Icodextrin as first treatment: reasons to be optimistic
Icodextrina de inicio : Razones para ser optimista
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In 2001 data pertaining to 1,479,000 renal patients undergoing replacement therapies in 120 countries across 5 continents was published; peritoneal dialysis was only being used by 8.5% of patients while 69% of patients were being treated with haemodialysis.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> The situation in Spain is similar.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> There are several reasons behind this, some of which may seem illogical to some. The technique had a disastrous start when it was first introduced (with a high rate of peritonitis and obsolete technology) and this still casts a shadow over its reputation. Another factor is functional exhaustion of the peritoneum which some patients experience over the long-term and at least has some theoretical basis. The deterioration of the peritoneal membrane has been associated with the use of glucose as an osmotic agent. Its well-known deleterious effects on the peritoneum may lead to failure of the peritoneal dialysis treatment in the mid- to long-term.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> With this in mind, an extensive effort has been made to find dialysis solutions that are more biocompatible, one of these being icodextrin.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Icodextrin is a cornstarch-derived glucose polymer and acts as a colloid osmotic agent. Its high molecular weight (16,000 Daltons) makes reabsorption difficult and therefore its ultrafiltration rate is steady for a longer period of time compared with glucose solutions.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span> Icodextrin ultrafiltration occurs across the small pores in the peritoneal membrane and is characterised by minimal lymphatic reabsorption. Ultrafiltration with a 7.5% icodextrin solution exchange is similar to that of a 3.86% glucose solution at 8 hours and is higher in dwell times of 12 hours.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span> It has been observed that in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis the use of icodextrin during the overnight 8-12 hour dwell resulted in 500ml ultrafiltration, as compared with 300ml during the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">14-16</span> hour long daytime dwell using the automated cycling technique. Neri et al.14 have suggested that this may be due to the increase in lymphatic absorption caused by greater intraperitoneal pressure whilst standing up. Icodextrin solutions have a similar osmolarity to plasma (282mOsm/kg) and fewer glucose degradation products, which at least in theory makes them more biocompatible. The use of icodextrin is linked to improved volaemia in prospective studies.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15 </span>It maintains residual renal function for longer and achieves better convective solute clearance.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span> In short, icodextrin represents a significant contribution in the management of patients that lose ultrafiltration. This will benefit high or fast transporters, moderate-high transporters<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span> and possibly diabetics.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span> The increase in ultrafiltration is maintained over time and during episodes of peritonitis.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The peritoneum is a dialyzing membrane and as such undergoes functional and structural changes in the long-term that lead to the progressive deterioration of peritoneal transport.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span> Peritoneal fibrosis with progressive mesothelial thickening, neoangiogenesis and vasculopathy are some of the changes that can be attributed to the repeated exposure of the peritoneum to solutions that are not physiological or biocompatible, among other causes. These structural changes finally result in the functional failure of the peritoneal membrane for a variable percentage of patients.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Peritoneal membrane transport rates can be categorised as low, medium-low, medium-high and high, in accordance with the peritoneal equilibration test devised by Twardowski.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> The higher the peritoneal transport rate, the lower the ultrafiltration rate and the higher the risk of volume overload. A high peritoneal transport rate is also associated with greater protein losses into the dialysate. The dialysate/plasma ratio of solutes with low molecular weight depends on the peritoneal vascular surface area. The increase in peritoneal vascularisation results in fast transporter status. This has been linked to an increase in mortality of up to 15%, especially in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and using glucose solution exclusively.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23-26</span> Other authors have not found any link between the peritoneal transport rate and patient mortality in the long term.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> This apparent contradiction has prompted many authors to carry out in-depth studies on peritoneal transport rates at different stages during dialysis, in order to determine the influence of transport status on patient progress.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">To investigate this, patients were divided into high transporter at the initiation of dialysis and those who acquired high transport status during follow-up.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28-30</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The incidence of fast transporters at the start of dialysis treatment (inherent high transporters) was 15%.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28,29</span> Similarly, a distinction was made between the two subtypes of high transport from the outset: type 1 is associated with comorbidity and inflammation and is accompanied by high IL-6 and VEGF plasma levels. This condition is associated with males, diabetics, low initial levels of albumin and increased baseline comorbidity. The prognosis for these patients is poor even if they are treated with haemodialysis. Type 2 is associated with high levels of CA125 in the peritoneal effluent, suggesting a large peritoneal surface area and, consequently, a large number of mesothelial cells. Type 2 has good prognosis if the peritoneum is unaffected by complications such as peritonitis and the patient remains euvolaemic, given that fast transport tends to normalise with time.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31,32</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Acquired high transport (type 3) may be transitory and reversible (for example during peritonitis) or permanent. The latter is developed by 30% of patients who have been undergoing peritoneal dialysis for a period of over 4 years.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This is due to peritoneal neoangiogenesis caused by the exposure of the peritoneum to solutions that are not physiological (glucose, glucose degradation products, pH and lactate buffer) and peritoneal damage caused by complications like peritonitis. This is linked to an increased risk of overhydration, especially taking into consideration the loss of residual renal function after several years of peritoneal dialysis.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The treatment of high transporter status begins with its prevention. Some of the proposed measures include preserving residual function, preventing peritonitis and using icodextrin solution exchange during long dwell times and a cycler with short cycles to prevent hypervolaemia.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span> The use of ACE inhibitors may also be beneficial in the preservation of residual renal function during the first year of dialysis.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In this issue, Fernández-Reyes et al.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> analyse peritoneal transport in the short-term to mid-term in patients that have been using icodextrin from the outset. Their results showed that patients that used an icodextrin solution exchange tended to normalise peritoneal permeability. This finding was particularly evident in patients with high transport from the outset, and normalisation was greater when compared with that of patients who used glucose solution (control group). The study is particularly interesting since it included incident patients and the results are similar to those recently published in a prevalent population.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span> In this EAPOS substudy, it was evident that the patients treated with icodextrin maintained adequate peritoneal function for at least two years, whereas those who received glucose solution experienced a significant deterioration in solute transport and ultrafiltration capacity with subsequent fluid overload. In the study by Fernández-Reyes et al.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> the group of patients using icodextrin had suffered less episodes of peritonitis and a higher proportion of them were on ACE inhibitors at the start of the study. There is a need to carry out a randomized control study before any improvement in peritoneal transport can be attributed to icodextrin alone.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The way in which icodextrin improves peritoneal permeability in high transporters and the long-term benefits of icodextrin will be the subject of future studies.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">KEY CONCEPTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1. Peritoneal transport status is a dynamic concept that varies over time and is influenced by different factors.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2. "High transporters" according to the classification system devised by Twardowski are also known as "fast transporters."</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3. There are three types of fast transporters: inherent (type 1 and type 2) occurring at the initiation of treatment, and acquired (type 3).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4. The worst prognosis for fast transporters has been associated with the use of glucose solutions and manual technique.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">5. Fast transporters should undergo automated peritoneal dialysis using icodextrin.</p>" "pdfFichero" => "P-E-S-A200-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:36 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "1- Teitelbaum I, Burkart J. Core curriculum in Nephrology.Peritoneal dialysis. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 9 | 16 |
| 2024 October | 49 | 48 | 97 |
| 2024 September | 73 | 40 | 113 |
| 2024 August | 80 | 51 | 131 |
| 2024 July | 55 | 35 | 90 |
| 2024 June | 75 | 42 | 117 |
| 2024 May | 82 | 39 | 121 |
| 2024 April | 62 | 23 | 85 |
| 2024 March | 53 | 21 | 74 |
| 2024 February | 54 | 50 | 104 |
| 2024 January | 53 | 25 | 78 |
| 2023 December | 38 | 34 | 72 |
| 2023 November | 42 | 34 | 76 |
| 2023 October | 41 | 26 | 67 |
| 2023 September | 48 | 31 | 79 |
| 2023 August | 53 | 31 | 84 |
| 2023 July | 54 | 36 | 90 |
| 2023 June | 90 | 22 | 112 |
| 2023 May | 114 | 37 | 151 |
| 2023 April | 45 | 23 | 68 |
| 2023 March | 76 | 27 | 103 |
| 2023 February | 68 | 14 | 82 |
| 2023 January | 60 | 25 | 85 |
| 2022 December | 53 | 30 | 83 |
| 2022 November | 53 | 32 | 85 |
| 2022 October | 50 | 40 | 90 |
| 2022 September | 57 | 27 | 84 |
| 2022 August | 51 | 43 | 94 |
| 2022 July | 68 | 45 | 113 |
| 2022 June | 77 | 25 | 102 |
| 2022 May | 85 | 37 | 122 |
| 2022 April | 86 | 42 | 128 |
| 2022 March | 89 | 47 | 136 |
| 2022 February | 58 | 38 | 96 |
| 2022 January | 70 | 25 | 95 |
| 2021 December | 80 | 36 | 116 |
| 2021 November | 53 | 45 | 98 |
| 2021 October | 70 | 45 | 115 |
| 2021 September | 62 | 31 | 93 |
| 2021 August | 46 | 37 | 83 |
| 2021 July | 63 | 39 | 102 |
| 2021 June | 53 | 30 | 83 |
| 2021 May | 66 | 21 | 87 |
| 2021 April | 181 | 40 | 221 |
| 2021 March | 94 | 30 | 124 |
| 2021 February | 117 | 24 | 141 |
| 2021 January | 60 | 5 | 65 |
| 2020 December | 52 | 22 | 74 |
| 2020 November | 48 | 17 | 65 |
| 2020 October | 47 | 15 | 62 |
| 2020 September | 102 | 6 | 108 |
| 2020 August | 48 | 16 | 64 |
| 2020 July | 78 | 10 | 88 |
| 2020 June | 67 | 12 | 79 |
| 2020 May | 62 | 15 | 77 |
| 2020 April | 54 | 17 | 71 |
| 2020 March | 46 | 6 | 52 |
| 2020 February | 63 | 23 | 86 |
| 2020 January | 95 | 22 | 117 |
| 2019 December | 63 | 19 | 82 |
| 2019 November | 64 | 28 | 92 |
| 2019 October | 50 | 6 | 56 |
| 2019 September | 47 | 13 | 60 |
| 2019 August | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2019 July | 37 | 17 | 54 |
| 2019 June | 35 | 13 | 48 |
| 2019 May | 43 | 6 | 49 |
| 2019 April | 98 | 27 | 125 |
| 2019 March | 37 | 16 | 53 |
| 2019 February | 38 | 13 | 51 |
| 2019 January | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2018 December | 61 | 37 | 98 |
| 2018 November | 73 | 16 | 89 |
| 2018 October | 77 | 11 | 88 |
| 2018 September | 71 | 10 | 81 |
| 2018 August | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2018 July | 44 | 9 | 53 |
| 2018 June | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2018 May | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2018 April | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2018 March | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2018 February | 19 | 7 | 26 |
| 2018 January | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2017 December | 30 | 11 | 41 |
| 2017 November | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2017 October | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2017 September | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2017 August | 21 | 7 | 28 |
| 2017 July | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2017 June | 28 | 11 | 39 |
| 2017 May | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2017 April | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2017 March | 23 | 5 | 28 |
| 2017 February | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2017 January | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2016 December | 57 | 10 | 67 |
| 2016 November | 73 | 7 | 80 |
| 2016 October | 78 | 16 | 94 |
| 2016 September | 100 | 6 | 106 |
| 2016 August | 157 | 3 | 160 |
| 2016 July | 171 | 4 | 175 |
| 2016 June | 106 | 0 | 106 |
| 2016 May | 119 | 0 | 119 |
| 2016 April | 74 | 0 | 74 |
| 2016 March | 75 | 0 | 75 |
| 2016 February | 102 | 0 | 102 |
| 2016 January | 90 | 0 | 90 |
| 2015 December | 94 | 0 | 94 |
| 2015 November | 73 | 0 | 73 |
| 2015 October | 73 | 0 | 73 |
| 2015 September | 53 | 0 | 53 |
| 2015 August | 64 | 0 | 64 |
| 2015 July | 62 | 0 | 62 |
| 2015 June | 46 | 0 | 46 |
| 2015 May | 47 | 0 | 47 |
| 2015 April | 6 | 0 | 6 |
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