN&#41; was invited to participate in this study three years before&#46; After the meeting with the study coordinators in Madrid&#44; we decided not to participate due to our opposition to having patients in the placebo group who would not receive rEPO treatment until haemoglobin levels dropped below 9g&#47;dl&#46; This decision did not seem ethically acceptable to the nephrologists who met at that time&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This issue also contains an excellent structured analysis by members of NEFROLOG&#205;A&#8217;s editorial team which addresses the results from this study&#44; in which the risks of rEPO treatment in diabetic patients with CKD without replacement therapy and anaemia overshadow the potential benefits&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">OUR OPINION ON THE TREAT STUDY</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This study will undoubtedly have an impact on clinical practice&#46; However&#44; some points must be clarified&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#46; According to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Real Academia Espa&#241;ola </span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de la Lengua</span> &#40;Spanish Language Royal Academy&#41;&#44; placebo is defined as follows&#58; &#8220;Substance lacking any inherent therapeutic properties which produces a curative effect in a patient if he&#47;she is convinced that the substance is actually able to produce such an effect&#8221;&#46; In the TREAT study&#44; the placebo group received three interventions that have therapeutic properties&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">a&#41; 46&#37; of the patients assigned to the placebo received at least one dose of darbepoetin as a rescue treatment&#46; <br></br>b&#41; The placebo group received more intravenous iron &#40;20&#46;4 vs&#46; 14&#46;8&#37;&#59; p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46; <br></br>c&#41; The placebo group required more transfusions &#40;24&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 14&#46;8&#37;&#59; p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; thus receiving even more iron&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">These interventions led to a progressive increase in haemoglobin throughout the study&#44; with a median of 10&#46;6g&#47;dl &#40;IR&#58; 9&#46;9-11&#46;3&#41; in the placebo group&#46; Therefore&#44; many of the patients reached levels recommended in the guidelines for optimum treatment of diabetics&#46; This bears little resemblance to the intention for this group according to the initial design&#46; It seems obvious that TREAT&#8217;s initial proposal was to create a clear difference in haemoglobin levels between the two groups&#44; and this aim was not completely accomplished &#40;the group treated with darbepoetin reached a median of 12&#46;5g&#47;dl&#59; IR&#58; 12&#46;0-12&#46;8&#41;&#46; One adequate strategy for the design of the study might have been if all of the patients had begun the study after receiving adequate iron replenishment&#44; most likely by the intravenous route&#46; Only after verifying that all of the patients presented iron levels within the recommended targets by guidelines &#40;ferritin &#62; 100ng&#47;ml and transferrin saturation index &#91;TSI&#93; &#62;20&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> would the sample have been randomised&#46; This would have help to define a more clear difference in haemoglobin between both arms&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#46; Another factor that we should consider is the median of the darbepoetin doses used in the intervention group&#58; 176&#181;g&#47;month &#40;IR&#58; 104-305&#41;&#46; These doses are very high&#46; In studies that aimed to maintain haemoglobin within the recommended ranges by the monthly administration of darbepoetin to Australian patients with CKD &#40;mean haemoglobin of 11&#46;4g&#47;dl&#41;&#44; mean doses of 80&#181;g were necessary&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> In American studies of non-dialysis CKD patients&#44; the mean darbepoetin dose during the study period was 124&#46;4&#181;g&#47;month &#40;106&#46;2-140&#46;0&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This is important&#44; since doses of ESA can intensify complications&#46; Szczech et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> performed a secondary analysis of the CHOIR study to evaluate the relationship between the erythropoietin doses and evolution with death&#44; hospitalisation&#44; heart failure&#44; stroke and myocardial infarction as the primary compound objective&#46; In the adjusted model&#44; the risk associated with high haemoglobin levels was not significant &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;49&#41;&#44; while a high dose of erythropoietin was associated with a 57&#37; higher risk of the main evaluated variable &#40;HR &#61; 1&#46;57&#59; CI&#58; 1&#46;04-2&#46;36&#59; p &#61; 0&#46;03&#41;&#46; The Spanish study ANSWER<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span> also found such a relationship between high doses of erythropoietin and mortality in non-responders&#46; However&#44; when we adjust for comorbidities&#44; malnutrition&#44; vascular access and iron deficiency&#44; the high doses of ESA do not increase the morbidity&#47;mortality RR&#46; We must examine whether or not the comorbidities are causes that would require the administration of high doses in order to achieve a sufficient response&#46; That is&#44; some of the results found by TREAT could have more to do with the excessive doses of darbepoetin received by patients than with their haemoglobin levels&#46; It is clear that we must examine whether this is due to the high doses alone or if&#44; as we have suggested&#44; it is due to underlying causes that require high doses to be administered in order to obtain a sufficient response&#46; Other actions of erythropoietin differents from erythropoiesis&#44; such as angiogenic&#44; anti-apoptotic&#44; haemostatic actions&#44; etc&#46; on erythropoietin receptors in non-erythropoietic cells and tissues&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span> could explain its harmful effect when administered in high doses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Advancing certain recommendations that support a prudent strategy seems to be necessary&#46; These recommendations limit the ESA dose in those special cases that do not reach the target haemoglobin levels&#44; and in cases in which raising the dosage without limits would be ineffective&#44; expensive&#44; and with real side effects&#46; One idea of where the ESA upper dose limit may be considered can be found in two studies&#58; one is an observational study by Regidor et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> and the other is Szczech&#8217;s secondary analysis of the CHOIR study&#59;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> they advice an upper dosage at 48&#44;000 and 80&#44;000U per month&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#46; Although there were no statistically significant differences in the primary objective &#40;31&#46;4 vs&#46; 29&#46;7&#37;&#41; and cardiac revascularisation procedures were significantly less frequent in the group treated with darbepoetin&#44; there were differences in the number of cerebrovascular accidents&#46; In the study&#44; we can see an increase in strokes&#44; although there were very few cases &#40;101 vs&#46; 53&#59; 5&#37; in the treatment group vs&#46; 2&#46;6&#37; in the placebo group&#41;&#46; The HR was 1&#46;92&#44; although the main difference was observed in patients with previous history of strokes&#58; 12&#37; of the patients in the darbepoetin group compared with 4&#37; in the placebo group&#46; It is important to remind that patients with strokes have a higher risk of repeat strokes&#44; and thus a higher overall risk than a person who had not previously suffered a stroke&#46; Among patients without a previous history of strokes the difference although significative was much lower&#58; 4&#37; in the darbepoetin group versus 2&#37; in the placebo group&#46; The increase in the risk of strokes was not found in either the CHOIR or the CREATE studies of CKD patients&#44; containing 48&#37; and 26&#37; diabetic patients respectively&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span> This increase in the risk of strokes was neither found in Strippoli&#8217;s metaanalysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> This increase cannot be explained by differences in systolic blood pressure&#46; We need a secondary analysis of these populations to address the following questions&#58; What haemoglobin level was reached&#63; What dose of ESA did patients receive&#63; What was the distribution by race&#63; By sex&#63; Are there differences between the American and European populations&#63;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4&#46; For some time now&#44; we have known that correcting renal anaemia improves quality of life&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-23</span> This improvement in physical exercise&#44; vitality and mental state was observed in the CREATE study&#46; With the use of three validated instruments &#40;LASA&#44; KDQ and SF36&#41;&#44; the CHOIR study also observed an improvement in quality of life when anaemia was treated with erythropoietin&#44; but this improvement did not occur when the target haemoglobin level was raised to 13g&#47;dl&#46; Supporting this conclusion are a recent review and a meta-analysis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> that find a slight&#44; clinically insignificant difference in quality of life when haemoglobin is raised to levels above 12g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the TREAT study&#44; there is only a slight&#44; clinically insignificant improvement in the FACT-Fatigue score&#44; and no improvement in other tests that measure energy and physical function&#46; In fact&#44; this is compatible with findings from previous studies&#46; It is possible that since the window between the haemoglobin groups was too narrow to establish clear differences between the two groups &#40;iron was administered in the placebo group&#44; reaching median levels indicated by guidelines&#41;&#59; the difference between the groups was unremarkable due to an improvement in the placebo group&#46; A recent study of patients with heart failure and an iron deficit clearly showed that the replenishment of iron alone&#44; whether or not patients had anaemia&#44; improved symptoms&#44; functional capacity and quality of life&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In summary&#44; it is difficult to observe differences in quality of life when iron deficiencies are corrected and median haemoglobin levels are at 10&#46;6g&#47;dl&#46; It is necessary&#44; however&#44; to point out that in our normal clinical practice&#44; we often find differences in iron repleted patients&#8217;well-being when we use erythropoietin to raise haemoglobin levels from 10&#46;5g&#47;dl to 12g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">5&#46; It is a well-known that administration of ESA to cancer patients is associated with an increase in the risk of thrombosis and mortality&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> But anaemia from cancer differs from anaemia accompanying CKD&#58; the endogenous EPO levels are normal&#44; the inflammatory component is very important and patients receive drugs that interfere with erythropoiesis&#46; In addition&#44; the cancer patient has a significant predisposition toward venous thrombosis&#46; The TREAT study showed significant differences between episodes of venous thromboemboli &#40;2 vs&#46; 1&#46;1&#37;&#41; and arterial thromboemboli &#40;8&#46;9 vs&#46; 7&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; with a higher frequency in the group treated with darbepoetin than in the placebo group&#46; These significant differences were not found in the CHOIR and CREATE studies&#44; even as complications of arteriovenous fistulae&#46; Once again&#44; we need specific complementary analysis of this group in order to learn about its characteristics regarding maximum haemoglobin&#44; EPO dose&#44; age&#44; race&#44; sex&#44; pro-thrombotic factors&#44; type&#44; etc&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">6&#46; In both the darbepoetin and the placebo groups&#44; a high transfusion rate was recorded &#40;14&#46;8 vs&#46; 24&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and the percentage of patients receiving intravenous iron was significantly higher in the control group &#40;20&#46;4 vs&#46; 14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Despite the fact that the ferritin and IST data are recorded as a mean and interquartile range &#40;values between the first and third quartile&#44; the range in which 50&#37; of the data falls&#41;&#44; we do not know what percentage of patients presented an iron deficiency at some time during the study&#46; Mean ferritin at the beginning of the study&#44; 131 and 137ng&#47;ml in the treatment and placebo groups respectively&#44; was below the limit recommended in guidelines particularly when we consider that patients were to receive ESA and would probably present an iron deficiency during the course of their condition&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">7&#46; One particularity of the TREAT study is its high population of patients from the United States &#40;more than 50&#37;&#41;&#46; It is well-known that mortality rates and ESA doses are higher in the United States than in Europe&#44; Acomparative analysis of the two populations would then be necessary&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">8&#46; Finally another aspect that was not clearly explained in he TREAT study is the result for the event &#8220;death or end-stage kidney disease&#8221; with regard to race&#46; The highest risk was found in the group of non-white&#44; non-black patients &#40;n &#61; 653&#59; HR &#61; 1&#46;46&#41;&#59; the next-highest risk was in white patients &#40;n &#61; 2570&#59; HR &#61; 1&#46;05&#41;&#44; and the lowest risk was in black patients &#40;n &#61; 815&#59; HR &#61; 0&#46;87&#41;&#46; Once more&#44; secondary analyses are needed in order to explain these differences&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">It is quite possible that this study will lead us to redefine overall target levels of haemoglobin in our CKD patients&#46; However&#44; we must consider that it is very difficult to maintain patient levels within a narrow range<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> and those goals must be individualized according to each patient&#8217;s profile&#46; Recommendations about the correction speed&#44; the maximum doses and adequate control of blood pressure &#40;among other factors&#41; may be as important as redefining haemoglobin objectives&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSIONS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#46; The TREAT is the first study comparing a placebo treatment &#40;&#63;&#41; with ESA in diabetic patients with anaemia secondary to CKD&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#46; No effects of darbepoetin treatment were noted relating to death&#44; end-state kidney failure or cardiovascular events&#46; A significant increase in stroke risk&#44; in the group receiving darbepoetin treatment was observed&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#46; TREAT study showed fewer blood transfusions and improvement in some quality of life issues in the group treated with darbepoetin&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4&#46; TREAT data may only be applied to diabetic patients with CKD&#44; and not to those on dialysis or having received a transplant&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">5&#46; New secondary analyses of the TREAT study must be carried out in order to clear up certain aspects&#44; particularly those referring to compare patients in the placebo group whose haemoglobin level was below 10g&#47;dl after correcting the iron deficiency with patients in the treatment group whose haemoglobin was above 12g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RECOMMENDATIONS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Following the TREAT study&#44; the recommendations by the SEN&#8217;s Anaemia Group for non-dialysis CKD patients in stages 3-5 are as follows&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#46; All CKD patients not undergoing dialysis with haemoglobin below 11g&#47;dl and iron deficiency &#40;IST &#60; 20&#37;&#59; ferritin &#60; 100ng&#47;ml&#41; must receive iron orally &#40;CKD 3-4&#41; or intravenously &#40;CKD 4-5&#41; until guidelines targets are met&#44; without allowing ferritin values to exceed 500ng&#47;ml&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#46; Once the recommended iron parameters have been achieved and if anaemia is still present we recommend&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">a&#41; For diabetic patients&#44; use ESA provided that haemoglobin is below 10g&#47;dl in order to meet a target between 10 and 11g&#47;dl&#44; and in selected cases without exceeding 12g&#47;dl&#46; For patients with a prior history of stroke we do not recommend treatment with ESA&#46; It should be administered &#40;exceptionally&#44; for symptomatic anaemia&#41; only as a recovery measure when the haemoglobin level is below 9&#46;0g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">b&#41; For non-diabetic patients&#44; once the iron parameters have been corrected&#44; ESA should be used provided that haemoglobin is below 11g&#47;dl&#59; Target is between 11 and 12g&#47;dl&#44; and the level should not exceed 13g&#47;dl&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#46; In any case&#44; the maximum monthly ESA dose for non-dialysis anaemic CKD patients in stages 3-5 are as follows&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">a&#41; 40&#44;000U&#47;month of Epo alpha or beta&#46;<br></br>b&#41; 200&#181;g&#47;month darbepoetin&#46;<br></br>c&#41; 200&#181;g&#47;month CERA&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Although this is not a direct conclusion of the TREAT study&#44; the need for higher doses calls for a more complete study of the potential causes of hyporresponse&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">We hope that our recommendations will lead to more secondary analyses of the TREAT study and further studies to clarify these findings&#46;</p>"
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