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    "textoCompleto" => "HIV disease is a health catastrophe&#46;1 There are approximately 34 million people affected&#44; with 2&#46;5 million new infections and 2&#46;1 million deaths every year&#46;2 In countries with access to treatment&#44; introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41; has greatly improved survival&#46;3 This treatment appears to have a long-term influence to decrease kidney disease&#44; but for the time being&#44; improved survival has resulted in an increase in the number of HIV-infected patients with ESRD who require dialysis&#46;4 <br></br><br></br>In Spain&#44; HIV patients account for 1&#46;1&#37; of all patients on dialysis&#46; Sixty percent of these have HCV coinfection and 7&#37; HBV coinfection&#44; 86&#37; are receiving HAART&#44; the predominant procedure is hemodialysis&#44; and 20&#37; could meet transplant requirements&#46;5&#44;6 Quality of dialysis and safety measures against HIV and other viral infections have recently been addressed in a consensus document&#46;7 <br></br><br></br>Survival on dialysis has improved after the HAART era&#46; However&#44; some authors have noted that this improvement <br></br>is smaller than would be expected if data from the population with no renal failure were extrapolated&#46;8 Ahuja9 assessed 6166 HIV-positive patients dialyzed in the United States from 1990 to 1999 and found an improvement <br></br>in one-year survival from 56&#37; to 74&#37;&#46; Macrea10 found that survival doubled in the Afro-American population&#46; However&#44; an ongoing study in Afro-Americans in Baltimore11 found no change&#46; <br></br><br></br>Survival analysis in dialyzed HIV patients is complex&#46; Recognized risk factors include age&#44; Afro-American ascent&#44; <br></br>CD4 count&#44; disease stage&#44; HCV coinfection&#44; albumin levels&#44; HAART treatment&#44;8-15 and persistent drug addiction&#46;16 While biopsied patients are unfortunately few&#44; the type of renal lesion also has an influence on ESRD occurrence and patient survival&#44; with the HIVAN type having the worst prognosis&#46;17 <br></br><br></br>Adequate nutrition with albumin normalization maintains immune function and decreases complications&#44; disease <br></br>progression&#44; and mortality&#46;18 Two meta-analyses recently reviewed the potential role of supplementation with <br></br>macro and micronutrients&#44; but reported no conclusive results&#46;19&#44;20 Assessment of weight and BMI changes is considered important in HIV&#44; and decreases are associated to a poorer prognosis&#46;21 In patients on dialysis&#44; weight changes are particularly complex to analyze&#44; and evaluation with nPCR and impedance would be required&#46;22&#44;23 <br></br><br></br>Adequate&#44; up-to-date antiretroviral treatment is possibly the greatest determinant of survival&#46;3&#44;4&#44;24 Continuous advent of new drugs and characteristics of the population on dialysis make this treatment difficult&#44; but a recent review on the subject is available&#46;25 <br></br><br></br>The high number of dialyzed HIV patients without HAART treatment has recently been stressed&#46;11&#44;26 Patients theoretically receiving HAART but with a dosage poorly adapted to dialysis&#44; usually with very low doses&#44; represent <br></br>another problem&#46;27 <br></br><br></br>As regards the type of procedure&#44; hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; has predominately been used&#44; but comparisons to peritoneal <br></br>dialysis &#40;PD&#41;28&#44;12 appear to show similar results&#46; In a study on 6053 HIV patients dialyzed in the United States from 1995 to 1999 &#40;88&#37; on HD and 12&#37; on PD&#41;&#44; the same survival was found&#46;28 A more recent study in which two small groups of HIV patients were followed up reported survival rates of 100&#37;&#44; 83&#37;&#44; and 50&#37; at 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3 years respectively in PD patients&#59; the respective values in HD patients were 75&#37;&#44; 33&#37;&#44; and 33&#37;&#44; and adjusted differences were not significant&#46; 12 Both procedures therefore provide good results&#44; and selection of one of them should therefore be made based on patient characteristics and preferences&#46; <br></br><br></br>The greatest diversity in published data is found in complications in HIV patients on dialysis as compared to HIV-negative patients&#46; Most old and many recent studies report a greater incidence of catheter infections&#44; peritonitis&#44; severe infections&#44; and hospitalizations and a lower survival in HIVpositive as compared to HIV-negative <br></br>patients&#46;8-10&#44;14 However&#44; some recent reports contradict these data&#46; The French experience13 reported the same survival in hemodialysis for HIV patients than for the general population &#40;89&#37; at 2 years&#41;&#46; In this issue&#44; Rivera et al29 report their experience in treatment of HIV patients using peritoneal dialysis&#46; Their results were particularly good&#44; with no differences in hospitalization or number of peritonitis episodes as compared to negative patients and 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3-year survival rates of 100&#37;&#44; 62&#37;&#44; and 50&#37;&#44; similar to the rates reported in another recent population&#46;12 <br></br><br></br>In HD&#44; the ideal access would be a native arteriovenous fistula&#46; No differences in infections have been seen in this subgroup as compared to HIV-negative patients with AVF&#46;30 An analysis of bacteremia in patients with implanted <br></br>catheters found a greater incidence in HIV patients of infections caused by Gram-positive organisms and multiple <br></br>germs requiring hospital admission&#44; but no differences in Gram-negative infections&#46;31 <br></br><br></br>A final aspect is the increase in the causes of death not directly related to HIV&#44; such as liver disease related to <br></br>coinfection by HCV&#44; or cardiovascular disease in which antiretroviral medication has been implicated32-35 and that raises new preventive priorities&#46;36-37 <br></br><br></br>The outlook allows for being optimistic because favorable changes have occurred in dialysis results in HIV&#46; There are&#44; however&#44; widely different mortality results&#44; possibly as an expression of subpopulations with different risk factors&#46; Prospective studies with a comparative cohort are lacking&#46; In this regard&#44; we hope that the collaboration <br></br>started between the SEN and GESIDA for a prospective study with a comparative cohort in Spain will clarify some <br></br>issues&#46; <br></br><br></br>Treatment of HIV patients with renal insufficiency is a challenge that nephrologists must address looking for multidisciplinary support to achieve an adequate HAART&#44; 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HIV and dialysis: unfounde optimism or real change
HIV y diálisis: optimismo infundado o cambios reales
Carmen Bernis Carroa
a Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital de la Princesa Madrid, Madrid, España,
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    "textoCompleto" => "HIV disease is a health catastrophe&#46;1 There are approximately 34 million people affected&#44; with 2&#46;5 million new infections and 2&#46;1 million deaths every year&#46;2 In countries with access to treatment&#44; introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41; has greatly improved survival&#46;3 This treatment appears to have a long-term influence to decrease kidney disease&#44; but for the time being&#44; improved survival has resulted in an increase in the number of HIV-infected patients with ESRD who require dialysis&#46;4 <br></br><br></br>In Spain&#44; HIV patients account for 1&#46;1&#37; of all patients on dialysis&#46; Sixty percent of these have HCV coinfection and 7&#37; HBV coinfection&#44; 86&#37; are receiving HAART&#44; the predominant procedure is hemodialysis&#44; and 20&#37; could meet transplant requirements&#46;5&#44;6 Quality of dialysis and safety measures against HIV and other viral infections have recently been addressed in a consensus document&#46;7 <br></br><br></br>Survival on dialysis has improved after the HAART era&#46; However&#44; some authors have noted that this improvement <br></br>is smaller than would be expected if data from the population with no renal failure were extrapolated&#46;8 Ahuja9 assessed 6166 HIV-positive patients dialyzed in the United States from 1990 to 1999 and found an improvement <br></br>in one-year survival from 56&#37; to 74&#37;&#46; Macrea10 found that survival doubled in the Afro-American population&#46; However&#44; an ongoing study in Afro-Americans in Baltimore11 found no change&#46; <br></br><br></br>Survival analysis in dialyzed HIV patients is complex&#46; Recognized risk factors include age&#44; Afro-American ascent&#44; <br></br>CD4 count&#44; disease stage&#44; HCV coinfection&#44; albumin levels&#44; HAART treatment&#44;8-15 and persistent drug addiction&#46;16 While biopsied patients are unfortunately few&#44; the type of renal lesion also has an influence on ESRD occurrence and patient survival&#44; with the HIVAN type having the worst prognosis&#46;17 <br></br><br></br>Adequate nutrition with albumin normalization maintains immune function and decreases complications&#44; disease <br></br>progression&#44; and mortality&#46;18 Two meta-analyses recently reviewed the potential role of supplementation with <br></br>macro and micronutrients&#44; but reported no conclusive results&#46;19&#44;20 Assessment of weight and BMI changes is considered important in HIV&#44; and decreases are associated to a poorer prognosis&#46;21 In patients on dialysis&#44; weight changes are particularly complex to analyze&#44; and evaluation with nPCR and impedance would be required&#46;22&#44;23 <br></br><br></br>Adequate&#44; up-to-date antiretroviral treatment is possibly the greatest determinant of survival&#46;3&#44;4&#44;24 Continuous advent of new drugs and characteristics of the population on dialysis make this treatment difficult&#44; but a recent review on the subject is available&#46;25 <br></br><br></br>The high number of dialyzed HIV patients without HAART treatment has recently been stressed&#46;11&#44;26 Patients theoretically receiving HAART but with a dosage poorly adapted to dialysis&#44; usually with very low doses&#44; represent <br></br>another problem&#46;27 <br></br><br></br>As regards the type of procedure&#44; hemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; has predominately been used&#44; but comparisons to peritoneal <br></br>dialysis &#40;PD&#41;28&#44;12 appear to show similar results&#46; In a study on 6053 HIV patients dialyzed in the United States from 1995 to 1999 &#40;88&#37; on HD and 12&#37; on PD&#41;&#44; the same survival was found&#46;28 A more recent study in which two small groups of HIV patients were followed up reported survival rates of 100&#37;&#44; 83&#37;&#44; and 50&#37; at 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3 years respectively in PD patients&#59; the respective values in HD patients were 75&#37;&#44; 33&#37;&#44; and 33&#37;&#44; and adjusted differences were not significant&#46; 12 Both procedures therefore provide good results&#44; and selection of one of them should therefore be made based on patient characteristics and preferences&#46; <br></br><br></br>The greatest diversity in published data is found in complications in HIV patients on dialysis as compared to HIV-negative patients&#46; Most old and many recent studies report a greater incidence of catheter infections&#44; peritonitis&#44; severe infections&#44; and hospitalizations and a lower survival in HIVpositive as compared to HIV-negative <br></br>patients&#46;8-10&#44;14 However&#44; some recent reports contradict these data&#46; The French experience13 reported the same survival in hemodialysis for HIV patients than for the general population &#40;89&#37; at 2 years&#41;&#46; In this issue&#44; Rivera et al29 report their experience in treatment of HIV patients using peritoneal dialysis&#46; Their results were particularly good&#44; with no differences in hospitalization or number of peritonitis episodes as compared to negative patients and 1&#44; 2&#44; and 3-year survival rates of 100&#37;&#44; 62&#37;&#44; and 50&#37;&#44; similar to the rates reported in another recent population&#46;12 <br></br><br></br>In HD&#44; the ideal access would be a native arteriovenous fistula&#46; No differences in infections have been seen in this subgroup as compared to HIV-negative patients with AVF&#46;30 An analysis of bacteremia in patients with implanted <br></br>catheters found a greater incidence in HIV patients of infections caused by Gram-positive organisms and multiple <br></br>germs requiring hospital admission&#44; but no differences in Gram-negative infections&#46;31 <br></br><br></br>A final aspect is the increase in the causes of death not directly related to HIV&#44; such as liver disease related to <br></br>coinfection by HCV&#44; or cardiovascular disease in which antiretroviral medication has been implicated32-35 and that raises new preventive priorities&#46;36-37 <br></br><br></br>The outlook allows for being optimistic because favorable changes have occurred in dialysis results in HIV&#46; There are&#44; however&#44; widely different mortality results&#44; possibly as an expression of subpopulations with different risk factors&#46; Prospective studies with a comparative cohort are lacking&#46; In this regard&#44; we hope that the collaboration <br></br>started between the SEN and GESIDA for a prospective study with a comparative cohort in Spain will clarify some <br></br>issues&#46; <br></br><br></br>Treatment of HIV patients with renal insufficiency is a challenge that nephrologists must address looking for multidisciplinary support to achieve an adequate HAART&#44; 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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
DOI:
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2019 December 28 25 53
2019 November 33 30 63
2019 October 9 9 18
2019 September 22 18 40
2019 August 17 12 29
2019 July 18 22 40
2019 June 16 8 24
2019 May 21 11 32
2019 April 53 29 82
2019 March 16 15 31
2019 February 18 13 31
2019 January 35 16 51
2018 December 49 39 88
2018 November 56 23 79
2018 October 52 16 68
2018 September 60 20 80
2018 August 47 21 68
2018 July 35 13 48
2018 June 34 14 48
2018 May 34 16 50
2018 April 29 9 38
2018 March 33 10 43
2018 February 25 6 31
2018 January 23 6 29
2017 December 30 12 42
2017 November 26 5 31
2017 October 32 9 41
2017 September 36 14 50
2017 August 27 9 36
2017 July 36 12 48
2017 June 21 16 37
2017 May 49 11 60
2017 April 42 8 50
2017 March 22 19 41
2017 February 22 6 28
2017 January 14 5 19
2016 December 62 10 72
2016 November 52 9 61
2016 October 59 18 77
2016 September 107 7 114
2016 August 139 2 141
2016 July 104 3 107
2016 June 88 0 88
2016 May 133 0 133
2016 April 83 0 83
2016 March 86 0 86
2016 February 100 0 100
2016 January 117 0 117
2015 December 107 0 107
2015 November 101 0 101
2015 October 66 0 66
2015 September 72 0 72
2015 August 58 0 58
2015 July 50 0 50
2015 June 34 0 34
2015 May 47 0 47
2015 April 10 0 10
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Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?