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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Dear Editor&#44;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Pemetrexed disodium &#40;Alimta&#174;&#44; Eli Lilly&#41; is a chemotherapy agent belonging to the antifolates class and it is approved for the treatment of patients with mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer&#46; It is almost exclusively excreted by kidneys and&#44; although very sporadic&#44; some acute renal failure cases have been reported associated with its use&#44; such as the one described as follows&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A 56-year-old male patient with a medical history of smoking 40 cigarettes per day&#44; and having worked in coal mines for 16 years&#46; He met the criteria for chronic bronchitis and suffered from osteoarthritis&#46; In March 2008 he was diagnosed with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung &#40;bilateral pulmonary nodules&#41;&#44; following the accidental discovery of a pulmonary mass in a chest X-ray&#46; He received treatment with carboplatin and taxol between April and September 2008&#44; with good tolerance and mid-term response to CT scan&#46; The patient&#191;s check-ups showed no complications until December 2008&#44; when the progression of the pulmonary lesions was discovered&#46; This is why a treatment of Pemetrexed was administered at a dose of 500mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#40;953mg&#41; by means of IV every 3 weeks&#44; together with folic acid and Vitamin B12 supplements&#46; The patient received the first five cycles with no complications&#46; The serum creatinine in the first cycle was 0&#46;76mg&#47;dl&#44; similar to the following two&#59; in the fourth it was 1&#46;1mg&#47;dl and in the fifth 1&#46;6mg&#47;dl &#40;glomerular filtration rate estimated with MDRD-IDMS at 44&#46;9ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73m&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Pemetrexed was not administered in the sixth cycle due to severe anaemia &#40;24&#37; haematocrit&#41; with no signs of haemorrhage and with normal leukocytes and platelets&#44; as well as non-oliguric acute renal failure with a serum creatinine of 5&#46;2mg&#47;dl&#46; The patient was hospitalised in order to be tested and treated&#46; A month and a half beforehand&#44; he had received IV contrast to perform a CT scan&#46; During re-examination&#44; the patient also mentioned that for several months he was taking three daily doses of 600 milligrams of ibuprofen as a treatment for osteoarthritis pain&#46; An abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of a possible hepatic metastasis of 2&#46;1cm in the left hepatic lobe&#59; the kidneys and the prostate were of normal size and there was no hydronephrosis&#46; The 24-hour protein excretion in the urine was 112mg&#46; A conservative medical treatment was chosen with blood transfusion&#44; parenteral hydratation and diuretics&#46; The patient had an adequate diuresis at all times without signs of hydroelectrolitic imbalance&#46; This is why there were no plans for a haemodialysis&#46; There was a gradual yet slow recovery of the renal function&#46; The patient was discharged after 2 weeks to continue with oncology tests&#46; Two months later&#44; the serum creatinine was 3&#46;3mg&#47;dl without any further complications&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The technical record of the medicine shows that in clinical studies patients with a creatinine clearance of &#62; 45ml&#47;min do not require dose adjustments different from those recommended for all patients&#46; There are no sufficient data on the use of Pemetrexed in patients with creatinine clearance&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> In our patient&#44; the analysis coinciding with the fifth cycle of Pemetrexed was truly within this limit&#46; The technical record also underscores that the concomitant use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided&#46; In our case it went undetected and they could have contributed to the appearance of acute renal failure&#46; The IV contrast administered 2 weeks after the fifth cycle could have also contributed to the initial deterioration of the renal function&#46; Nonetheless&#44; the chronological sequence of the clinical data makes us consider Pemetrexed as the main cause&#46; This medicine is excreted in an unaltered way almost exclusively through the urine &#40;70-90&#37;&#41;&#46; It does not undergo metabolism and it can be found in 81&#37; of the plasma proteins&#46; Its plasma clearance decreases in the presence of an altered glomerular filtration rate&#46; In patients with normal renal function&#44; its half-life is 3 hours&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>and there are reports of its accumulation in ascitic fluid&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> There are reports of all types of renal failure in 2&#46;4&#37; of the patients during phase III clinical tests&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> In cases previously published&#44; the reason for renal failure was attributed to a toxic acute tubular necrosis&#44; although no kidney biopsies have been reported in any of the patients&#46; Some patients fully recover&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> while others need chronic dialysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> Also in one case&#44; there were reports of the induction of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus together with renal tubular acidosis through three treatment cycles&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> Concerning therapeutic management&#44; it is not clear which method is the most effective to reduce the toxic levels of the drug in the context of an overdose or a renal failure&#46; Continuous venovenous dialysis does not appear to reduce large amounts of the drug&#44; and it is unknown if other types of dialysis can improve its clearance&#46; There are positive preliminary reports on the use of thymidine5 and of leucovorin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> as antidotes&#46; Another agent with possible beneficial effects is carboxypeptidase G2&#59; however&#44; it is necessary to gain more clinical experience on this agent&#44; as well as on thymidine and leucovorin&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In short&#44; we report a new case of acute renal failure associated with Pemetrexed&#46; It is necessary to emphasise the need to scrupulously respect this drug&#191;s technical specifications&#44; as well as those of other chemotherapy agents which also have a wide therapeutic range&#44; to minimise the risk of possible side effects&#46; Another challenge is the treatment of cancer patients with organic dysfunctions&#44; such as renal failure&#44; with a dose of chemotherapy drugs that are as safe as those administered to patients without such dysfunctions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></p>"
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Acute renal failure associated with Pemetrexed (Alimta®)
Fracaso renal agudo asociado a Pemetrexed (Alimta®)
José María Peña Portaa, C.. Vicente de Vera Floristánb, P.. Bueso Inglánc, J.. Florián Jericóc
a Unidad de Nefrología, Hospital de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, España,
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lérida, España,
c Unidad de Oncología Médica, Hospital de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, España,
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Dear Editor&#44;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Pemetrexed disodium &#40;Alimta&#174;&#44; Eli Lilly&#41; is a chemotherapy agent belonging to the antifolates class and it is approved for the treatment of patients with mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer&#46; It is almost exclusively excreted by kidneys and&#44; although very sporadic&#44; some acute renal failure cases have been reported associated with its use&#44; such as the one described as follows&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A 56-year-old male patient with a medical history of smoking 40 cigarettes per day&#44; and having worked in coal mines for 16 years&#46; He met the criteria for chronic bronchitis and suffered from osteoarthritis&#46; In March 2008 he was diagnosed with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung &#40;bilateral pulmonary nodules&#41;&#44; following the accidental discovery of a pulmonary mass in a chest X-ray&#46; He received treatment with carboplatin and taxol between April and September 2008&#44; with good tolerance and mid-term response to CT scan&#46; The patient&#191;s check-ups showed no complications until December 2008&#44; when the progression of the pulmonary lesions was discovered&#46; This is why a treatment of Pemetrexed was administered at a dose of 500mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#40;953mg&#41; by means of IV every 3 weeks&#44; together with folic acid and Vitamin B12 supplements&#46; The patient received the first five cycles with no complications&#46; The serum creatinine in the first cycle was 0&#46;76mg&#47;dl&#44; similar to the following two&#59; in the fourth it was 1&#46;1mg&#47;dl and in the fifth 1&#46;6mg&#47;dl &#40;glomerular filtration rate estimated with MDRD-IDMS at 44&#46;9ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73m&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Pemetrexed was not administered in the sixth cycle due to severe anaemia &#40;24&#37; haematocrit&#41; with no signs of haemorrhage and with normal leukocytes and platelets&#44; as well as non-oliguric acute renal failure with a serum creatinine of 5&#46;2mg&#47;dl&#46; The patient was hospitalised in order to be tested and treated&#46; A month and a half beforehand&#44; he had received IV contrast to perform a CT scan&#46; During re-examination&#44; the patient also mentioned that for several months he was taking three daily doses of 600 milligrams of ibuprofen as a treatment for osteoarthritis pain&#46; An abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of a possible hepatic metastasis of 2&#46;1cm in the left hepatic lobe&#59; the kidneys and the prostate were of normal size and there was no hydronephrosis&#46; The 24-hour protein excretion in the urine was 112mg&#46; A conservative medical treatment was chosen with blood transfusion&#44; parenteral hydratation and diuretics&#46; The patient had an adequate diuresis at all times without signs of hydroelectrolitic imbalance&#46; This is why there were no plans for a haemodialysis&#46; There was a gradual yet slow recovery of the renal function&#46; The patient was discharged after 2 weeks to continue with oncology tests&#46; Two months later&#44; the serum creatinine was 3&#46;3mg&#47;dl without any further complications&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The technical record of the medicine shows that in clinical studies patients with a creatinine clearance of &#62; 45ml&#47;min do not require dose adjustments different from those recommended for all patients&#46; There are no sufficient data on the use of Pemetrexed in patients with creatinine clearance&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> In our patient&#44; the analysis coinciding with the fifth cycle of Pemetrexed was truly within this limit&#46; The technical record also underscores that the concomitant use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided&#46; In our case it went undetected and they could have contributed to the appearance of acute renal failure&#46; The IV contrast administered 2 weeks after the fifth cycle could have also contributed to the initial deterioration of the renal function&#46; Nonetheless&#44; the chronological sequence of the clinical data makes us consider Pemetrexed as the main cause&#46; This medicine is excreted in an unaltered way almost exclusively through the urine &#40;70-90&#37;&#41;&#46; It does not undergo metabolism and it can be found in 81&#37; of the plasma proteins&#46; Its plasma clearance decreases in the presence of an altered glomerular filtration rate&#46; In patients with normal renal function&#44; its half-life is 3 hours&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2 </span>and there are reports of its accumulation in ascitic fluid&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> There are reports of all types of renal failure in 2&#46;4&#37; of the patients during phase III clinical tests&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> In cases previously published&#44; the reason for renal failure was attributed to a toxic acute tubular necrosis&#44; although no kidney biopsies have been reported in any of the patients&#46; Some patients fully recover&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span> while others need chronic dialysis&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> Also in one case&#44; there were reports of the induction of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus together with renal tubular acidosis through three treatment cycles&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> Concerning therapeutic management&#44; it is not clear which method is the most effective to reduce the toxic levels of the drug in the context of an overdose or a renal failure&#46; Continuous venovenous dialysis does not appear to reduce large amounts of the drug&#44; and it is unknown if other types of dialysis can improve its clearance&#46; There are positive preliminary reports on the use of thymidine5 and of leucovorin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> as antidotes&#46; Another agent with possible beneficial effects is carboxypeptidase G2&#59; however&#44; it is necessary to gain more clinical experience on this agent&#44; as well as on thymidine and leucovorin&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In short&#44; we report a new case of acute renal failure associated with Pemetrexed&#46; It is necessary to emphasise the need to scrupulously respect this drug&#191;s technical specifications&#44; as well as those of other chemotherapy agents which also have a wide therapeutic range&#44; to minimise the risk of possible side effects&#46; Another challenge is the treatment of cancer patients with organic dysfunctions&#44; such as renal failure&#44; with a dose of chemotherapy drugs that are as safe as those administered to patients without such dysfunctions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></p>"
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