Telemedicine applied to nephrology. Another way to consult
TELEMEDICINA APLICADA A LA NEFROLOGÍA. OTRA FORMA DE CONSULTA
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OTRA FORMA DE CONSULTA" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">INTRODUCTION<br></br><br></br>Telemedicine is defined as «the application of information and telecommunication technologies to provide medical services, either care, continued medical training, or health education, regardless of the distance to the place where patients with their clinical records or professionals of the temporal variable are».1<br></br><br></br>This highly valuable tool, born in the field of telecommunication and telematics, provides us with the possibility<br></br>of seeing patients in their usual environment, getting medical specialties, nephrology in our case, closer to patient<br></br>homes. In addition, a more direct relationship is established between two healthcare levels, primary care and specialised care.<br></br><br></br>Despite the great advances in recent years in computer science and computer interconnection networks, there is little experience in use of telemedicine for medical consultation. While some studies have been published in the field of hypertension, the literature found about telemedicine in nephrology is scant, and we do not know of any group currently using in Spain this modality of medical consultation for patients with kidney disease.2-6 Reports do exist about renal failure patients on renal replacement therapy, both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.7-18 Various experiences in teleassistance in other medical specialties have also been reported.19-23<br></br><br></br>In 2004, based on sociodemographic criteria and in order to constantly improve healthcare quality, this work tool was incorporated into the portfolio of services of our section. The purpose of this publication is to assess the value of telemedicine for monitoring patients with renal diseases, getting nephrology closer to primary care in a health area, such as ours, where geographical distances are long and transport to the hospital, where the nephrology practice is located, usually involves high healthcare costs and, in working patients, also loss of working time in many cases (fig. 1).<br></br><br></br>MATERIALS AND METHODS<br></br><br></br>A descriptive, retrospective study of patients with kidney disease followed up at the telenephrology clinic of our hospital from November 2004 and January 2007, a total of 27 months.<br></br><br></br>The Cáceres health area covers a population of 183,129 inhabitants. The study was conducted in centres of this area that were included in the telenephrology programme. This consultation modality was used for four centres of the health care area, covering a total population of 22,721 inhabitants (Trujillo 11,059, Logrosan-Cañamero 3,592, Guadalupe- Alia 3,500, and Valencia de Alcántara 4,570). Consultations were one day per week with two of the centres each day. The estimated duration was three hours, and the ideal, maximum number established of patients appointed per day was nine.<br></br><br></br>The communication platform used for consultation with the different health centres was the Intranet hospital network, based on Ethernet star networks.<br></br><br></br>Workstations for the consultations were available at both the hospital and each of the primary care centres, each including a computer and printer and a number of peripherals (document  scanner, digital camera, and microphones). Videoconference system. Scanner and certified monitor for X-ray films. Consultation is conducted from the hospital workstation by the nephrologist in charge of telenephrology and a nurse, who is in turn the telemedicine coordinator in our health area, and from the health centre by the appropriate primary care physician (PCP) and the nurse in charge of telemedicine at the corresponding centre. The clinical history is taken in a computerised electronic format and protected with access and confidentiality codes.<br></br><br></br>Before telenephrology was implemented, meetings were held with the PCPs and nurses from the centres with which<br></br>collaboration was planned. A consensus was reached about work procedures, including laboratory tests and other supplemental test to be performed. A first consultation was defined as the first time patients were seen at the telenephrology office, even if they had been referred from the nephrology outpatient clinic of the hospital. No specific referral criteria were established for this office. The referral criteria agreed on with primary care and which have been used in our section for the conventional clinic since 2003 were applied (tables I and II). All patients attending the office were requested the following laboratory tests: complete blood count, blood chemistry including<br></br>urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, sodium, potassium, complete lipid profile, GOT, GPT, GGT, total protein,<br></br>albumin, alkaline phosphatase, acid-base balance. In patients with CRF, laboratory tests also included a complete iron profile, calcium phosphorus, and PTH. In 24-hour urine, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, proteinuria, and microalbuminuria. In patients with HBP, a chest X-ray and ECG were also performed. Renal ultrasonography is also available at one of the health centres, that performs the examination for another two centres. Referral was defined as sending a patient to a different practice for evaluation of another associated disease different from the nephrological condition, or for performance of supplemental tests that are not available for teleconsultation at health centres. Voluntary dropouts were assessed as the only criteria for dissatisfaction with this consultation modality.<br></br><br></br>The operating circuit of telenephrology is as follows (fig. 2): the primary care physician starts the system by preparing a referral document to the office including data from the clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests or supplemental tests performed to the patient and justifying consultation by telenephrology. Blood and urine samples are taken at health centres to be sent to the relevant reference laboratory. Health centres included in the telenephrology programme also perform general radiology, electrocardiogram, and eye fundus examination, and also centres are also able to perform abdominal ultrasonography. All this information is subsequently entered into a computer database that arrives via Intranet to the hospital, from which the telenephrology office provides a real time answer to the issue raised backed by a videoconference system. All patients seen in a given day are provided a medical report of the consultation made that is access-protected with confidentiality codes and electronic signature.<br></br><br></br>RESULTS<br></br><br></br>During the study period, November 2004 to January 2007 (27 months), there was a total of 105 first consultations, leading in turn to 47 subsequent consultations. Of patients seen, 52 were males and 53 females. Age ranged from 15-94 years (71 ± 17.1). Patients older than 65 years accounted for 66.6% of all patients seen. Incorporation of patients and new health centres was gradual. The programme was started in November 2004 with the first centre, the second centre was incorporated in October 2005, and the remaining two centres entered the programme during 2006, so that the greatest number of patients were seen after all centres were included. Eight consultations were made in 2004 (two months), twelve in 2005, eighty in 2006, and five in the only month of 2007 analysed.<br></br><br></br>Table 3 shows the diagnoses made at the telenephrology office. Several diagnoses were made in several patients. Most patients with diabetic nephropathy, 14 (82.3%), had stage 5 disease, one patient was in stage 4 (5.8%), and two (11.7%) in stage 3. Among the six patients with chronic glomerulonephritis studied, an etiological diagnosis could be made by renal biopsy, performed at the hospital, in four cases with the following results: 2 extracapillary glomerulonephritis and 2 IgA mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. A subgroup of CRF causes given in Table 4 was analysed. Of the 90 patients with HBP, 82 had essential hypertension and 8 secondary hypertension. HBP had a parenchymal renal origin in 5 patients, a renovascular origin in 2 patients, and was due to primary hyperaldosteronism in the remaining patient. Risk factors seen to be associated to HBP included dyslipidemia (29 patients), diabetes mellitus (29 patients), hyperuricemia (11 patients), and obesity (12 patients). No emerging risk factor was found. Several patients seen at the telenephrology office had more than one vascular risk factor. Ametabolic syndrome was also diagnosed in seven patients according to the ATP III criteria.<br></br><br></br>Twenty patients had to be referred to hospital. Table 5 gives the reasons for referral.<br></br><br></br>Among the total 105 patients seen during the time period analysed, three dropped out voluntarily from the telemedicine office and returned to the conventional office.<br></br><br></br>DISCUSSION<br></br><br></br>There has been in recent years a true revolution in the field of computing that has logically spread to the field of medicine. However, neither specialised nor primary medical care have possibly made the most of this opportunity. Nephrology has been no exception. The possible reasons for this poor use of such an opportunity would include, among others, the lack of support from the administration to implement such advances. There is no doubt that use of certain medical software in standard clinical practice involves an added financial cost that makes its widespread application difficult. There are currently multiple architectures and topologies of communication networks available to implement a telemedicine practice. The network used in our case was selected based on technical, financial, and operational feasibility criteria, and also on the data transmission coverage required.<br></br><br></br>In the Cáceres health area, telemedicine was started in 2002, but it was not systematically used in our region until<br></br>the beginning of 2003. In 2004, based on sociodemographic criteria and in order to constantly improve healthcare quality, this work tool was incorporated into the portfolio of services of our section. The initial plan was to create a hypertension practice covering four health centres. Over time, and with successive incorporation of patients into the telenephrology practice, this not only cares for patients with arterial hypertension, but has been gradually converted into a general clinical nephrology practice.<br></br><br></br>There is limited experience with telemedicine in some specific area of nephrology, specifically in renal failure patients on renal replacement therapy. Pioneering work in this field was done in Australia11 and the United States10 by connecting peripheral centres to a central hospital. Studies subsequently published in Canada12 and Greece13 reported use of telemedicine applied to home haemodialysis. Teleassistance has been used in the field of HBP, and some group has shown an improvement in diagnosis of essential HBP as compared to conventional care.2-4<br></br><br></br>Despite the fact that peritoneal dialysis (PD) is currently the home dialysis procedure par excellence, telemedicine has also been little used in such cases.14,16-18 In Japan it has been used in elderly patients.14 In Spain, the nephrology group from Hospital Severo Ochoa in Leganés recently reported its experience to assess the value of this tool in follow-up of their peritoneal dialysis patients.16,17 This group showed that teleassistance is feasible in stable patients on peritoneal dialysis programmes with health transport savings. Patient response was also favourable.<br></br><br></br>No publications have been found in the literature reporting the results of any group applying telemedicine to the<br></br>care of patients in a nephrology practice. Publication of these results demonstrates that telemedicine may be implemented, with no impairment in the quality of care reported by either the care teams or patients seen. While a survey was not conducted to assess patient satisfaction with this consultation modality, we think that the low rate of dropouts and voluntary return to the conventional practice is an indirect proof of such satisfaction. The only reason given for patients was that they preferred direct contact with the specialist, rather than through a monitor.<br></br><br></br>It should be noted that the work organisation established allows for performing virtually all laboratory tests required in a conventional nephrology clinic at health centres. In our case, plain X-ray films and electrocardiograms may also be done. Through an abdominal ultrasonography programme implemented by the Extremadura health service (SES) in primary care, this examination is also available at health centres themselves or at some near reference, which shortens the distance to be travelled for the test. As a result, we have achieved that patient referral to the hospital for supplemental tests is also very low. All this logically leads to a partial relief of the saturation of central services and an improved use of resources. In a work setting such as ours, where patients have to travel long distances from their homes to the nephrology clinic of the hospital and are mainly elderly (66.6% over 65 years of<br></br>age in our series), a reduction has been achieved in the number of transfers, with the subsequent savings in healthcare transport. The reduction in the number of hospital visits has also contributed to reduce the waiting list. In working patients, time lost from work may be decreased. We think that from the financial viewpoint this represents savings for the healthcare system that compensate for a great part of the effort made to implement telemedicine. Obviously, this latter aspect may be subject to a more detailed financial study that is not provided here.<br></br><br></br>One of the planned objectives of this review was whether this modality of nephrology consultation allows for an effective, closer collaboration of the primary care and specialised care levels. Most nephrologists think that a specialty, such as ours, that cares for patients with highly prevalent diseases that may be seen in an outpatient setting need not be so limited to the hospital clinics. The study reported shows that another type of nephrology practice where the technological and computing resources provided by the administration are used is possible. This allows for bringing nephrology closer not only to patients, but also to the primary care practice. In our case, the closeness between primary care and nephrology was considered beneficial at both levels, as shown by the fact that the increase in the number of patients since teleconsultation was implemented has been gradual, reaching a maximum in the last year in which results were analysed.<br></br><br></br>The closer relationship between two specialties such a family medicine and nephrology is achieving an improved understanding of a specialty traditionally unknown and limited to the hospital setting. Today, when chronic kidney disease is termed an epidemic and represents a primary vascular risk factor for cardiovascular diseases,24-28 earlier recognition of the disease by removing barriers such as patient travel allows for simpler prevention of situations leading to kidney disease or promoting its progression.29 Our telenephrology practice promotes early referral of nephrological patients, and we are screening and monitoring cardiovascular and renal risk factors in our patients. Patients with CKD are also followed up until they have stage 4 disease, when they should be referred to the advanced CKD clinic according to the established section procedures.<br></br><br></br>Real time connection through videoconference with primary care physicians is facilitating questions about nephrological clinical problems and use of drugs, and first hand discussion of actions that help control and slow progression of renal disease. It also allows for earlier detection and management of other conditions associated to renal disease, such as anaemia of a renal origin and secondary hyperparathyroidism, both clinical situations also involved in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of renal patients.<br></br><br></br>It may be finally stated that, in our experience, telemedicine has been shown to be of value for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with renal diseases in general. We think it is a tool with a great potential for getting care levels closer to each other, which for some diseases, such as CKD, is of great interest because of the possibilities it provides for both early diagnosis and prevention of CKD. Obviously, an effort is required of the administration to understand that the initial financial expenditure may be compensated by savings in other costs associated to care for renal patients.<br></br></p>" "pdfFichero" => "P-E-S-A386-EN.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440763" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Telenefrología" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440765" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Enfermedad renal" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440767" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Telemedicina" ] ] ] "en" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440764" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Telenefrology" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440766" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Kidney disease" ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec440768" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Telemedicine" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "En el año 2004, atendiendo a criterios sociodemográficos y de mejora en la calidad asistencial, incorporamos a la Cartera de Servicios de nuestra sección una herramienta de trabajo que suponía una tecnología novedosa, que es la Telemedicina. El Objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido valorar la utilidad de la telemedicina en el seguimiento de los pacientes renales acercando la consulta de nefrología al domicilio del paciente así como la relación entre dos niveles asistenciales. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de los pacientes con patología renal seguidos en la consulta de telenefrología de nuestro hospital en un periodo de tiempo de 27 meses (noviembre 2004-enero 2007). Se realiza con centros de salud de nuestra área sanitaria (4 centros). El médico de atención primaria pone en marcha el sistema con la elaboración de un documento de derivación a la consulta de Telenefrología. Toda esta información se incluye en una base de datos informatizada que llega vía «Intranet» al Hospital donde desde la consulta de Telenefrología se da contestación al problema planteado apoyada por un sistema de vídeoconferencia y en tiempo real. Resultados: Se han realizado un total de 105 primeras consultas. 52 pacientes hombres y 53 mujeres. La edad ha oscilado en un rango entre 15-94 años. Los diagnósticos realizados en la consulta de Telenefrología han sido: HTA (esencial y secundaria): 90(85,7%). IRC: 61(58%). Nefropatía diabética: 17(16%). Poliquistosis renal: 3(2,8%). Litiasis urinaria: 2(1,9%). Malformaciones congénitas: 1(0,95%). Uropatía obstructiva: 1(0,95%). Glomerulonefritis crónica: 6(5,7%). Infección urinaria: 1(0,95%). Ausencia de patología renal: 5(4,8%). Varios de los diagnósticos realizados coinciden en varios pacientes. Las causas de la IRC han sido Nefroangioesclerosis: 33. Nefropatía diabética: 14. No filiada: 8. Enfermedad glomerular: 2. Litiasis urinaria: 2. Poliquistosis renal: 1. Nefropatía isquémica: 1. De los 90 pacientes con HTA, 82 eran hipertensión arterial esencial y 8 HTA secundaria. Las causas de esta fueron: 5 HTA de origen renal parenquimatoso. 2 HTA vasculorrenal y uno con un hiperaldosteronismo primario. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la HTA observados han sido: Dislipemia: 29. Diabetes mellitus: 29. Hiperuricemia: 11. Obesidad: 12. Conclusión: Es posible la teleasistencia en nefrología promoviendo además el acercamiento de dos niveles asistenciales sin merma en la calidad asistencial. Se consigue un menor número de desplazamientos y el subsiguiente ahorro en transporte sanitario así como en número de consultas hospitalarias." ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "In 2004, according to socio-demographic criteria and to the improvement in the welfare quality, we incorporated to the portfolio of services of our section a work tool that meant a novel technology; the «telemedicine». The Objective has been to asses the utility of telemedicine in the follow- up of the renal patients, bringing the consultation of nephrology closer to the patient¿s home as well as the relationship between two welfare levels. Material and method: Retrospective and descriptive study of the patients with renal pathology treated in the consultation of telenephrology at our hospital in a period of time of 27 months (november 2004-january 2007). Such study is carried out in primary care centers of our sanitary area (4 centers). The general practician (GP) starts up the system by elaborating a document of derivation to the consultation of «telenephrology». All this information is included in a computerized data base that arrives via «Intranet» at the Hospital. From the consultation of Telenephrology the question is answered in real- time and through a system of videoconference. Results: A total of 105 first consultations have been made. 52 men and 53 women between 18 and 94 years of age. The diagnoses made in the consultation of Telenephrology have been: HTA (essential and secondary): 90 (85.7%). IRC: 61 (58%). Diabetic Nefropathy: 17 (16%). Renal Polycystic: 3 (2.8%). Urinary Lithiasis: 2 (1.9%). Congenital malformations: 1 (0.95%). Obstructive Nefropathy: 1 (0.95%). Chronic Glomerulonephritis: 6 (5.7%). Urinary infection: 1 (0.95%). Absence of renal pathology: 5 (4.8%). Some of the diagnoses coincide in several patients. The causes of the IRC have been Nephroangioesclerosis: 33. Diabetic Nefropathy: 14. Not drafted: 8. Disease to glomerular: 2. Urinary Lithiasis: 2. Renal Polycystic: 1. Ischemic Nephropathy: 1. 82 out of the 90 patients with HTA had essential arterial hypertension and 8 suffered from secondary HTA. The causes of this were: 5 HTA of parenquimatous renal origin. 2 vasculorrenal HTA and one with a primary hyperaldosteronism. The associated factors of risk to the observed HTA have been: Dyslipemia: 29. Diabetes méllitus: 29. Hyperuricemia: 11. Obesity: 12. Conclusion: The telecare in nephrology is possible promoting also the approach between two welfare levels, without a decrease in the quality of assistance. That way, we can get a lower number of hospital visits and, subsequently, a saving in sanitary transport as well as in hospital consultations." ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Plan de Telemedicina del Insalud. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Madrid 2000." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Friedman RH, Kazis LE, Jette A, Smith MB et al. A telecommunications system for monitoring and counselling patients with hypertension. 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| 2020 March | 50 | 24 | 74 |
| 2020 February | 38 | 20 | 58 |
| 2020 January | 52 | 21 | 73 |
| 2019 December | 61 | 22 | 83 |
| 2019 November | 52 | 31 | 83 |
| 2019 October | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2019 September | 30 | 20 | 50 |
| 2019 August | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2019 July | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 2019 June | 21 | 16 | 37 |
| 2019 May | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2019 April | 58 | 41 | 99 |
| 2019 March | 55 | 23 | 78 |
| 2019 February | 28 | 19 | 47 |
| 2019 January | 45 | 20 | 65 |
| 2018 December | 76 | 37 | 113 |
| 2018 November | 116 | 17 | 133 |
| 2018 October | 71 | 12 | 83 |
| 2018 September | 70 | 16 | 86 |
| 2018 August | 41 | 17 | 58 |
| 2018 July | 64 | 12 | 76 |
| 2018 June | 45 | 15 | 60 |
| 2018 May | 57 | 15 | 72 |
| 2018 April | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2018 March | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2018 February | 37 | 7 | 44 |
| 2018 January | 43 | 12 | 55 |
| 2017 December | 44 | 10 | 54 |
| 2017 November | 40 | 14 | 54 |
| 2017 October | 29 | 10 | 39 |
| 2017 September | 39 | 13 | 52 |
| 2017 August | 48 | 23 | 71 |
| 2017 July | 48 | 8 | 56 |
| 2017 June | 52 | 14 | 66 |
| 2017 May | 68 | 18 | 86 |
| 2017 April | 67 | 17 | 84 |
| 2017 March | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2017 February | 44 | 10 | 54 |
| 2017 January | 45 | 22 | 67 |
| 2016 December | 64 | 4 | 68 |
| 2016 November | 53 | 12 | 65 |
| 2016 October | 76 | 15 | 91 |
| 2016 September | 125 | 9 | 134 |
| 2016 August | 199 | 12 | 211 |
| 2016 July | 186 | 16 | 202 |
| 2016 June | 100 | 0 | 100 |
| 2016 May | 124 | 0 | 124 |
| 2016 April | 92 | 0 | 92 |
| 2016 March | 77 | 0 | 77 |
| 2016 February | 106 | 0 | 106 |
| 2016 January | 127 | 0 | 127 |
| 2015 December | 105 | 0 | 105 |
| 2015 November | 80 | 0 | 80 |
| 2015 October | 93 | 0 | 93 |
| 2015 September | 86 | 0 | 86 |
| 2015 August | 81 | 0 | 81 |
| 2015 July | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| 2015 June | 54 | 0 | 54 |
| 2015 May | 56 | 0 | 56 |
| 2015 April | 6 | 0 | 6 |
Show all
