Can we improve our results in hemodialysis? Setting quality objectives, feedback, and benchmarking
¿ES POSIBLE MEJORAR NUESTROS RESULTADOS EN HEMODIÁLISIS? ESTABLECIMIENTO DE OBJETIVOS DE CALIDAD, RETROALIMENTACIÓN (FEEDBACK) Y BENCHMARKING.
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Setting quality objectives, feedback, and benchmarking" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "397" "paginaFinal" => "406" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => " Grupo de trabajo de Gestión de Calidad en Nefrología, MD Arenas, F Alvarez-Ude, A Moledous, T Malek, MT Gil, C Nuñez, A Soriano" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:1 [ "apellidos" => "Grupo de trabajo de Gestión de Calidad en Nefrología" ] 1 => array:4 [ "Iniciales" => "MD" "apellidos" => "Arenas" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lola@olemiswebs.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "F" "apellidos" => "Alvarez-Ude" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "A" "apellidos" => "Moledous" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "T" "apellidos" => "Malek" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "MT" "apellidos" => "Gil" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "C" "apellidos" => "Nuñez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "A" "apellidos" => "Soriano" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "S de Nefrología. Hemodiálisis Hospital Perpetuo Socorro y Grupo de trabajo de Gestión de Calidad en Nefrología Alicante, Alicante, España, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => " Grupo de trabajo de Gestión de Calidad en Nefrología España, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "affc" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => " Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, Alicante, Alicante, España, " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "affd" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿ES POSIBLE MEJORAR NUESTROS RESULTADOS EN HEMODIÁLISIS? ESTABLECIMIENTO DE OBJETIVOS DE CALIDAD, RETROALIMENTACIÓN (FEEDBACK) Y BENCHMARKING." ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTION <br /> <br />While many aspects of renal replacement therapy for stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been standardized in internationally accepted guidelines such as the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI),1 significant differences are seen in the literature in the degree of compliance with the proposed standards both between centers and between the different countries.2-4 <br /> <br />One of the current challenges is to reduce the variability in the care provided. Though some differences could be justified because of the different demographic characteristics of patients dialyzed at the centers, there are other differences due to the different procedures used.5-8 <br /> <br />Systematic, planned measurement of quality indicators has been shown to help improve patient monitoring and outcomes of treatments applied, because it allows us for understanding our situation, introducing improvement activities, and systematically and continuously checking their effectiveness. 9 The true rationale for attempting to achieve compliance with such indicators is the recently shown evidence that joint achievement of some of them (anemia, dialysis dose, calcium-phosphorus metabolism, albumin, or type of vascular access) has an impact on patient survival, morbidity, and costs.10,11 <br /> <br />Other improvement tools include feedback and benchmarking.12-14 Feedback consists of pooling individual results to obtain joint results providing a populational perspective, systematically and regularly reporting such results to the staff in charge of care. Benchmarking is based on the assumption that open knowledge of our own results and their comparison with those achieved by other similar centers represents a powerful stimulus able to modify behaviors and hence results. <br /> <br />The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of systematic measurement of quality indicators and implementation of feedback and benchmarking procedures on the results achieved in three hemodialysis units, and to provide readers with a new tool for improving results in daily work. <br /> <br />MATERIALS AND METHODS <br /> <br />Definitions of interest <br /> <br />Indicator: A measure of performance of an organization that is used to assess the efficiency, efficacy, and quality of a given action. <br /> <br />Quality objective: A formulation of what is intended to be achieved in the field of quality. Quality objectives should be formulated in a simple way (to make it easier to understand), and should also be realistic (achievable), attractive (to be a source of motivation), and measurable (so that each person may verify at any time how he/she is performing). Deadlines for meeting such objectives should also be established. <br /> <br />Study design <br />This was an uncontrolled, pre-post, or intervention study assessing response after definition of an objective and implementation of feedback and benchmarking procedures in the same group of subjects. Evaluations were made before and after intervention, with each subject acting as his/her own control. <br /> <br />Methods <br />The results obtained during the 2006-2007 period at the three hemodialysis units belonging to Hospital Perpetuo Socorro were analyzed. These are units working for the social security under an agreement, subject to the same quality management system and using common protocols. <br /> <br />A total of 317 and 311 patients underwent dialysis in all three units during 2006 and 2007 respectively. Results of quality indicators refer to these patients (207 patients in unit A, 53 patients in unit B, and 51 patients in unit C). <br />Eighty-three incident patients (51 patients in unit A, 13 patients in unit B, and 19 patients in unit C) were received <br />during 2006, and 60 incident patients (45, 6, and 9 patients in units A, B, and C respectively) were received during <br />2007. <br /> <br />The quality management system was implemented in 2000, and has been certified by AENOR since January 2001. All three units were recently accredited by the Valencian model of accreditation for healthcare activities (INACEPS) specific for hemodialysis, being rated as excellent. <br /> <br />Performance measurement was started in 2000 and showed good results, with an improvement in most indicators monitored. 9 The other previously described improvement tools, feedback and benchmarking, were implemented in 2006, and indicator results were more widely disseminated to the centers, so that each center knew its own results and could compare itself to the other centers. On the other hand, all three centers participate since January 2007 in the Multicenter study of quality indicators in hemodialysis of the Quality Management Group of the SEN. The Nefrosoft® 3.0 (Visual-limes) database is used to record the whole clinical history of patients in an electronic format, and the indicator module (specific quality software (Visual-limes) that works coupled to such database and <br />allows for easily estimating indicators) has been incorporated into routine work. This facilitates direct calculation of indicators at each center, that also receives every three months the results of the other centers participating in the study. Moreover, all three centers have the specific quality objectives set for centers belonging to Hospital Perpetuo Socorro. Table I shows the main areas for which quality indicators have been defined, and table II lists the indicators defined for the areas in which objectives were subsequently established. <br /> <br />Definition of objectives <br />In January 2006, an assessment was made of the results of indicators in all three centers in the different treatment areas defined, from which objectives for 2006 and 2007 were defined (table III). <br /> <br />Quality objectives were established separately from quality indicators, and were focused on areas where results were unsatisfactory or where an improvement over the proposed standard was intended. This allowed us for focusing our attention on such aspects. Based on these results, objectives were established for treatment of iron deficiency and control of phosphorus, calcium, and PTH. No objectives were defined for control of hemoglobin or suitability of dialysis, as these showed optimum levels that were difficult to improve. <br /> <br />Planning included definition of the objective, that established a higher goal than achieved in January 2006. An action <br />plan was devised, the staff, resources, and deadlines for its implementation were established, and an indicator that allowed for monitoring achievement of the objective was defined. Achievement of these objectives was evaluated every three months. <br /> <br />The objectives and the actions intended to promote their achievement are described below: <br /> <br />1. To increase over 70% the proportion of patients with serum calcium levels < 9.5 mg/dL. <br /> <br />Staff in charge of implementation: unit nephrologists. Measurement and control of objectives, as well as setting of common objectives: head of department. <br /> <br />Action plan: <br /> <br />¿ Monthly measurement of serum calcium levels in patients on dialysis according to the previously defined laboratory test plan. <br />¿ Monthly follow-up of quality indicators defined for monitoring calcium levels to detect downward deviations. <br />¿ Early modification of vitamin D doses, use of dialysis baths with different calcium levels, and use of calciumbased <br />phosphate binders in the event of calcium levels higher than 9.5 mg/dL. <br />¿ Use of calcimimetic drugs in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism who developed hypercalcemia due to <br />high vitamin D doses. <br />¿ Preferential use of bath with a calcium content of 2.5 mEq/L in patients with calcium levels higher than 9.5 mg/dL. Decrease in use of dialyzate containing 3.5 mEq/L of calcium. <br />¿ Use of combinations of phosphate binders that do not allow for phosphate control with a calcium provision as <br />phosphate binders under 1500 mg/day. <br /> <br />Resources: Cinacalcet, calcium-free phosphate binders (sevelamer, aluminium hydroxide), calcium-based phosphate binders (calcium acetate), calcium content in dialyzate 2.5 mEq/L. <br /> <br />Timeline: 1 year <br /> <br />2. To increase over 80% the proportion of patients with serum phosphate levels < 5.5 mg/dL. <br /> <br />Staff in charge of implementation: unit nephrologists. Measurement and control of objectives, as well as setting of common objectives: head of department. <br /> <br />Action plan: <br /> <br />¿ Monthly measurement of serum phosphate levels in patients on dialysis according to the previously defined laboratory test plan. <br />¿ Early modification of vitamin D doses and adequate use of phosphate binders. <br />¿ Use of combinations of phosphate binders that would allow us for reaching the goal. <br />¿ Specific action in non-compliant patients by searching for the reasons for non compliance, analysis of preferences <br />in use of binders (type, scheme), dietary education, and advice on how drugs should be taken. <br />¿ Establishment of an individual follow-up and encouragement plan, with special motivation of patients not adhering <br />to treatment. <br /> <br />Resources: Cinacalcet, calcium-free phosphate binders (sevelamer, aluminium hydroxide), calcium-based phosphate binders (calcium acetate), calcium content in dialyzate 2.5 mEq/L. <br /> <br />Timeline: 1 year <br /> <br />3. To increase over 40% the proportion of patients with serum PTH levels ranging from 150 300 pg/dL. <br /> <br />Staff in charge of implementation: unit nephrologists. Measurement and control of objectives, as well as setting of common objectives: head of department. <br /> <br />Action plan: <br /> <br />¿ Two-monthly measurement of PTH and monthly measurements of phosphate and calcium in patients on dialysis <br />according to the previously defined laboratory test plan. <br />¿ Maintenance of phosphate levels < 5.5 mg/dL by adequate use of phosphate binders, and emphasis on dietary <br />education in particularly problematic patients. <br />¿ Adequate use of new drugs accepted for management of bone and mineral metabolism (calcimimetics). <br /> <br />Resources: Cinacalcet, calcium-free phosphate binders (sevelamer, aluminium hydroxide), calcium-based phosphate binders (calcium acetate), calcium content in dialyzate 2.5 mEq/L. <br /> <br />Timeline: 1 year <br /> <br />4. To decrease under 10% the proportion of iron-deficient patients (ferritin < 100 ng/mL) in unit B, that did not <br />meet the objective. <br /> <br />Staff in charge of implementation: unit nephrologists. Measurement and control of objectives, as well as setting of common objectives: head of department. <br /> <br />Action plan: <br /> <br />¿ Two-monthly measurement of ferritin levels in patients on dialysis according to the previously defined laboratory <br />test plan. <br />¿ Maintenance of an adequate balance of iron metabolism using ferritin controls every three months and intravenous administration of iron every 1, 2, or 4 weeks based on ferritin levels and transferrin saturation index. <br />Resources: Intravenous administration of iron. <br /> <br />Timeline: 1 year <br /> <br />Feedback and benchmarking <br />Every three months, the results of all three centers were sent to each unit as a «traffic lights» table showing the results obtained in different colors: adequate results in green, intermediate results close to the goal in yellow, and results far from the goal in red. <br /> <br />Statistical analysis <br />All data were analyzed using SPSS 12 software. <br /> <br />For quantitative variables, the normality hypothesis was analyzed using a distribution study and a non-parametric <br />Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To describe these variables, the arithmetic mean was used as a measure of central tendency, and the standard deviation as a dispersion measure. To study variables, a Student¿s t test was used to compare means when the normality assumptions and homogeneity of variances were met. When the normality assumption could not be verified, a Mann-Whitney¿s U test was used. The comparative analysis of percentages was performed using a Chi-square test for linear trend in proportions, which allowed for analyzing whether improvements in percentages resulted from a trend or were relatively arbitrary. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant in twosided tests. <br /> <br />RESULTS <br /> <br />Global indicators and demographic data <br />Table IV shows the demographic and treatment characteristics of patients at study start. Table V gives the results of outcome and treatment indicators as regards anemia and bone and mineral metabolism at study end. <br /> <br />Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 show the quarterly changes in the goals set. In all three units, a significant increase was seen <br />in the proportion of patients with serum calcium levels under 9.5 mg/dL, and the goal was reached in all of them. <br /> <br />Compliance increased by 33.5% in unit A, by 26.7% in unit B, and by 19.5% in unit C (fig. 1). The same occurred with the proportion of patients with phosphate levels under 5.5 mg/dL, for which units A, B, and C showed compliance increases of 3.7%, 4.4%, and 19% respectively (fig. 2), and with the proportion of patients with PTH values ranging from 150-300 pg/mL, for which increases in compliance were 14.5%, 2.4%, and 13.1% in units A, B, and C respectively (fig. 3). <br /> <br />In unit B, the proportion of iron-deficient patients (ferritin < 100 ng/mL) decreased to less than 10%, similar to the results found in the two other units (fig. 4). At study start, this unit did not reach the defined standard (ferritin levels ranging from 100-800 pg/mL: 59.3%; ferritin < 100: 39.0%; and ferritin > 800: 0.9%); after the follow-up period, optimum overall results were found (proportion of patients with ferritin levels ranging from 100-800 pg/mL: 94.1%; ferritin < 100: 5.9%; and ferritin > 800: 0%), similar to those in the two other units (unit A: ferritin < 100: 4.3%, and unit C: ferritin < 100: 4.6%). <br /> <br />Mean EPO use in 2005 was 145.5.5 ± 13.2 U/kg/week in unit A, 226.2.2 ± 39.8 U/kg/week in unit B, and 175.5.5 ± <br />13.9 U/kg/week in unit C. At the end of 2007, mean EPO use significantly decreased in unit B (144.2.2 ± 15 U/kg/week) to values similar to those in the two other units (140 ± 14.2 in unit A and 135.1.1±13.8 in unit C). The erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) decreased from 26.1 to 11.3 in unit B. <br /> <br />DISCUSSION <br /> <br />This study shows that use of quality management tools such as monitoring of quality indicators, setting of goals with <br />their associated improvement plans, provision and receipt of information about the results achieved (feedback), <br />knowledge by the centers of their own results as compared to those of other centers (benchmarking), and the receipt of «warnings» to remind deviations from the established goals may be helpful tools to promote achievement of improved results and a decreased variability between centers. The type of study design allowed for assessing the effectiveness of the measure taken, but it is difficult to say what was the actual cause of change because this probably resulted from the sum of all these factors. <br /> <br />Between-center variability in the outcome of hemodialysis treatment is an actual fact, that has been shown in multiple studies.15,16 Such variability may be explained by multiple and complex reasons:5-8 organizational problems; limited resources; lack of quality management tools; conceptual errors of healthcare professionals; different preferences; or differences in the demographic characteristics of the population studied. In addition, while the different therapeutic strategies are within the reach of everybody, they are not used in the same way in all centers. Even the goals and standards established for the same healthcare process are different depending on the <br />country; for instance, guidelines for vascular access of the SEN recommend that an arteriovenous fistula should be placed in 80% of prevalent patients on hemodialysis,17 while the goal established in the K&" "pdfFichero" => "P-E-S-A385-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440749" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Retroalimentación" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440751" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Benchmarking" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440753" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Certificación" ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440755" ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440757" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Calidad" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440759" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Indicadores de Calidad Asistencial" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440761" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad" ] ] ] "en" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440750" ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440752" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Benchmarking" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440754" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Feedback" ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440756" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Nephrology" ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440758" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Quality" ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440760" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Clinical Performance Measures" ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440762" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Health Quality Management System" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "Uno de los retos a los que actualmente se enfrenta la Nefrología es conseguir reducir la variabilidad entre centros, tanto en la asistencia que se presta como en los resultados que obtenemos con la misma. La medición sistemática y planificada de Indicadores de Calidad, la retroalimentación (Feedback) y el Benchmarking son herramientas que nos pueden ayudar a conseguir dichos objetivos. En este estudio evaluamos la repercusión que la aplicación de esas técnicas tuvo en los resultados obtenidos en tres unidades de hemodiálisis. Métodos: Se han analizado los resultados obtenidos en 311 pacientes de tres unidades de hemodiálisis, durante el periodo 2006-2007. Los objetivos establecidos y evaluados fueron: 1.- Aumentar el porcentaje de pacientes con calcio inferior a 9,5 mg/dl por encima del 70%. 2.- Aumentar el porcentaje de pacientes con fósforo inferior a 5,5 mg/dl por encima del 80%. 3.- Aumentar el porcentaje de pacientes con PTH entre 150-300 pg/ml por encima del 40%. 4.- Disminuir el porcentaje de pacientes ferropénicos (ferritina < 100 ng/dl) por debajo del 10%, en una unidad que no cumplía este objetivo. Trimestralmente los resultados de los tres centros se enviaban a cada unidad. Resultados: En las tres unidades se observó un aumento significativo en el porcentaje de pacientes con calcio inferior a 9,5 mg/dl (54,6%, 56,1% y 55,6% al inicio y 87,7%, 82.9% y 75,1% al final del estudio, respectivamente; p <0 001 igual sucedió con el porcentaje de pacientes fósforo inferior a 5 mg dl 77 9 73 6 y 66 0 al inicio 81 7 78 85 respectivamente p: ns pth entre 150-300 pg ml 32 43 1 26 4 frente 47 41 39 p:ns en la unidad b ferropénicos ferritina < 100 ng/ml) pasó del 30% a 5,3% (p <0 001 unificando los resultados con de las otras dos unidades el consumo medio epo en año 2005 fue 145 5 13 2 u kg semana la unidad a 226 39 8 b y 175 9 c al final del 2007 se obtuvo un significativamente inferior 144 15 similar 140 14 135 1 periodo estudio indice resistencia eritropoyetina disminuyó 26 11 3 conclusión este demuestra que una actitud activa basada uso indicadores calidad establecimiento objetivos retroalimentación benchmarking permite conseguir mejora independientemente estándares definidos cada centro debería marcarse unos bien para alcanzar dicho estándar o mejorarlo general tres tendieron mejorar sus asi como igualar correspondientes mismo proceso asistencial</0> </0>" ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "To diminish inter centres variability in applied medical treatments, as well as in the results obtained with them, is one of the main challenges that Nephrology faces now a days. The systematic and planned use of Clinical Performance Measures (CPMs), Feedback and Benchmarking are tools that can help clinicians to reach such an objective. In this study we evaluate the consequences of applying those techniques in the results obtained in three haemodialysis units. Methods: We analyzed the results obtained in 311 patients dialyzed in the three units during the period 2006-2007. Established and evaluated objectives were as follows: 1.- To increase the percentage of patients with a serum calcium below 9,5 mg/dl over 70%; 2.- To increase the percentage of patients with a serum phosphorus under 5,5 mg/dl over 80%; 3.- To increase the percentage of patients with a serum PTH in between 150 ¿ 300 pg/ml over 40%; 4.- To diminish the percentage of patients with a serum ferritine below 100 ng/ml under 10%, in one of the units that at the beginning of the study was not accomplishing that objective. Every three months each unit received their own results as well as the results of the two other units. Results: The percentage of patients with serum calcium below 9.5 mg/dl increased significantly in the three units (54.6%, 56.1% and 55.6% at the beginning; 87.7%, 82.9% and 75.1% at the end of the study, respectively; p < 0.001). The same was observed for the percentage of patients with a serum phosphorus below 5,5 mg/dl (77.9%, 73.6% and 66.0% at the beginning; 81.7%, 78.0% and 85.9% at the end, respectively; p: not significant), and for the percentage of patients with PTH between 150-300 pg/ml (32.9%, 43.1% and 26.4% versus 47.5%, 41.4% and 39.5%, respectively; p: not significant). The percentage of patients with a serum ferritin below 100 ng/ml in unit B diminished from 30% to 5.3% (p < 0.001), reaching results similar the the two other units. Mean erythropoietin (EPO) consumption during the year 2005 was 145.5 ± 13.2 U/kg/week in unit A; 226.2 ± 39.8 U/kg/week in unit B, and 175.5 ± 13.9 U/kg/week in unit C. At the end of year 2007, mean EPO consumption was significantly lower in unit B (144.2 ± 15 U/kg/week), and similar to the other two units (140 ± 14.2 in unit A and 135.1 ± 13.8 in unit C). Conclusion: The results of this study permit to conclude that the use of QPM´s and quality targets, combined with feedback and benchmarking, allows for the improvement of clinical results. Each centre should establish their own objectives, independently of the defined quality standards, so as to reach such standards or even to improve them. In this study, the three units showed a general improvement in their results, tending towards similar outcomes for the same clinical processes." ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "1 National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ;42(Suppl 3):S1-201. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520607" target="_blank">[Pubmed]</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "2 Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, et al: Vascular access use in Europe and the United States: results from the DOPPS. 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Nefrologia . 2007; 27: 542-59" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000002800000004/v0_201502091636/X2013251408005474/v0_201502091636/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35441" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originals" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000002800000004/v0_201502091636/X2013251408005474/v0_201502091636/en/P-E-S-A385-EN.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X2013251408005474?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2019 June | 29 | 13 | 42 |
| 2019 May | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2019 April | 42 | 23 | 65 |
| 2019 March | 27 | 17 | 44 |
| 2019 February | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| 2019 January | 19 | 14 | 33 |
| 2018 December | 82 | 34 | 116 |
| 2018 November | 122 | 9 | 131 |
| 2018 October | 88 | 15 | 103 |
| 2018 September | 52 | 11 | 63 |
| 2018 August | 49 | 12 | 61 |
| 2018 July | 57 | 8 | 65 |
| 2018 June | 47 | 14 | 61 |
| 2018 May | 48 | 17 | 65 |
| 2018 April | 66 | 10 | 76 |
| 2018 March | 42 | 16 | 58 |
| 2018 February | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2018 January | 37 | 11 | 48 |
| 2017 December | 39 | 14 | 53 |
| 2017 November | 30 | 10 | 40 |
| 2017 October | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2017 September | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| 2017 August | 21 | 21 | 42 |
| 2017 July | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2017 June | 34 | 12 | 46 |
| 2017 May | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2017 April | 27 | 9 | 36 |
| 2017 March | 12 | 22 | 34 |
| 2017 February | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2017 January | 15 | 12 | 27 |
| 2016 December | 39 | 13 | 52 |
| 2016 November | 37 | 8 | 45 |
| 2016 October | 43 | 11 | 54 |
| 2016 September | 102 | 15 | 117 |
| 2016 August | 144 | 4 | 148 |
| 2016 July | 157 | 5 | 162 |
| 2016 June | 108 | 0 | 108 |
| 2016 May | 153 | 0 | 153 |
| 2016 April | 94 | 0 | 94 |
| 2016 March | 95 | 0 | 95 |
| 2016 February | 111 | 0 | 111 |
| 2016 January | 106 | 0 | 106 |
| 2015 December | 108 | 0 | 108 |
| 2015 November | 93 | 0 | 93 |
| 2015 October | 92 | 0 | 92 |
| 2015 September | 72 | 0 | 72 |
| 2015 August | 82 | 0 | 82 |
| 2015 July | 58 | 0 | 58 |
| 2015 June | 36 | 0 | 36 |
| 2015 May | 69 | 0 | 69 |
| 2015 April | 6 | 0 | 6 |
Show all
